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Trends in Adult Body-Mass Index in 200 Countries From 1975 to 2014: A Pooled Analysis of 1698 Population-Based Measurement Studies With 19.2 Million Participants Publisher Pubmed



Di Cesare M1, 2 ; Bentham J1 ; Stevens GA3 ; Zhou B1 ; Danaei G4 ; Lu Y4 ; Bixby H1 ; Cowan MJ3 ; Riley LM3 ; Hajifathalian K4 ; Fortunato L1 ; Taddei C5 ; Bennett JE1 ; Ikeda N6 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Di Cesare M1, 2
  2. Bentham J1
  3. Stevens GA3
  4. Zhou B1
  5. Danaei G4
  6. Lu Y4
  7. Bixby H1
  8. Cowan MJ3
  9. Riley LM3
  10. Hajifathalian K4
  11. Fortunato L1
  12. Taddei C5
  13. Bennett JE1
  14. Ikeda N6
  15. Khang YH7
  16. Kyobutungi C8
  17. Laxmaiah A9
  18. Li Y4
  19. Lin HH10
  20. Miranda JJ11
  21. Mostafa A12
  22. Turley ML13
  23. Paciorek CJ14
  24. Gunter M1
  25. Ezzati M1
  26. Abdeen ZA15
  27. Hamid ZA16
  28. Aburmeileh NM17
  29. Acostacazares B18
  30. Adams R19
  31. Aekplakorn W20
  32. Aguilarsalinas CA21
  33. Ahmadvand A22
  34. Ahrens W23
  35. Ali MM24
  36. Alkerwi A25
  37. Alvarezpedrerol M26
  38. Aly E24
  39. Amouyel P27
  40. Amuzu A28
  41. Andersen LB29
  42. Anderssen SA30
  43. Andrade DS31
  44. Anjana RM32
  45. Aounallahskhiri H33
  46. Ariansen I34
  47. Aris T35
  48. Arlappa N9
  49. Arveiler D36
  50. Assah FK37
  51. Avdicova M38
  52. Azizi F39
  53. Babu BV9
  54. Balakrishna N9
  55. Bandosz P40
  56. Banegas JR41
  57. Barbagallo CM42
  58. Barcelo A43
  59. Barkat A44
  60. Barros MV45
  61. Bata I46
  62. Batieha AM47
  63. Batista RL48
  64. Baur LA49
  65. Beaglehole R50
  66. Romdhane HB51
  67. Benet M52
  68. Bernabeortiz A11
  69. Bernotiene G53
  70. Bettiol H54
  71. Bhagyalaxmi A55
  72. Bharadwaj S56
  73. Bhargava SK57
  74. Bhatti Z58
  75. Bhutta ZA58
  76. Bi H59
  77. Bi Y60
  78. Bjerregaard P29, 61
  79. Bjertness E62
  80. Bjertness MB62
  81. Bjorkelund C63
  82. Blake M64
  83. Blokstra A65
  84. Bo S66
  85. Bobak M67
  86. Boddy LM68
  87. Boehm BO69
  88. Boeing H70
  89. Boissonnet CP71
  90. Bongard V72
  91. Bovet P73, 74
  92. Braeckman L75
  93. Bragt MCE76
  94. Brajkovich I77
  95. Branca F3
  96. Breckenkamp J78
  97. Brenner H79
  98. Brewster LM80
  99. Brian GR81
  100. Bruno G66
  101. Buenodemesquita HB65
  102. Bugge A29
  103. Burns C82
  104. De Leon AC83
  105. Cacciottolo J84
  106. Cama T85
  107. Cameron C86
  108. Camolas J87
  109. Can G88
  110. Candido APC89
  111. Capuano V90
  112. Cardoso VC54
  113. Carvalho MJ91
  114. Casanueva FF92
  115. Casas JP67
  116. Caserta CA93
  117. Castetbon K94
  118. Chamukuttan S95
  119. Chan AW96
  120. Chan Q1
  121. Chaturvedi HK97
  122. Chaturvedi N67
  123. Chen CJ98
  124. Chen F99
  125. Chen H100
  126. Chen S101
  127. Chen Z102
  128. Cheng CY96
  129. Chetrit A103
  130. Chiolero A104
  131. Chiou ST105
  132. Chiritaemandi A106
  133. Cho Y107
  134. Christensen K29
  135. Chudek J108
  136. Cifkova R109
  137. Claessens F110
  138. Clays E75
  139. Concin H111
  140. Cooper C112
  141. Cooper R67
  142. Coppinger TC82
  143. Costanzo S113
  144. Cottel D114
  145. Cowell C115
  146. Craig CL86
  147. Crujeiras AB116
  148. Darrigo G117
  149. Dorsi E118
  150. Dallongeville J114
  151. Damasceno A119
  152. Damsgaard CT120
  153. Dankner R103
  154. Dauchet L121
  155. De Backer G75
  156. De Bacquer D75
  157. De Gaetano G113
  158. De Henauw S75
  159. De Smedt D75
  160. Deepa M32
  161. Deev AD122
  162. Dehghan A123
  163. Delisle H124
  164. Delpeuch F125
  165. Dhana K123
  166. Di Castelnuovo AF113
  167. Diasdacosta JS126
  168. Diaz A127
  169. Djalalinia S22
  170. Do HTP128
  171. Dobson AJ129
  172. Donfrancesco C130
  173. Doring A131
  174. Doua K132
  175. Drygas W133
  176. Egbagbe EE134
  177. Eggertsen R63
  178. Ekelund U30
  179. El Ati J135
  180. Elliott P1
  181. Englestone R136
  182. Erasmus RT137
  183. Erem C138
  184. Eriksen L29
  185. De La Pena JE18
  186. Evans A139
  187. Faeh D140
  188. Fall CH112
  189. Farzadfar F141
  190. Felixredondo FJ142
  191. Ferguson TS143
  192. Fernandezberges D144
  193. Ferrante D145
  194. Ferrari M146
  195. Ferreccio C147
  196. Ferrieres J72
  197. Finn JD148
  198. Fischer K149
  199. Flores EM150
  200. Foger B111
  201. Foo LH151
  202. Forslund AS152
  203. Fortmann SP153
  204. Fouad HM154
  205. Francis DK143
  206. Do Carmo Franco M155
  207. Franco OH123
  208. Frontera G156
  209. Fuchs FD157
  210. Fuchs SC158
  211. Fujita Y159
  212. Furusawa T160
  213. Gaciong Z161
  214. Gafencu M106
  215. Gareta D162
  216. Garnett SP49
  217. Gaspoz JM163
  218. Gasull M164
  219. Gates L165
  220. Geleijnse JM166
  221. Ghasemian A22
  222. Giampaoli S130
  223. Gianfagna F167
  224. Giovannelli J121
  225. Giwercman A168
  226. Goldsmith RA169
  227. Gross MG170
  228. Rivas JPG171
  229. Gorbea MB172
  230. Gottrand F173
  231. Graffiversen S34
  232. Grafnetter D174
  233. Grajda A175
  234. Grammatikopoulou MG176
  235. Gregor RD46
  236. Grodzicki T177
  237. Grontved A29
  238. Gruden G66
  239. Grujic V178
  240. Gu D179
  241. Guan OP180
  242. Gudnason V181
  243. Guerrero R182
  244. Guessous I163
  245. Guimaraes AL183
  246. Gulliford MC184
  247. Gunnlaugsdottir J181
  248. Guo XH185
  249. Guo Y185
  250. Gupta PC186
  251. Gureje O187
  252. Gurzkowska B175
  253. Gutierrez L188
  254. Gutzwiller F140
  255. Halkjaer J189
  256. Hardy R67
  257. Kumar RH9
  258. Hayes AJ49
  259. He J190
  260. Hendriks ME80
  261. Cadena LH191
  262. Heshmat R141
  263. Hihtaniemi IT1
  264. Ho SY192
  265. Ho SC192
  266. Hobbs M193
  267. Hofman A123
  268. Hormiga CM194
  269. Horta BL195
  270. Houti L196
  271. Htay TT197
  272. Htet AS62
  273. Htike MMT197
  274. Hu Y198
  275. Hussieni AS17
  276. Huu CN128
  277. Huybrechts I199
  278. Hwalla N200
  279. Iacoviello L113
  280. Iannone AG90
  281. Ibrahim MM201
  282. Ikram MA123
  283. Irazola VE188
  284. Islam M58
  285. Iwasaki M202
  286. Jackson RT50
  287. Jacobs JM203
  288. Jafar T96
  289. Jamil KM204
  290. Jasienska G177
  291. Jiang CQ205
  292. Joffres M206
  293. Johansson M199
  294. Jonas JB207
  295. Jorgensen T208
  296. Joshi P209
  297. Juolevi A210
  298. Jurak G211
  299. Juresa V212
  300. Kaaks R79
  301. Kafatos A213
  302. Kalterleibovici O103
  303. Kapantais E214
  304. Kasaeian A22
  305. Katz J215
  306. Kaur P216
  307. Kavousi M123
  308. Keil U217
  309. Boker LK218
  310. Kelishadi R219
  311. Kemper HHCG220
  312. Kengne AP221
  313. Kersting M222
  314. Key T102
  315. Khader YS47
  316. Khalili D39
  317. Khaw KTH223
  318. Khouw IMSL76
  319. Kiechl S224
  320. Killewo J225
  321. Kim J226
  322. Kiyohara Y227
  323. Klimont J228
  324. Kolle E30
  325. Kolsteren P229
  326. Korrovits P230
  327. Koskinen S210
  328. Kouda K159
  329. Koziel S231
  330. Kratzer W232
  331. Krokstad S233
  332. Kromhout D166
  333. Kruger HS234
  334. Kula K235
  335. Kulaga Z175
  336. Kumar RK236
  337. Kusuma YS237
  338. Kuulasmaa K210
  339. Laamiri FZ44
  340. Laatikainen T210
  341. Lachat C75
  342. Laid Y238
  343. Lam TH192
  344. Landrove O239
  345. Lanska V174
  346. Lappas G240
  347. Laugsand LE233
  348. Le Nguyen Bao K128
  349. Le TD128
  350. Leclercq C241
  351. Lee J242
  352. Lee J242
  353. Lehtimaki T243
  354. Rampal L244
  355. Leonmunoz LM41
  356. Lim WY242
  357. Limacosta MF245
  358. Lin X246
  359. Linneberg A208
  360. Lissner L63
  361. Litwin M175
  362. Liu J185
  363. Lorbeer R247
  364. Lotufo PA54
  365. Lozano JE248
  366. Luksiene D53
  367. Lundqvist A210
  368. Lunet N249
  369. Lytsy P250
  370. Ma G198
  371. Machi S251
  372. Maggi S252
  373. Magliano DJ253
  374. Makdisse M254
  375. Malekzadeh R141
  376. Malhotra R96
  377. Rao KM9
  378. Manios Y255
  379. Mann JI256
  380. Manzato E257
  381. Margozzini P147
  382. Markey O258
  383. Marquesvidal P104
  384. Marrugat J259
  385. Martinprevel Y125
  386. Martorell R260
  387. Masoodi SR261
  388. Matsha TE262
  389. Mazur A263
  390. Mbanya JCN37
  391. Mcfarlane SR143
  392. Mcgarvey ST264
  393. Mckee M28
  394. Mclachlan S265
  395. Mclean RM256
  396. Mcnulty BA266
  397. Md Yusof S267
  398. Medienebenchekor S196
  399. Meirhaeghe A268
  400. Meisinger C131
  401. Mendes LL89
  402. Menezes AMB195
  403. Mensink GBM269
  404. Meshram II9
  405. Metspalu A149
  406. Mi J99
  407. Michaelsen KF120
  408. Mikkel K149
  409. Miller JC256
  410. Miquel JF147
  411. Misigojdurakovic M212
  412. Mohamed MK12
  413. Mohammad K141
  414. Mohammadifard N270
  415. Mohan V32
  416. Yusoff MFM35
  417. Molbo D120
  418. Moller NC29
  419. Molnar D271
  420. Mondo CK272
  421. Monterrubio EA150
  422. Monyeki KDK273
  423. Moreira LB158
  424. Morejon A52
  425. Moreno LA274
  426. Morgan K275
  427. Mortensen EL120
  428. Moschonis G255
  429. Mossakowska M276
  430. Mota J91
  431. Motlagh ME277
  432. Motta J278
  433. Mu TT197
  434. Muiesan ML279
  435. Mullernurasyid M131
  436. Murphy N1
  437. Mursu J280
  438. Murtagh EM281
  439. Musa KI151
  440. Musil V212
  441. Nagel G282
  442. Nakamura H283
  443. Namesna J38
  444. Nang EEK242
  445. Nangia VB284
  446. Nankap M285
  447. Narake S186
  448. Navarretemunoz EM164
  449. Nenko I177
  450. Neovius M286
  451. Nervi F147
  452. Neuhauser HK269
  453. Nguyen ND287
  454. Nguyen QN288
  455. Nietomartinez RE289
  456. Ning G60
  457. Ninomiya T227
  458. Nishtar S290
  459. Noale M252
  460. Norat T1
  461. Noto D42
  462. Al Nsour M291
  463. Oreilly D139
  464. Ochoaaviles AM31
  465. Oh K107
  466. Olayan IH204
  467. Olinto MTA292
  468. Oltarzewski M293
  469. Omar MA35
  470. Onat A88
  471. Ordunez P43
  472. Ortiz AP294
  473. Osler M295
  474. Osmond C296
  475. Ostojic SM297
  476. Otero JA194
  477. Overvad K298
  478. Paccaud FM299
  479. Padez C300
  480. Pajak A177
  481. Palli D301
  482. Palloni A302
  483. Palmieri L130
  484. Pandajonas S303
  485. Panza F304
  486. Parnell WR256
  487. Parsaeian M22
  488. Pednekar MS186
  489. Peeters PH305
  490. Peixoto SV245
  491. Pereira AC306
  492. Perez CM294
  493. Peters A131
  494. Peykari N22
  495. Pham ST307
  496. Pigeot I23
  497. Pikhart H67
  498. Pilav A308
  499. Pilotto L309
  500. Pistelli F310
  501. Pitakaka F311
  502. Piwonska A133
  503. Piwonski J133
  504. Plansrubio P312
  505. Poh BK313
  506. Porta M259
  507. Portegies MLP123
  508. Poulimeneas D176
  509. Pradeepa R32
  510. Prashant M9
  511. Price JF265
  512. Puiu M106
  513. Punab M230
  514. Qasrawi RF15
  515. Qorbani M314
  516. Bao TQ315
  517. Radic I178
  518. Radisauskas R53
  519. Rahman M316
  520. Raitakari O317
  521. Raj M236
  522. Rao SR216
  523. Ramachandran A95
  524. Ramke J311
  525. Ramos R318
  526. Rampal S319
  527. Rasmussen F286
  528. Redon J320
  529. Reganit PFM321
  530. Ribeiro R322
  531. Riboli E1
  532. Rigo F323
  533. De Wit TFR324
  534. Rittidias RM254
  535. Rivera JA150
  536. Robinson SM112
  537. Robitaille C325
  538. Rodriguezartalejo F41
  539. Del Cristo Rodriguezperez M326
  540. Rodriguezvillamizar LA327
  541. Rojasmartinez R150
  542. Rojroongwasinkul N20
  543. Romaguera D116
  544. Ronkainen K280
  545. Rosengren A63
  546. Rouse I328
  547. Rubinstein A188
  548. Ruhli FJ140
  549. Rui O329
  550. Ruizbetancourt BS18
  551. Horimoto ARVR306
  552. Rutkowski M40
  553. Sabanayagam C180
  554. Sachdev HS330
  555. Saidi O331
  556. Salanave B94
  557. Martinez ES191
  558. Salomaa V210
  559. Salonen JT332
  560. Salvetti M279
  561. Sanchezabanto J333
  562. Sans S335
  563. Santos DA336
  564. Santos O337
  565. Dos Santos RN54
  566. Santos R91
  567. Sardinha LB336
  568. Sarrafzadegan N270
  569. Saum KU79
  570. Savva SC338
  571. Scazufca M54
  572. Rosario AS269
  573. Schargrodsky H339
  574. Schienkiewitz A269
  575. Schmidt IM340
  576. Schneider IJ118
  577. Schultsz C80
  578. Schutte AE234
  579. Sein AA341
  580. Sen A233
  581. Senbanjo IO342
  582. Sepanlou SG343
  583. Shalnova SA122
  584. Shaw JE253
  585. Shibuya K344
  586. Shin Y180
  587. Shiri R345
  588. Siantar R180
  589. Sibai AM200
  590. Silva AM48
  591. Silva DAS118
  592. Simon M95
  593. Simons J346
  594. Simons LA311
  595. Sjostrom M286
  596. Slowikowskahilczer J235
  597. Slusarczyk P276
  598. Smeeth L28
  599. Smith MC102
  600. Snijder MB90
  601. So HK192
  602. Sobngwi E37
  603. Soderberg S347
  604. Soekatri MYE348
  605. Solfrizzi V304
  606. Sonestedt E168
  607. Sorensen TIA120
  608. Soric M212
  609. Jerome CS349
  610. Soumare A350
  611. Staessen JA351
  612. Starc G211
  613. Stathopoulou MG352
  614. Staub K140
  615. Stavreski B353
  616. Steenejohannessen J30
  617. Stehle P354
  618. Stein AD260
  619. Stergiou GS355
  620. Stessman J203
  621. Stieber J131
  622. Stockl D131
  623. Stocks T168
  624. Stokwiszewski J356
  625. Stratton G357
  626. Strufaldi MW155
  627. Sun CA358
  628. Sundstrom J359
  629. Sung YT192
  630. Sunyer J26
  631. Suriyawongpaisal P20
  632. Swinburn BA50
  633. Sy RG321
  634. Szponar L293
  635. Tai ES242
  636. Tammesoo ML149
  637. Tamosiunas A53
  638. Tang L208
  639. Tang X198
  640. Tanser F162
  641. Tao Y198
  642. Tarawneh M360
  643. Tarp J29
  644. Tarquimamani CB333
  645. Taylor A19
  646. Tchibindat F361
  647. Thijs L351
  648. Thuesen BH208
  649. Tjonneland A189
  650. Tolonen HK210
  651. Tolstrup JS29
  652. Topbas M138
  653. Topormadry R177
  654. Torrent M362
  655. Traissac P125
  656. Trichopoulou A363
  657. Trinh OTH287
  658. Trivedi A364
  659. Tshepo L365
  660. Tullochreid MK143
  661. Tuomainen TP280
  662. Tuomilehto J366
  663. Tynelius P286
  664. Tzotzas T214
  665. Tzourio C350
  666. Ueda P4
  667. Ukoli FAM367
  668. Ulmer H368
  669. Unal B369
  670. Valdivia G147
  671. Vale S91
  672. Valvi D4
  673. Van Der Schouw YT305
  674. Van Herck K75
  675. Van Minh H288
  676. Van Valkengoed IGM80
  677. Vanderschueren D110
  678. Vanuzzo D370
  679. Vatten L233
  680. Vega T248
  681. Velasquezmelendez G371
  682. Veronesi G167
  683. Monique Verschuren WM65
  684. Viegi G252
  685. Viet L65
  686. Viikarijuntura E345
  687. Vineis P1
  688. Vioque J372
  689. Virtanen JK280
  690. Visvikissiest S352
  691. Viswanathan B73
  692. Vollenweider P104
  693. Voutilainen S280
  694. Vrijheid M26
  695. Wade AN373
  696. Wagner A374
  697. Walton J375
  698. Mohamud WNW376
  699. Wang MD325
  700. Wang Q377
  701. Wang YX378
  702. Wannamethee SG67
  703. Wareham N223
  704. Weerasekera D13
  705. Whincup PH379
  706. Widhalm K380
  707. Widyahening IS381
  708. Wiecek A108
  709. Wilks RJ143
  710. Willeit J224
  711. Wojtyniak B356
  712. Wong JE313
  713. Wong TY96
  714. Woo J192
  715. Woodward M49, 102
  716. Wu FC148
  717. Wu J59
  718. Wu SL101
  719. Xu H382
  720. Xu L185
  721. Yamborisut U20
  722. Yan W383
  723. Yang X384
  724. Yardim N385
  725. Ye X246
  726. Yiallouros PK386
  727. Yoshihara A202
  728. You QS185
  729. Youngercoleman NO143
  730. Yusoff AF35
  731. Zainuddin AA267
  732. Zambon S257
  733. Zdrojewski T40
  734. Zeng Y100, 198
  735. Zhao D185
  736. Zhao W384
  737. Zheng Y180
  738. Zhou M384
  739. Zhu D387
  740. Zimmermann E388
  741. Cisneros JZ278

Source: The Lancet Published:2016


Abstract

Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18.5 kg/m2[underweight], 18.5 kg/m2to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2[morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19.2 million adult participants (9.9 million men and 9.3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21.7 kg/m2(95% credible interval 21.3-22.1) in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m2(24.0-24.4) in 2014 in men, and from 22.1 kg/m2(21.7-22.5) in 1975 to 24.4 kg/m2(24.2-24.6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21.4 kg/m2in central Africa and south Asia to 29.2 kg/m2(28.6-29.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21.8 kg/m2(21.4-22.3) in south Asia to 32.2 kg/m2(31.5-32.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13.8% (10.5-17.4) to 8.8% (7.4-10.3) in men and from 14.6% (11.6-17.9) to 9.7% (8.3-11.1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23.4% (17.8-29.2) in men and 24.0% (18.9-29.3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% (2.4-4.1) in 1975 to 10.8% (9.7-12.0) in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% (5.1-7.8) to 14.9% (13.6-16.1) in women. 2.3% (2.0-2.7) of the world's men and 5.0% (4.4-5.6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0.64% (0.46-0.86) in men and 1.6% (1.3-1.9) in women. Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia. Copyright © NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
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