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Fabrication of Meso/Macroporous Tio2/Pcl Composite Scaffolds by Direct Ink Writing: The Effects of Porogen Content on the Compressive Modulus and in Vitro Behavior Publisher



Yahay Z1, 2 ; Tolabi H3 ; Delavar F4 ; Poursamar SA5 ; Mirhadi SM2 ; Tavangarian F6, 7
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, 81593-58686, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Materials Engineering, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Isfahan, 86145-311, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, and Tissue Engineering Group, Advanced Medical Technology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81744–176, Isfahan, Iran
  6. 6. Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Middletown, 17057, PA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, 16802, PA, United States

Source: Materials Today Communications Published:2023


Abstract

In this paper, TiO2/PCL composite scaffolds with different pore sizes were fabricated by a combination of sol-gel, porogen leaching, and direct ink writing techniques. The effects of porogen content and leaching time on the compressive modulus and porosity percentage were investigated. The central composite design was employed for statistical modeling and prediction of the compressive modulus and porosity percentage for deferent porogen contents and leaching time. The results showed that with increasing the porogen content (in the printing ink) from 30 to 70 wt%, the compressive modulus decreased from 20.03 to 4.96 MPa and the porosity percentage increased from 74.56% to 80.02%. The optimum leaching time for porogen removal was around 7 days in deionized water. In vitro degradability of the scaffolds was enhanced by increasing the NaCl content in the printing ink and reached 15% for the samples containing 70 wt% NaCl. Furthermore, the hydrophilicity of the samples was also increased and the water contact angle decreased from 74.80 to 58.48 º. The suitability of the scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications was proved by in vitro cytotoxicity (MTS) and Alkaline Phosphatase activity assays (performed on Human Bone Marrow Stromal cells). DAPI/Phalloidin cell staining was also employed to monitor the cell morphology on the scaffolds. The results indicated the existence of multiscale porosity in 3D-printed TiO2/PCL scaffolds which supplies a suitable structure for cell nesting, tissue regeneration, and potential drug delivery applications. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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