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Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Abbafati C1 ; Abbas KM5 ; Abbasi M17 ; Abbasifard M23, 24 ; Abbasikangevari M42 ; Abbastabar H44 ; Abdallah F78 ; Abdelalim A78 ; Abdollahi M68, 72 ; Abdollahpour I88 ; Abedi A120 ; Abedi P104, 118 ; Abegaz KH122, 123 ; Abolhassani H65, 125 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Abbafati C1
  2. Abbas KM5
  3. Abbasi M17
  4. Abbasifard M23, 24
  5. Abbasikangevari M42
  6. Abbastabar H44
  7. Abdallah F78
  8. Abdelalim A78
  9. Abdollahi M68, 72
  10. Abdollahpour I88
  11. Abedi A120
  12. Abedi P104, 118
  13. Abegaz KH122, 123
  14. Abolhassani H65, 125
  15. Abosetugn AE127
  16. Aboyans V128, 129
  17. Abrams EM131, 132
  18. Abreu LG139
  19. Abrigo MRM140
  20. Abu Haimed AK146
  21. Abualhasan A78
  22. Abugharbieh E149
  23. Aburaddad LJ151
  24. Abushouk AI116, 153
  25. Acebedo A165
  26. Ackerman IN170
  27. Adabi M22
  28. Adair T178
  29. Adamu AA181, 184
  30. Adebayo OM188
  31. Adedeji IA192
  32. Adekanmbi V193
  33. Adelson JD165
  34. Adeoye AM191, 199
  35. Adetokunboh OO180, 181
  36. Adham D202
  37. Advani SM204, 206
  38. Afarideh M55, 209
  39. Afshari M210
  40. Afshin A159, 165
  41. Agardh EE211
  42. Agarwal G222
  43. Agasthi P208
  44. Agesa KM165
  45. Aghaali M224
  46. Aghamir SMK74
  47. Agrawal A226, 227
  48. Ahmad T228
  49. Ahmadi A217, 232
  50. Ahmadi K229
  51. Ahmadi M251, 252
  52. Ahmadieh H32, 36
  53. Ahmadpour E266
  54. Ahmed MB273, 275
  55. Aji B277
  56. Akalu TY280
  57. Akinyemi RO198, 284
  58. Akinyemiju T287, 288
  59. Akombi B298
  60. Akunna CJ300, 301
  61. Alahdab F302
  62. Alaly Z304, 305
  63. Alam K314
  64. Alam N310, 312
  65. Alam S307
  66. Alam T165
  67. Alanezi FM148
  68. Alanzi TM145
  69. Albertson SB165
  70. Alcalderabanal JE315
  71. Alema NM322
  72. Alemu BW324, 325
  73. Alemu YM330
  74. Alhabib KF338
  75. Alhassan RK343
  76. Ali M344
  77. Ali S345
  78. Alicandro G346
  79. Alijanzadeh M349
  80. Alinia C350
  81. Alipour V96, 98
  82. Alizade H352
  83. Aljunid SM354, 355
  84. Alla F356
  85. Allebeck P211
  86. Almadi MAH337, 357
  87. Almasi A234
  88. Almasihashiani A359
  89. Almasri NA363
  90. Almekhlafi HM365, 367
  91. Almulhim AM141
  92. Alonso J368, 369
  93. Alraddadi RM370
  94. Altirkawi KA340
  95. Alumran AK145
  96. Alvisguzman N372, 373
  97. Alviszakzuk NJ374, 375
  98. Amare AT328, 391
  99. Amare B382
  100. Amini S361
  101. Aminirarani M86
  102. Aminorroaya A62, 71
  103. Amiri F240
  104. Amit AML393, 403
  105. Amugsi DA404
  106. Amul GGH405
  107. Anbesu EW408
  108. Ancuceanu R415
  109. Anderlini D418, 425
  110. Anderson JA165
  111. Andrei CL409
  112. Andrei T426
  113. Androudi S428
  114. Angus C429
  115. Anjomshoa M28
  116. Ansari F268, 430
  117. Ansari I431
  118. Ansarimoghaddam A434
  119. Antonazzo IC436
  120. Antonio CAT394, 438
  121. Antony CM165
  122. Antriyandarti E440
  123. Anvari D445, 451
  124. Anwer R453
  125. Appiah SCY455, 456
  126. Arabloo J98
  127. Arabzozani M460
  128. Aravkin AY157, 159, 165
  129. Arba AAK461
  130. Aremu O462
  131. Ariani F463
  132. Aripov T464, 465
  133. Armoon B466, 467
  134. Arnlov J215, 468
  135. Arowosegbe OO469, 470
  136. Aryal KK472
  137. Arzani A475
  138. Asaad M479
  139. Asadialiabadi M103
  140. Asadipooya AA483, 487
  141. Asgari S37
  142. Asghari B18
  143. Asghari Jafarabadi M257, 488
  144. Ashbaugh C165
  145. Assmus M165
  146. Atafar Z248
  147. Athari SS489
  148. Atnafu DD331
  149. Atout MMW490
  150. Atre SR396, 491
  151. Atteraya MS492
  152. Ausloos F495
  153. Ausloos M426, 494
  154. Avilaburgos L315
  155. Avokpaho EFGA496, 497
  156. Ayala Quintanilla BP501
  157. Ayano G504
  158. Ayanore MA342
  159. Aynalem GL278
  160. Aynalem YA126
  161. Ayza MA383
  162. Azari S98
  163. Azarian G15
  164. Azene ZN282
  165. Azhar G165
  166. Azzopardi PS505, 506
  167. Darshan BB508
  168. Babaee E103
  169. Badawi A518, 523
  170. Badiye AD524
  171. Bagherzadeh M525
  172. Bagli E526, 527
  173. Bahrami MA481
  174. Baig AA528
  175. Bairwa M529
  176. Bakhshaei MH537
  177. Bakhtiari A49
  178. Bakkannavar SM510
  179. Balachandran A541, 545
  180. Balakrishnan S548
  181. Balalla S553
  182. Balassyano S165
  183. Baldasseroni A555
  184. Ball K557
  185. Ballew SH398
  186. Balzi D558
  187. Banach M559, 560
  188. Banerjee SK561
  189. Banik PC562
  190. Bannick MS165
  191. Bante AB326
  192. Bante SA333
  193. Baraki AG280
  194. Barboza MA563, 564
  195. Barkercollo SL565
  196. Barnighausen TW119, 567
  197. Barrero LH568
  198. Barthelemy CM165
  199. Barua L562
  200. Barzegar A237
  201. Basaleem H569
  202. Bassat Q570, 572
  203. Basu S109, 577
  204. Baune BT579, 581
  205. Bayati M484
  206. Baye BA582
  207. Bazmandegan G23, 24
  208. Becker JS583
  209. Bedi N366, 585
  210. Beghi E587
  211. Behzadifar M593
  212. Bejot Y594, 595
  213. Bekuma TTT596
  214. Bell ML597
  215. Bello AK598
  216. Bender RG165
  217. Bennett DA605
  218. Bennitt FB165
  219. Bensenor IM609
  220. Benziger CP615
  221. Berhe K381
  222. Berman AE616
  223. Bernabe E618
  224. Bernstein RS626
  225. Bertolacci GJ165
  226. Bhagavathula AS628, 632
  227. Bhageerathy R511
  228. Bhala N633, 634
  229. Bhandari D392, 636
  230. Bhardwaj P533
  231. Bhat AG639
  232. Bhattacharyya K640, 641
  233. Bhattarai S642
  234. Bhutta ZA520, 643
  235. Bibi S646
  236. Biehl MH165
  237. Bijani A476
  238. Bikbov B590
  239. Bilano V647
  240. Bin Sayeed MS648, 650
  241. Biondi A654
  242. Birihane BM655, 656
  243. Bisanzio D657, 659
  244. Bisignano C165
  245. Biswas RK299
  246. Bitew H386
  247. Bjorge T661, 663
  248. Bockarie MJ664, 665
  249. Bohlouli S669
  250. Bohluli M672, 673
  251. Bojia HA550
  252. Bolla SR674
  253. Boloor A513
  254. Boondooley AS165
  255. Borges G675
  256. Borzi AM653
  257. Borzouei S14
  258. Bose D676
  259. Bosetti C588
  260. Boufous S299
  261. Bourne R677
  262. Brady OJ5
  263. Braithwaite D207
  264. Brauer M134, 165
  265. Brayne C678
  266. Breitborde NJK679, 681
  267. Breitner S682, 683
  268. Brenner H684
  269. Breusov AV685
  270. Briant PS165
  271. Briggs AM503
  272. Briko AN690
  273. Briko NI687
  274. Britton GB691, 692
  275. Brugha T493
  276. Bryazka D165
  277. Buchbinder R167, 693
  278. Bumgarner BR165
  279. Burkart K159, 165
  280. Burnett RT694
  281. Burugina Nagaraja S695
  282. Busse R696
  283. Butt ZA697, 698
  284. Caetano Dos Santos FL699
  285. Cahill LE114, 308
  286. Cahuanahurtado L702
  287. Cai T700
  288. Callender CSKH165
  289. Camera LA703, 704
  290. Camposnonato IR320
  291. Campuzano Rincon JC319, 705
  292. Cao J165
  293. Car J573, 706
  294. Cardenas R708
  295. Carreras G710
  296. Carrero JJ212
  297. Carvalho F719
  298. Castaldellimaia JM612
  299. Castanedaorjuela CA375, 721
  300. Castelpietra G722, 723
  301. Castle CD165
  302. Castro E165
  303. Castro F692
  304. Catalalopez F724, 725
  305. Causey K165
  306. Cederroth CR216, 658
  307. Cercy KM165
  308. Cerin E727, 731
  309. Chalek J165
  310. Chandan JS634
  311. Chang AR734
  312. Chang AY166
  313. Chang JC732, 733
  314. Chang KL735, 736
  315. Charan J534
  316. Charlson FJ165, 421
  317. Chattu VK522
  318. Chaturvedi S737
  319. Cherbuin N649
  320. Chimedochir O738
  321. Chin KL167, 177
  322. Chirinoscaceres JL739
  323. Cho DY163
  324. Choi JYJ740
  325. Christensen H741
  326. Chu DT743
  327. Chung MT750
  328. Chung SC745, 749
  329. Cicuttini FM170
  330. Ciobanu LG276, 388
  331. Cirillo M751
  332. Cislaghi B3
  333. Classen TKD752, 753
  334. Cohen AJ165, 754
  335. Collins EL604
  336. Comfort H165
  337. Compton K165
  338. Conti S437
  339. Cooper OR735, 755
  340. Corso B757
  341. Cortesi PA437
  342. Costa VM719
  343. Cousin E760
  344. Cowden RG761
  345. Cowie BC174, 763
  346. Cromwell EA159, 165
  347. Croneberger AJ165
  348. Cross DH773
  349. Cross M765
  350. Crowe CS164
  351. Cruz JA165
  352. Cummins S7
  353. Cunningham M165
  354. Dahlawi SMA142
  355. Dai H777
  356. Dai H777
  357. Damasceno AAM778
  358. Damiani G779, 781
  359. Damico E651
  360. Dandona L159, 165, 786
  361. Dandona R165, 786
  362. Daneshpajouhnejad P400
  363. Dangel WJ165
  364. Danielsson AK211
  365. Darega Gela J582
  366. Dargan PI619, 787
  367. Darwesh AM791
  368. Daryani A450
  369. Das JK645
  370. Das Gupta R794, 795
  371. Das Neves J716, 717
  372. Dash AP796
  373. Davey G797, 801
  374. Davilacervantes CA802
  375. Davis AC574, 747
  376. Davitoiu DV411, 803
  377. Davletov K804
  378. De Leo D311
  379. De Neve JW567
  380. Dean FE165
  381. Decleene NK165
  382. Deen A165
  383. Degenhardt L165, 294
  384. Delang M583
  385. Dellavalle RP306, 805
  386. Demeke FM332
  387. Demoz GT808
  388. Demsie DG322
  389. Denovagutierrez E316
  390. Dereje ND801, 809
  391. Deribe K798, 801
  392. Dervenis N810, 812
  393. Desai R813
  394. Desalew A549
  395. Dessie GA334
  396. Deuba K211, 815
  397. Dharmaratne SD159, 165, 816
  398. Dhungana GP817
  399. Dianatinasab M480, 818
  400. Dias Da Silva D718
  401. Diaz D820, 821
  402. Dibaji Forooshani ZS76
  403. Dichgans M457
  404. Didarloo A351
  405. Dingels ZV165
  406. Dippenaar IN165
  407. Dirac MA165, 822
  408. Djalalinia S823
  409. Do HT825
  410. Dokova K826
  411. Doku DT827
  412. Dolecek C600, 829
  413. Dolgert AJ165
  414. Dorostkar F95
  415. Doshi CP121
  416. Doshi PP291
  417. Doshmangir L259
  418. Douiri A621
  419. Doxey MC830
  420. Doyle KE831, 835
  421. Driscoll TR769
  422. Dubljanin E839
  423. Dunachie SJ600, 829
  424. Duncan BB760
  425. Duraes AR843, 844
  426. Eagan AW113, 845
  427. Ebrahimi H58, 62
  428. Ebrahimi Kalan M846
  429. Edvardsson D500, 847
  430. Effiong A848
  431. Ehrlich JR850, 852
  432. El Nahas N154
  433. El Sayed I854
  434. El Sayed Zaki M856
  435. El Tantawi M855
  436. Elbarazi I857
  437. Elgendy IY108, 859
  438. Elhabashy HR81
  439. Eljaafary SI78
  440. Elsharkawy A79
  441. Elyazar IRF860
  442. Emamian MH819
  443. Emmonsbell S165
  444. Erskine HE424, 863
  445. Eshrati B103
  446. Eskandari K865, 868
  447. Eskandarieh S60
  448. Esmaeilnejad S670, 872
  449. Esmaeilzadeh F876
  450. Esteghamati A55
  451. Esteghamati S55
  452. Estep K165
  453. Etemadi A877
  454. Etisso AE879
  455. Ezekannagha O880, 881
  456. Fanzo J402
  457. Farag T165
  458. Farahmand M69
  459. Faraj A792
  460. Faraon EJA394
  461. Fareed M452
  462. Faridnia R444
  463. Sofia E Sa Farinha C882, 883
  464. Farioli A884
  465. Faris PS885, 886
  466. Faro A888
  467. Faruque M562
  468. Farzadfar F62
  469. Fattahi N247
  470. Fazaeli AA49
  471. Fazlzadeh M47, 201
  472. Feigin VL165, 554
  473. Feldman R165
  474. Fereshtehnejad SM214, 889
  475. Fernandes E711
  476. Ferrara G165
  477. Ferrara P436
  478. Ferrari AJ165, 424
  479. Ferreira ML766
  480. Feyissa GT274
  481. Filip I893, 894
  482. Fischer F895
  483. Fisher JL680
  484. Fitzgerald R165
  485. Flohr C623
  486. Flor LS896, 897
  487. Foigt NA898
  488. Folayan MO899
  489. Fomenkov AA900
  490. Force LM165, 901
  491. Fornari C437
  492. Foroutan M902
  493. Fox JT165
  494. Francis JM903
  495. Frank TD165
  496. Franklin RC904
  497. Freitas M711
  498. Fu W165
  499. Fukumoto T905
  500. Fukutaki K165
  501. Fuller JE165
  502. Fullman N165
  503. Furtado JM613
  504. Gad MM584, 906
  505. Gaidhane AM637
  506. Gakidou E159, 165
  507. Galles NC165
  508. Gallus S586
  509. Gamkrelidze A907
  510. Garciabasteiro AL908, 909
  511. Gardner WM165
  512. Geberemariyam BS124
  513. Gebrehiwot AM547
  514. Gebremedhin KB799
  515. Gebremeskel GG380, 807
  516. Gebremeskel LG384, 808
  517. Gebresillassie BM279, 285
  518. Gebreslassie AAAA385
  519. Geramo YCD327
  520. Geremew A546
  521. Gershberg Hayoon A165
  522. Gesesew HA378, 911
  523. Gething PW502, 912
  524. Gezae KE377
  525. Ghadimi M401
  526. Ghadiri K244, 246
  527. Ghaffarifar F871
  528. Ghafourifard M261
  529. Ghajar A55
  530. Ghamari F362
  531. Ghashghaee A98, 105
  532. Ghiasvand H913
  533. Ghith N914
  534. Gholamian A668, 671
  535. Ghosh R919
  536. Giampaoli S920
  537. Gilani SA921, 923
  538. Gill PS925
  539. Gill TK388
  540. Gillum RF926, 927
  541. Ginawi IA928
  542. Ginindza TG929
  543. Gitimoghaddam M132
  544. Giussani G589
  545. Glagn M327
  546. Glushkova EV688
  547. Gnedovskaya EV931
  548. Godinho MA298
  549. Goharinezhad S103
  550. Golechha M933
  551. Goli S934, 938
  552. Gomez RS138
  553. Gona PN939
  554. Gopalani SV940, 941
  555. Goren E165
  556. Gorini G709
  557. Gorman TM165
  558. Gottlich HC165
  559. Goudarzi H942, 943
  560. Goudarzian AH446
  561. Goulart AC608, 609
  562. Goulart BNG760
  563. Grada A945
  564. Greaves F573, 949
  565. Grivna M630, 631
  566. Grosso G652
  567. Gubari MIM951
  568. Gudi N512
  569. Gugnani HC952, 953
  570. Guimaraes ALS954
  571. Guimaraes RA955
  572. Guled RA956
  573. Gultie T325
  574. Guo G165
  575. Guo Y167, 959
  576. Gupta R963, 965
  577. Gupta R963, 965
  578. Gupta SS960
  579. Gupta T961
  580. Haagsma JA966
  581. Hachinski V967, 969
  582. Haddock B165
  583. Hafezinejad N66, 401
  584. Hafiz A11, 970
  585. Hagins H165
  586. Haile LM165
  587. Haile TG807
  588. Hajmirzaian A34, 401
  589. Hajmirzaian A34, 401
  590. Hall BJ701
  591. Halvaei I869
  592. Hamadeh RR971
  593. Hamagharib Abdullah K789
  594. Hameed S922
  595. Hamidi S972
  596. Hamilton EB165
  597. Hammer MS303, 309
  598. Han C165
  599. Han H165
  600. Handiso DW809
  601. Hanif A922
  602. Hankey GJ937, 973
  603. Haririan H271
  604. Haro JM571, 975
  605. Harvey JD165
  606. Hasaballah AI976
  607. Hasan MM416, 419
  608. Hasanpoor E873
  609. Hasanzadeh A50, 874
  610. Hashemian M54, 977
  611. Hashi A958
  612. Hassan A78
  613. Hassan S660
  614. Hassanipour S978, 980
  615. Hassankhani H269
  616. Havmoeller RJ982
  617. Hay RJ622, 983
  618. Hay SI159, 165
  619. Hayat K984, 985
  620. Heibati B986
  621. Heidari B55
  622. Heidari G987
  623. Heidarisoureshjani R67
  624. Hendrie D504
  625. Henny K165
  626. Henok A988
  627. Henrikson HJ165
  628. Henry NJ165
  629. Herbert ME165
  630. Herteliu C426, 989
  631. Heydarpour F245
  632. Hird TR990
  633. Ho HC730
  634. Hoek HW542, 993
  635. Hole MK996
  636. Holla R514
  637. Hollingsworth B997
  638. Hoogar P507
  639. Hopf KP998
  640. Horita N772, 1000
  641. Hosgood HD1001
  642. Hossain N1002
  643. Hosseini M48, 63
  644. Hosseinzadeh M790, 1004
  645. Hostiuc M413
  646. Hostiuc S414, 1006
  647. Househ M1007
  648. Hoy DG770
  649. Hsairi M1008
  650. Hsiao T165
  651. Hsieh VCR1010
  652. Hu G775
  653. Hu K1012
  654. Huda TM769, 1013
  655. Hugo FN758
  656. Humayun A1014
  657. Hussain R1015
  658. Huynh CK165
  659. Hwang BF1011
  660. Iannucci VC165
  661. Iavicoli I751
  662. Ibeneme CU1016, 1017
  663. Ibitoye SE195
  664. Ikeda N1018
  665. Ikuta KS161, 165
  666. Ilesanmi OS189, 194
  667. Ilic IM837
  668. Ilic MD1019
  669. Imaninasab MH591
  670. Inbaraj LR1021
  671. Ippolito H165
  672. Iqbal U1022
  673. Irvani SSN38
  674. Irvine CMS165
  675. Islam MM1023
  676. Islam MM1023
  677. Islam SMS557, 768
  678. Islami F1024
  679. Iso H1026
  680. Ivers RQ298
  681. Iwu CCD1027
  682. Iwu CJ181, 187
  683. Iyamu IO134, 1028
  684. Jaafari J979
  685. Jacobsen KH1029
  686. Jadidiniaragh F260
  687. Jafari H165
  688. Jafarinia M85
  689. Jahagirdar D165
  690. Jahani MA476
  691. Jahanmehr N39, 40
  692. Jakovljevic M689, 1020
  693. Jalali A243, 249
  694. Jalilian F248
  695. James SL165
  696. Janjani H47, 250
  697. Janodia MD515
  698. Javaheri T947
  699. Javidnia J443
  700. Jayatilleke AU1030, 1031
  701. Jeemon P1032
  702. Jenabi E12
  703. Jha RP1033, 1034
  704. Jha V293, 516
  705. Ji JS290, 1035
  706. Jia P1037
  707. Johansson L1042
  708. John O292, 1039
  709. Johnakinola YO195
  710. Johnson CO165
  711. Johnson SC165
  712. Jonas JB566, 1043
  713. Joo T1045
  714. Joshi A536
  715. Joukar F978, 980
  716. Jozwiak JJ1046
  717. Jurisson M1047
  718. Kabir A100
  719. Kabir Z1048
  720. Kalani H1051
  721. Kalani R160
  722. Kalankesh LR265
  723. Kalhor R347, 348
  724. Kamath AM156
  725. Kamiab Z23, 26
  726. Kanchan T535
  727. Kapoor N524
  728. Karami Matin B247
  729. Karanikolos M4, 8
  730. Karch A580
  731. Karim MA605, 1052
  732. Karimi SE270
  733. Karimi SA539
  734. Karimi SM540, 1053, 1054
  735. Kasa AS329
  736. Kassa GM1055
  737. Kassebaum NJ156, 159, 165
  738. Katikireddi SV1056
  739. Kawakami N1059
  740. Kayode GA1060, 1062
  741. Kazemi Karyani A247
  742. Keddie SH599
  743. Keiyoro PN1064
  744. Keller C165
  745. Kemmer L165
  746. Kendrick PJ165
  747. Kereselidze M907
  748. Khader YS1067
  749. Khafaie MA253
  750. Khalid N1068
  751. Khammarnia M435
  752. Khan EA1069
  753. Khan G629
  754. Khan M364
  755. Khang YH1070, 1071
  756. Khatab K1072, 1073
  757. Khater AM80
  758. Khater MM77
  759. Khatib MN638
  760. Khayamzadeh M43, 1074
  761. Khazaei S16
  762. Khazaie H238
  763. Khodayari MT263, 876
  764. Khoja AT399, 454
  765. Khubchandani J1075
  766. Khundkar R606
  767. Kianipour N239
  768. Kieling C759, 1076
  769. Kim CI1079
  770. Kim D1082
  771. Kim YE1077
  772. Kim YJ1080
  773. Kimokoti RW1083
  774. Kinfu Y1084, 1085
  775. Kisa A1087, 1088
  776. Kisa S1086
  777. Kissimovaskarbek K1089
  778. Kissoon N132
  779. Kivimaki M744, 1091
  780. Kneib CJ163
  781. Knibbs LD424
  782. Knight M165
  783. Knudsen AKS1094
  784. Kocarnik JM165, 1097
  785. Kochhar S158, 1098
  786. Koh DSQ406, 1099
  787. Kohler S567
  788. Kolola T582
  789. Komaki H20, 1100
  790. Kopec JA134, 1101
  791. Korotkova AV1396
  792. Korshunov VA688
  793. Kosen S1102
  794. Kotlo A1103
  795. Koul PA1104
  796. Koyanagi A572, 1105
  797. Kraemer MUG116, 601
  798. Kravchenko MA932
  799. Krishan K1107
  800. Krohn KJ165
  801. Kromhout H1061
  802. Shaji KS1108, 1109
  803. Kuate Defo BK1110, 1111
  804. Bicer Kucuk B1112
  805. Kugbey N341
  806. Kulkarni V508
  807. Kumar GA786
  808. Kumar M746, 1063
  809. Kumar N508
  810. Kumar P1116
  811. Kumar V107
  812. Kumaresh G1118
  813. Kurmi OP220, 635
  814. Kusuma D576, 1119
  815. Kyu HH159, 165
  816. La Vecchia C780
  817. Lacey B605, 1120
  818. Lal DK786
  819. Lalloo R422
  820. Lallukka T1091
  821. Lam JO892
  822. Lami FH1121
  823. Lan Q877
  824. Landires I1122, 1125
  825. Lang JJ517
  826. Langan SM9, 788
  827. Lansingh VC1126, 1127
  828. Lansky S1128
  829. Larson HJ5, 165
  830. Larson SL165
  831. Larsson AO1129, 1130
  832. Lasrado S1131
  833. Lassi ZS390
  834. Lau KMM165
  835. Lauriola P756
  836. Lavados PM1132, 1133
  837. Lazarus JV910
  838. Leal LF358, 1134
  839. Leasher JL1135
  840. Ledesma JR165
  841. Lee PH439
  842. Lee SWH169, 1136
  843. Leever AT165
  844. Legrand KE165
  845. Leigh J764
  846. Leonardi M1137
  847. Lescinsky H165
  848. Leung J417
  849. Levi M558
  850. Lewington S603, 605
  851. Li B1138
  852. Li S1140
  853. Lim LL1139
  854. Lin C165
  855. Lin RT1009, 1141
  856. Linehan C1142
  857. Linn S1143
  858. Listl S1144, 1145
  859. Liu HC165
  860. Liu S1148
  861. Liu S1148
  862. Liu X851
  863. Liu Y627
  864. Liu Z165
  865. Lo J165
  866. Lodha R530
  867. Logroscino G1149, 1150
  868. Looker KJ1151
  869. Lopez AD159, 165, 178
  870. Lopez JCF395, 1152
  871. Lopukhov PD687
  872. Lorkowski S1153, 1154
  873. Lotufo PA610
  874. Lozano R159, 165
  875. Lu A165
  876. Lucas TCD599
  877. Lugo A586
  878. Lunevicius R1155, 1156
  879. Lyons RA1158
  880. Ma J165
  881. Machado DB2, 1159
  882. Maclachlan JH762
  883. Madadin M147
  884. Maddison ER165
  885. Maddison R557
  886. Madotto F1160
  887. Magdy Abd El Razek H1161
  888. Magdy Abd El Razek M1162
  889. Mahasha PW185
  890. Mahdavi MM466, 1163
  891. Mahmoudi M1164
  892. Mai HT1003
  893. Majeed A573
  894. Malagonrojas JN376, 1165
  895. Maled V1166, 1167
  896. Maleki A1169
  897. Maleki S230
  898. Malekzadeh R53, 486
  899. Malta DC137
  900. Mamun AA419
  901. Manafi A1171
  902. Manafi N93, 130
  903. Manda AL411, 1172
  904. Manguerra H165
  905. Mansourghanaei F978, 980
  906. Mansouri B249
  907. Mansournia MA48
  908. Mantilla Herrera AM424, 861
  909. Mapoma CC1173
  910. Maravilla JC419
  911. Marks A165
  912. Martin RV309, 1174
  913. Martini S1175, 1176
  914. Martinsmelo FR1177
  915. Martopullo I165
  916. Masaka A1178
  917. Masoumi SZ19
  918. Massano J715, 1179
  919. Massenburg BB164
  920. Mastrogiacomo CI165
  921. Mathur MR784, 1157
  922. Matsushita K398
  923. Maulik PK295, 1040
  924. May EA165
  925. Mazidi M617
  926. Mcalinden C1180
  927. Mcgrath JJ420, 1181
  928. Mckee M4
  929. Medinasolis CE1182
  930. Meharie BG1184
  931. Mehndiratta MM1185, 1186
  932. Mehrabi Nasab E71
  933. Mehri F101
  934. Mehrotra R1187
  935. Mehta KM916
  936. Meitei WB1115
  937. Mekonnen T1189
  938. Melese A332
  939. Memiah PTN1190
  940. Memish ZA1192, 1193
  941. Mendoza W1194
  942. Menezes RG144
  943. Mengesha EW335
  944. Mengesha MB321
  945. Mensah GA665, 771
  946. Mereke A804, 1195
  947. Mereta ST272
  948. Meretoja A179, 1197
  949. Meretoja TJ1092, 1196
  950. Mestrovic T1198, 1199
  951. Miazgowski B1200
  952. Miazgowski T1201
  953. Michalek IM1203
  954. Mihretie KM330
  955. Miller TR504, 1204
  956. Mills EJ219
  957. Milne GJ935
  958. Mini GK1205, 1206
  959. Miri M1207, 1208
  960. Mirica A426
  961. Mirrakhimov EM1209, 1210
  962. Mirzaei H1211
  963. Mirzaei M241
  964. Mirzaei R75, 90
  965. Mirzaeialavijeh M248
  966. Misganaw AT159, 165
  967. Mitchell PB297
  968. Mithra P508
  969. Moazen B567, 1212
  970. Moghadaszadeh M256, 267
  971. Mohajer B62
  972. Mohamad O917
  973. Mohamadi E56
  974. Mohammad DK213, 887
  975. Mohammad Y339
  976. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N13
  977. Mohammadbeigi A224, 225
  978. Mohammadianhafshejani A1213
  979. Mohammadifard N87
  980. Mohammadpourhodki R1214
  981. Mohammed AS550
  982. Mohammed H1216
  983. Mohammed JA408
  984. Mohammed S567, 1218
  985. Mohebi F61, 62
  986. Mohseni Bandpei MA1219
  987. Mokari A29
  988. Mokdad AH159, 165
  989. Molokhia M619
  990. Momen NC1181
  991. Monasta L1220
  992. Mondello S1221
  993. Mooney MD165
  994. Moosazadeh M447
  995. Moradi G1168, 1170
  996. Moradi M247
  997. Moradijoo M1222
  998. Moradilakeh M103
  999. Moradzadeh R359
  1000. Moraga P991
  1001. Morales L317
  1002. Morawska L1223
  1003. Moreno Velasquez I692
  1004. Morgadodacosta J720
  1005. Morrison SD164
  1006. Mosapour A473, 870
  1007. Mosser JF165
  1008. Mouodi S476
  1009. Mousavi SM49
  1010. Mousavi Khaneghah A1224
  1011. Mueller UO1227, 1228
  1012. Mukhopadhyay S1229
  1013. Mullany EC165
  1014. Mumford JE165
  1015. Munro SB165
  1016. Muriithi MK1065
  1017. Musa KI1230
  1018. Mustafa G1231, 1232
  1019. Muthupandian S379
  1020. Nabavizadeh B52
  1021. Nabhan AF155, 1233
  1022. Naderi M230
  1023. Nagarajan AJ1234, 1235
  1024. Nagel G1236
  1025. Naghavi M159, 165
  1026. Naghshtabrizi B538
  1027. Naik G1237
  1028. Naimzada MD1240, 1241
  1029. Nair S1242, 1243
  1030. Najafi F242, 247
  1031. Naldi L1244, 1245
  1032. Nandakumar V165
  1033. Nandi AK604
  1034. Nangia V1246
  1035. Nansseu JR1247, 1249
  1036. Naserbakht M99, 103
  1037. Nayak VC510
  1038. Nazari J360
  1039. Ndejjo R1250
  1040. Ndwandwe DE184
  1041. Negoi I411, 1251
  1042. Negoi RI410, 1252
  1043. Netsere HB283, 336
  1044. Neupane S828
  1045. Ngari KN1253
  1046. Nguefacktsague G1249
  1047. Ngunjiri JW1254
  1048. Nguyen CT1003
  1049. Nguyen DN1003, 1005
  1050. Nguyen HLT1003
  1051. Nguyen J165
  1052. Nguyen M165
  1053. Nguyen M165
  1054. Nguyen TH824
  1055. Nichols E165
  1056. Nigatu D335
  1057. Nigatu YT1255, 1256
  1058. Nikbakhsh R34
  1059. Nikpoor AR353
  1060. Nixon MR165
  1061. Nnaji CA187, 667
  1062. Nomura S1058, 1257
  1063. Norheim OF112, 661
  1064. Norrving B915
  1065. Noubiap JJ389
  1066. Nouraei Motlagh S591
  1067. Nowak C215
  1068. Nsoesie EO946
  1069. Nunezsamudio V1123, 1124
  1070. Oancea B1258
  1071. Odell CM165
  1072. Ogbo FA833
  1073. Oghenetega OB197
  1074. Oh IH1259
  1075. Okunga EW1260
  1076. Oladnabi M1050
  1077. Olagunju AT221, 1261
  1078. Olusanya BO1262
  1079. Olusanya JO1262
  1080. Oluwasanu MM195
  1081. Omar Bali A793
  1082. Omer MO958
  1083. Ong KL165
  1084. Ong S1263, 1264
  1085. Onwujekwe OE1265
  1086. Oren E166, 1266
  1087. Orji AU165
  1088. Orpana HM519, 890
  1089. Ortegaaltamirano DV1267
  1090. Ortiz A1268, 1270
  1091. Osarenotor O1271
  1092. Osei FB1038, 1272
  1093. Ostojic SM1273
  1094. Ostroff SM165
  1095. Otoiu A426
  1096. Otstavnov N1240
  1097. Otstavnov SS1240, 1275, 1276
  1098. Overland S662, 1095
  1099. Owolabi MO190
  1100. Mahesh PA196
  1101. Padubidri JR509
  1102. Pakhale S726
  1103. Pakhare AP536
  1104. Pakshir K482
  1105. Palladino R573, 751
  1106. Pana A426, 1277
  1107. Pandajonas S566
  1108. Pandey A783
  1109. Pangaribuan HU1278
  1110. Park EK1279
  1111. Park J110
  1112. Parmar PGK552, 554
  1113. Parry CDH182, 183
  1114. Pasovic M165
  1115. Pasupula DK1280
  1116. Patel JR1281
  1117. Patel SK1282
  1118. Paterninacaicedo AJ1283
  1119. Pathak A218, 1285
  1120. Pathak M1284
  1121. Patten SB1286
  1122. Patton GC176, 1290
  1123. Paudel D456, 814
  1124. Paudel S1291, 1292
  1125. Paulson KR165
  1126. Pazoki Toroudi H94, 102
  1127. Pease SA165
  1128. Peden AE298, 904
  1129. Pennini A165
  1130. Pepito VCF1293
  1131. Peprah EK1295
  1132. Pereira A111, 614
  1133. Pereira DM711
  1134. Pereira J1296
  1135. Perico N590
  1136. Pescarini JM1297
  1137. Pesudovs K296
  1138. Pham HQ1003
  1139. Phillips MR995, 1298
  1140. Piccinelli C1299
  1141. Pierce M165
  1142. Pigott DM159, 165
  1143. Pilgrim T1300
  1144. Pilz TM165
  1145. Pinheiro M714
  1146. Piradov MA932
  1147. Pirsaheb M247
  1148. Pishgar F62, 73
  1149. Planaripoll O1181
  1150. Plass D1301
  1151. Pletcher M165
  1152. Pokhrel KN1302
  1153. Polibin RV688
  1154. Polinder S966
  1155. Polkinghorne KR168
  1156. Pond CD849
  1157. Postma MJ543, 544
  1158. Pottoo FH143
  1159. Pourjafar H432, 875
  1160. Pourmalek F134
  1161. Pourmirza Kalhori R233
  1162. Pourshams A54
  1163. Poznanska A318
  1164. Prada SI1303, 1304, 1305
  1165. Prakash S1307
  1166. Prakash V1306
  1167. Prasad N1308
  1168. Preotescu L412, 1309
  1169. Pribadi DRA1310
  1170. Pupillo E587
  1171. Quazi Syed Z637
  1172. Rabiee M1312
  1173. Rabiee N525
  1174. Radfar A1313
  1175. Rafiee A598
  1176. Rafiei A442, 448
  1177. Raggi A1137
  1178. Rahim F59, 254
  1179. Rahimimovaghar A57
  1180. Rahman MHU500
  1181. Rahman MA1314, 1315
  1182. Rajabpoursanati A459
  1183. Rajati F247
  1184. Rakovac I686
  1185. Ram P625
  1186. Ramezanzadeh K41
  1187. Rana SM922, 1316
  1188. Ranabhat CL1317, 1318
  1189. Ranta A1319, 1321
  1190. Rao PC165
  1191. Rao SJ1322
  1192. Rasella D842
  1193. Rashedi V106
  1194. Rastogi P510
  1195. Rath GK532
  1196. Rathi P514
  1197. Rawaf DL578, 1323
  1198. Rawaf S573, 948
  1199. Rawal L1324
  1200. Rawassizadeh R944
  1201. Rawat R1114
  1202. Razo C165
  1203. Redford SB165
  1204. Regassa LD551
  1205. Reinig N165
  1206. Reitsma MB165
  1207. Remuzzi G590
  1208. Renjith V1325
  1209. Renzaho AMN832, 833
  1210. Resnikoff S296, 1326
  1211. Rezaei N55
  1212. Rezaei N55
  1213. Rezai MS449
  1214. Rezapour A98
  1215. Rhinehart PA165
  1216. Riahi SM458
  1217. Ribeiro ALP135, 136
  1218. Ribeiro DC1320
  1219. Ribeiro D713
  1220. Rickard J1328, 1329
  1221. Rivera JA319
  1222. Robalik T165
  1223. Roberts NLS165
  1224. Roberts S165, 554
  1225. Robinson SR834
  1226. Rodriguezramirez S316
  1227. Roever L1330
  1228. Rolfe S165
  1229. Romoli M1331, 1332
  1230. Ronfani L1220
  1231. Room R498, 1333
  1232. Roshandel G1049
  1233. Rostamian M1334
  1234. Roth GA159, 162, 165
  1235. Rothenbacher D1236
  1236. Rubagotti E1335
  1237. Rumisha SF602, 1336
  1238. Rwegerera GM1337
  1239. Saadatagah S208
  1240. Sabour S30
  1241. Sachdev PS297, 1338
  1242. Saddik B150
  1243. Sadeghi E247
  1244. Sadeghi M84
  1245. Saeedi R31
  1246. Saeedi Moghaddam S62
  1247. Saeidi S248
  1248. Safari Y247
  1249. Safi S35, 36
  1250. Safiri S255, 258
  1251. Sagar R531
  1252. Sahebkar A1215, 1339
  1253. Sahraian MA60
  1254. Sajadi SM1340, 1341
  1255. Salahshoor MR231
  1256. Salam N1342
  1257. Salama JS918
  1258. Salamati P70
  1259. Salehi Zahabi S240, 1343
  1260. Salem H83
  1261. Salem MR82
  1262. Salimi Y235, 248
  1263. Salimzadeh H54
  1264. Salman OM3, 1344
  1265. Salomon JA1345
  1266. Salz I1346
  1267. Samad Z289, 644
  1268. Samadi Kafil H264
  1269. Sambala EZ187
  1270. Samy AM152
  1271. Sanabria J782, 1347
  1272. Sanchezpimienta TG319
  1273. Santomauro DF424, 862
  1274. Santos IS608, 609
  1275. Santos JV712, 1348
  1276. Santricmilicevic MM837, 841
  1277. Saraswathy SYI1349, 1350
  1278. Sarmientosuarez R1351, 1352
  1279. Sarrafzadegan N87, 134
  1280. Sartorius B10, 159
  1281. Sarveazad A89
  1282. Sathian B1353, 1354
  1283. Sathish T223
  1284. Sattin D1137
  1285. Savic M1355
  1286. Sawyer SM176, 1288
  1287. Saxena D637, 1356
  1288. Saxena S577
  1289. Saylan M1357
  1290. Sbarra AN165
  1291. Schaeffer LE165
  1292. Schiavolin S1137
  1293. Schlaich MP936, 992
  1294. Schmidt MI760
  1295. Schutte AE1041, 1358
  1296. Schwebel DC1238
  1297. Schwendicke F1359
  1298. Seedat S182
  1299. Sekerija M1360, 1361
  1300. Senbeta AM957
  1301. Senthilkumaran S1362
  1302. Sepanlou SG54, 486
  1303. Serdar B806, 1363
  1304. Serre ML583
  1305. Servanmori E315
  1306. Sha F1364
  1307. Shabani M62, 397
  1308. Shackelford KA165
  1309. Shadid J165, 424
  1310. Shafaat O401
  1311. Shahabi S485
  1312. Shahbaz M30
  1313. Shaheen AA1365
  1314. Shaikh MA1366
  1315. Shalash AS154
  1316. Shamsbeyranvand M433
  1317. Shamsi M241
  1318. Shamsizadeh M1367
  1319. Shannawaz M1368
  1320. Sharafi K247
  1321. Sharafi Z592
  1322. Sharara F165
  1323. Sharifi H866
  1324. Sharma R1369
  1325. Shaw DH165
  1326. Sheena BS165
  1327. Sheikh A115, 1370
  1328. Sheikhtaheri A97
  1329. Shetty BSK510
  1330. Shetty RS508
  1331. Shibuya K620
  1332. Shield KD521, 1255
  1333. Shiferaw WS126
  1334. Shigematsu M1309
  1335. Shin JI1371
  1336. Shin MJ1078
  1337. Shiri R1372
  1338. Shirkoohi R45, 46
  1339. Shivakumar KM1093
  1340. Shrime MG118
  1341. Shuval K1143
  1342. Siabani S236, 1373
  1343. Sierpinski R1374, 1375
  1344. Sigfusdottir ID994, 1376
  1345. Sigurvinsdottir R1376
  1346. Silva DAS1377
  1347. Silva JP719
  1348. Simonetti B1378, 1379
  1349. Simpson KE165
  1350. Singh A1381, 1382
  1351. Singh JA1239, 1380
  1352. Singh P1117
  1353. Sinha DN1383, 1384
  1354. Skiadaresi E1385
  1355. Skou ST1386, 1387
  1356. Skryabin VY1388
  1357. Sliwa K666
  1358. Smith A165
  1359. Smith EUR766, 767
  1360. Sobngwi E1248, 1390
  1361. Soheili A1391
  1362. Sokhan A1392
  1363. Soltani S247
  1364. Somefun OD1393
  1365. Soofi M248
  1366. Sorensen RJD158, 165
  1367. Soriano JB1269, 1394
  1368. Sorrie MB327
  1369. Soshnikov S1240, 1395
  1370. Soyiri IN1397
  1371. Spencer CN165
  1372. Spotin A262
  1373. Spurlock EE165
  1374. Sreeramareddy CT1398
  1375. Srinivasan V1399
  1376. Sripada K1400
  1377. Stanaway JD159, 165
  1378. Stark BA165
  1379. Steel N950, 1402
  1380. Stefan SC427
  1381. Stein C760
  1382. Stein DJ186
  1383. Steiner C165
  1384. Steiner TJ575, 1401
  1385. Steuben KM165
  1386. Stockfelt L1403
  1387. Stokes MA556
  1388. Stovner LJ1401, 1404
  1389. Straif K910, 1405
  1390. Stranges S968, 1406
  1391. Stubbs JL133
  1392. Suchdev PS624
  1393. Sudaryanto A1311
  1394. Sufiyan MB1217
  1395. Suleria HAR172
  1396. Suliankatchi Abdulkader R1188, 1407
  1397. Sulo G1096
  1398. Sultan I1408, 1409
  1399. Swope CB1410
  1400. Sykes BL1411
  1401. Sylte DO165
  1402. Szocska M1044
  1403. Szumowski L1412
  1404. Tabaresseisdedos R974, 1413
  1405. Tabb KM1414
  1406. Tabuchi T1415
  1407. Tadakamadla SK313
  1408. Taddele BW1416
  1409. Tadesse DB807
  1410. Taherkhani A21
  1411. Tahir Z1417
  1412. Tajdini M71
  1413. Takahashi K1141
  1414. Takala JS828, 1418
  1415. Tamiru AT281
  1416. Tang M165
  1417. Tanser FC930, 1419
  1418. Tareque MI1420
  1419. Tarigan IU1421
  1420. Taveira N1422, 1423
  1421. Taylor HJ165
  1422. Teagle WL205
  1423. Teame H323
  1424. Tediosi F471
  1425. Tefera YG279
  1426. Tehranibanihashemi A91, 103
  1427. Teklehaimanot BF323
  1428. Tela FG387
  1429. Temsah MH340
  1430. Terrason S165
  1431. Tesema GA280
  1432. Tessema ZT280
  1433. Thakur B117, 1424
  1434. Thankappan KR1425
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  1442. Tohidinik HR48, 866
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  1446. Torre AE165
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  1452. Triasllimos S6
  1453. Troeger CE165
  1454. Truelsen TC742
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  1459. Uddin R423, 557
  1460. Ullah I1437, 1438
  1461. Ullah S646
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  1482. Vlassov V1274
  1483. Vollset SE159, 165
  1484. Vongpradith A165
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  1486. Vu GT824
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  1488. Vukovic A836
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  1514. Westerman R1225
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  1521. Wilner LB165
  1522. Wilson S165
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  1524. Wojtyniak B318
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  1526. Wolfe CDA621, 1466
  1527. Wondmeneh TG408
  1528. Wondmieneh AB800, 1183
  1529. Wool EE165
  1530. Wozniak SS165
  1531. Wu AM1467
  1532. Wu C288, 1036
  1533. Wu J165
  1534. Wulf Hanson S165
  1535. Wunrow HY165
  1536. Xie Y1468
  1537. Xu G1469
  1538. Xu R165
  1539. Yadgir S165
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  1552. Yip P728, 729
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  1555. Yoosefi Lebni J92
  1556. York HW165
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  1560. Yousefi Z441
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  1563. Yousuf AY958
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  1565. Yu Y1479
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  1570. Zahirian Moghadam T203
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Source: The Lancet Published:2020


Abstract

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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