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Immunology and Genetic of Leishmania Infantum: The Role of Endonuclease G in the Apoptosis Publisher



Azami M1 ; Ranjkesh Adermanabadi V2 ; Khanahmad H3 ; Mohaghegh MA4, 5 ; Zaherinejad E6 ; Aghaei M1 ; Jalali A7 ; Hejazi SH1, 8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
  5. 5. Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
  6. 6. School of Pharmacy, Department of Health Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley Campus, Australia
  7. 7. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Source: Journal of Research in Medical Sciences Published:2018


Abstract

Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of infantile visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Mediterranean region. Despite developing protective responses, the disease progresses due to many of factors. These include the action of suppressive cytokines, exhaustion of specific T cells, loss of lymphoid tissue, and defective humoral response. Genetic changes that occur inside the genome of alienated or parasite cells, along with immune responses, play an important role in controlling or progressing the disease. Proapoptotic proteins such as Smac/DIABLO, EndoG, AIF (apoptosis‑inducing factor), and cytochrome C are effective in apoptosis. EndoG is a mitochondrion‑specific nuclease that translocates to the nucleus during apoptosis. Once released from mitochondria, endoG cleaves chromatin DNA into nucleosomal fragments independently of caspases. Therefore, endoG represents a caspase‑independent apoptotic pathway initiated from the mitochondria. A comprehensive understanding of the immune and genetic events that occur during VL is very important for designing immunotherapy strategies and developing effective vaccines for disease prevention. In this review which explained the immunological responses and also the important factors that can contribute to parasite apoptosis and are used in subsequent studies as a target for the preparation of drugs or recombinant vaccines against parasites are briefly reviewed. © 2018 Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.
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