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The Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors by State in the Usa, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Mokdad AH1 ; Bisignano C1 ; Hsu JM1 ; Ababneh HS11 ; Abbasgholizadeh R18 ; Abdelkader A20 ; Abdelmasseh M22 ; Abiodun OO23 ; Aboagye RG24 ; Abuzaid A27, 29 ; Abukhadijah HJ30 ; Addo IY32, 35 ; Adeagbo OA36, 37 ; Adegboye OA38 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Mokdad AH1
  2. Bisignano C1
  3. Hsu JM1
  4. Ababneh HS11
  5. Abbasgholizadeh R18
  6. Abdelkader A20
  7. Abdelmasseh M22
  8. Abiodun OO23
  9. Aboagye RG24
  10. Abuzaid A27, 29
  11. Abukhadijah HJ30
  12. Addo IY32, 35
  13. Adeagbo OA36, 37
  14. Adegboye OA38
  15. Adekanmbi V39
  16. Adeyeoluwa TE41, 43
  17. Adzigbli LA25
  18. Afolabi AA46
  19. Agyemangduah W47
  20. Ahmad S48, 50
  21. Ahmad D51, 52
  22. Ahmed A53, 55
  23. Ahmed SA56
  24. Akkaif MA60
  25. Akrami AE61, 62
  26. Akter E65
  27. Al Hasan SM66
  28. Al Taani O70
  29. Alajlouni Y71, 72
  30. Alaly Z67, 75
  31. Alrifai RH76
  32. Altawfiq JA77, 78
  33. Alwardat M79
  34. Alzyoud WA82
  35. Alam M83
  36. Albakri A85
  37. Aldhaleei WA86
  38. Aldridge RW1, 2, 88
  39. Ali MU90, 91
  40. Ali A93
  41. Ali R94
  42. Ali W95
  43. Almustanyir S28, 96
  44. Alqutaibi AY97, 98
  45. Alrawashdeh A80
  46. Alsabri MA99, 100
  47. Aly H101
  48. Amani R103, 104
  49. Amegbor PM108
  50. Amindarolzarbi A111
  51. Amiri S119
  52. Anil A121, 123
  53. Appiah F124, 125
  54. Arabloo J126
  55. Arafa EA21, 132
  56. Arafat M133
  57. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  58. Ardekani A104
  59. Areda D134, 135
  60. Ashina S136, 145
  61. Atreya A146
  62. Ayalew FB147
  63. Azzam AY148, 149
  64. Babu GR150
  65. Baghdadi S151
  66. Bagherieh S152
  67. Bahramian S152
  68. Bahreini R157
  69. Bako AT158
  70. Bansal K160, 161
  71. Barnighausen TW137, 162
  72. Barrow A163, 164
  73. Bastan MM127, 168
  74. Basu S138, 181
  75. Batra R183, 186
  76. Batra K184
  77. Bayati M105
  78. Beiranvand M165
  79. Bell ML187
  80. Beloukas A193, 194
  81. Bemanalizadeh M153, 169
  82. Bennitt FB195
  83. Benzian H109
  84. Beran A196
  85. Bermudez ANC197, 198
  86. Bernstein RS200, 203
  87. Beyene HBB204, 206
  88. Beyene KA207, 208
  89. Bhagavathula AS209
  90. Bhala N210, 211
  91. Bhargava A212
  92. Bhaskar S213, 214
  93. Bhat V215
  94. Bodunrin AO57
  95. Boppana SH112
  96. Borhany H216
  97. Bosoka SA25, 226
  98. Boxe C227
  99. Boyko EJ4, 228
  100. Braithwaite D164, 229
  101. Brauer M1, 230
  102. Bryazka D1
  103. Bugiardini R232
  104. Bustanji Y235, 236
  105. Butt ZA242, 243
  106. Caetano Dos Santos FL139
  107. Cagney J1
  108. Cao C244
  109. Capodici A233, 245
  110. Castaldellimaia JM246
  111. Cembranel F247
  112. Cenko E232
  113. Chandrasekar EK248
  114. Chaudhary AA251
  115. Chen AT252, 253
  116. Chen MX256
  117. Chi G140
  118. Chong B257
  119. Choudhari SG259
  120. Chowdhury R260, 261
  121. Chung SC89, 262
  122. Cogen RM1
  123. Conde J263
  124. Cooper LT87
  125. Cortese S110, 264
  126. Criqui MH265
  127. Cruzmartins N266, 267
  128. Culbreth GT1
  129. Doria M268, 269
  130. Dabo B270, 272
  131. Dai Z33, 273
  132. Dai X1, 2
  133. Damiani G275, 276
  134. Daoud F1
  135. Darcho SDD280
  136. Darwesh AM281
  137. Das S283
  138. Dash NR237
  139. Dashti M284
  140. Degenhardt L1, 34
  141. Des Jarlais DC286
  142. Devanbu VGC291
  143. Dewan SMR292, 293
  144. Dhama K294
  145. Diaz D295
  146. Diaz LA296
  147. Diaz MJ166
  148. Ding DD164
  149. Do THP297
  150. Do TC298
  151. Doan KD299
  152. Dongarwar D300
  153. Dorsey ER250
  154. Doshi OP302
  155. Doshi RP303
  156. Douiri A304
  157. Dowou RK25
  158. Dube J305
  159. Dutta S306
  160. Dwyerlindgren L1, 2
  161. Dziedzic AM307
  162. Emar AR101
  163. Ebrahimi A12
  164. Ehrlich JRR254, 255
  165. Ekundayo TC42
  166. El Arab RA308
  167. El Bayoumy IF309, 310
  168. Elhadi M159, 311
  169. Elmoselhi AB238, 239
  170. Elnahas G312, 315
  171. Elshaer M316
  172. Eltaha C317
  173. Emamverdi M19
  174. Esposito F234
  175. Etaee F188
  176. Ezenwankwo EF318
  177. Fahim A319
  178. Fakhridemeshghieh A320
  179. Fasanmi AO201, 321
  180. Fazylov T322
  181. Feigin VL1, 325, 326
  182. Fekadu G327, 328
  183. Feroze AH141
  184. Ferreira N329
  185. Filip I330, 331
  186. Fischer F332
  187. Flor LS1, 2
  188. Fu W1
  189. Fukumoto T333
  190. Gadanya MA334, 335
  191. Gajjar AA336, 337
  192. Ganesan B340
  193. Ganiyani MA49, 341
  194. Gao X342, 343
  195. Gardner WM1
  196. Gebregergis MW344
  197. Gebrehiwot M346
  198. Gebremeskel TG347, 348
  199. Ghadimi DJ217
  200. Ghasemzadeh A284
  201. Gholamrezanezhad A349
  202. Ghotbi E218
  203. Gobolos L277, 350
  204. Goldust M189
  205. Golechha M351
  206. Golinelli D352, 353
  207. Grada A276
  208. Guha A278, 354
  209. Guicciardi S233, 355
  210. Gupta I356, 357
  211. Gupta VB358
  212. Gupta VK360
  213. Haakenstad A1, 361
  214. Habibzadeh P362
  215. Haep N363, 364
  216. Haile D1
  217. Hajmirzaian A13, 219
  218. Halimi A220
  219. Hamilton EB1
  220. Haque OI365
  221. Hasaballah AI366
  222. Hasan MDK367, 370
  223. Hasnain MDS371
  224. Hassan AM301
  225. Havmoeller RJJ372
  226. Hay SI1, 2
  227. Hebert JJ373, 374
  228. Heidary Z170, 375
  229. Hemmati M376, 377
  230. Hidayana I378
  231. Hinneh TK113
  232. Hiraike Y380
  233. Hoan NQ381
  234. Horita N382, 383
  235. Hossain MDB230, 385
  236. Hossain MDM386, 389
  237. Hosseinzadeh M282, 390
  238. Hostiuc S393, 394
  239. Hu C395
  240. Huang J396
  241. Hundie TG114
  242. Hushmandi K120
  243. Huynh HH398
  244. Ikuta KS1, 399
  245. Islam SMS274, 400
  246. Islam MDR401
  247. Jacob L402, 403
  248. Jacobsen KH404
  249. Jain A405
  250. Jairoun AA406
  251. Jakovljevic M407, 408
  252. Jamshidi E118
  253. Javaheri T409
  254. Jeswani BM411
  255. Jeyakumar A412, 413
  256. Johnson EK414
  257. Kanmodi KK415, 416
  258. Kantar RS417, 418
  259. Karanth SD167
  260. Karaye IM379, 419
  261. Kassebaum NJ1, 2, 5
  262. Katamreddy A420
  263. Kazemi F115
  264. Kerr JA421, 422
  265. Khader YS81
  266. Khamesipour F423, 424
  267. Khan MJ91
  268. Khan ZA425
  269. Khan F426
  270. Khan A428
  271. Khatab K430, 431
  272. Khatami F171
  273. Khatatbeh MM432
  274. Khormali M172
  275. Khosla AA48, 433
  276. Khosravi S128, 287, 290, 434
  277. Khosravi M436
  278. Khubchandani J437
  279. Kim G438, 439
  280. Kim MS17, 440
  281. Kimokoti RW441
  282. Kisa A442, 443
  283. Kochhar S6, 444
  284. Koren G445
  285. Krishnamoorthy V5, 446
  286. Kubeisy CM142, 449
  287. Kuddus MDA450
  288. Kulimbet M323, 451
  289. Kulkarni V452
  290. Kumar V454, 455
  291. Kumar A456
  292. Kumar R457
  293. Kundu S459, 460
  294. Kurmi OP368, 461
  295. Kyei EF462
  296. Lai H463, 464
  297. Lan Q465
  298. Lansingh VC466, 467
  299. Le TDT472
  300. Le HH468, 474
  301. Le NHH468, 474
  302. Le TTT472
  303. Leasher JL475
  304. Lee SW476
  305. Lee WC40
  306. Li W190
  307. Libra M477
  308. Lim SS1, 2
  309. Lin J33
  310. Lin JC338
  311. Lioutas VA478, 480
  312. Liu X13, 102, 191, 279
  313. Liu RT14
  314. Liu X13, 102, 191, 279
  315. Liu J68
  316. Lopezgil JF481
  317. Lopukhov PD482
  318. Lucchetti G483
  319. Lunevicius R484, 485
  320. Lusk JB447
  321. Mafhoumi A173
  322. Malakan Rad E174
  323. Manla Y486
  324. Mansouri V175
  325. Manu E26
  326. Marconi AM487, 488
  327. Marino M489
  328. Martin RV69, 490
  329. Martinezpiedra R491
  330. Marx W359
  331. Marzo RR492, 493
  332. Mathangasinghe Y494, 495
  333. Matozinhos FP496
  334. Mcphail SM453, 497
  335. Mekene Meto TM498
  336. Meles HN345, 499
  337. Melese EB118
  338. Mensah GA384, 501
  339. Mensah LG502
  340. Meo SA503
  341. Mestrovic T1, 505
  342. Mhlanga L64, 506
  343. Mhlanga A507
  344. Michalek IM508, 509
  345. Miller TR510, 511
  346. Mirzaaghazadehattari M285, 512
  347. Mishra AK513
  348. Moberg ME1
  349. Mohamed NS514, 515
  350. Mohamed MFH199
  351. Mohamed J516
  352. Mohammadzadeh I221
  353. Mohammed S517, 518
  354. Mohammed S517, 518
  355. Molavi Vardanjani H106
  356. Momtazmanesh S168, 176
  357. Moni MA522, 523
  358. Montazeri F435, 524
  359. Moradi Y525
  360. Moradilakeh M129, 130
  361. Moraga P526
  362. Morrison SD7
  363. Motappa R527
  364. Mougin V1
  365. Murillozamora E530, 531
  366. Naghavi M1, 2
  367. Naghavi P532
  368. Naik G533
  369. Najdaghi S154, 155
  370. Nanavaty DP535
  371. Narimani Davani D154
  372. Nascimento GG536
  373. Nashwan AJ31
  374. Natto ZS143, 427
  375. Nduaguba SO537
  376. Netsere HB500, 538
  377. Nezameslami A539
  378. Nguyen HTT391, 392
  379. Nguyen TT469, 543
  380. Nguyen DH15, 271
  381. Nguyen HQ544
  382. Nguyen AH545
  383. Nguyen VT470
  384. Nigatu YT546
  385. Nikravangolsefid N540
  386. Noor STA65, 547
  387. Novotney A1
  388. Nugen F541, 548
  389. Nutor JJ549
  390. Nzoputam OJ552, 553
  391. Oancea B554
  392. Oduro MS555
  393. Ogundijo OA44
  394. Okeke SR32
  395. Okonji OC557
  396. Olagunju AT369, 558
  397. Olorukooba AA520
  398. Olufadewa II45, 559
  399. Omar HA132, 240
  400. Onyedibe KI560
  401. Opejin A58
  402. Ortegaaltamirano DV561
  403. Ostroff SM1, 8
  404. Padukudru MPA562
  405. Panda SK563, 566
  406. Parikh RR567
  407. Park S569
  408. Park EK570
  409. Park S569
  410. Pashaei A231
  411. Pasovic M1
  412. Patel JR573, 574
  413. Patil S575, 576
  414. Pawar S192
  415. Peprah EK108
  416. Pereira G578, 579
  417. Pestell RG580, 581
  418. Pham HT582
  419. Philip AK429
  420. Phillips MR73, 583
  421. Pigeolet M144, 584
  422. Postma MJ585, 586
  423. Pourali G66
  424. Pourbabaki R107
  425. Prabhu D587
  426. Pradhan PMS137, 588
  427. Pradhan J589
  428. Puvvula J339
  429. Rabiee Rad M152, 590
  430. Radfar A591, 592
  431. Rafferty Q1
  432. Rahimimovaghar V172
  433. Rahman MA593
  434. Rahmanian M222
  435. Ramadan M594, 595
  436. Ramasamy SK572
  437. Ramazanu S258, 596
  438. Rane A597, 598
  439. Rashid AM599, 600
  440. Rawassizadeh R410
  441. Redwan EMM601, 602
  442. Rhee TG190, 603
  443. Rickard J568, 604
  444. Rodrigues M605
  445. Rodriguez JAB606, 607
  446. Rout HS564, 565
  447. Runghien T1, 608
  448. Saad AMA609
  449. Sabet CJ377
  450. Sabour S223
  451. Saeed U610, 611
  452. Safari M224
  453. Sagoe D612
  454. Sajib MDRUZ613
  455. Salum GA614, 615
  456. Samuel VP616
  457. Samy AM313, 314
  458. Saravanan A122, 617
  459. Saravi B618, 619
  460. Scarmeas N74, 620
  461. Schlaich MP205, 621
  462. Schuermans A16, 622
  463. Schumacher AE1
  464. Schwebel DC534
  465. Seylani A623
  466. Shafie M177
  467. Shah NS63
  468. Shahbandi A178
  469. Shaikh A288
  470. Shaikh MA624
  471. Shakil H625, 626
  472. Shamim MA121
  473. Shamshirgaran MA627
  474. Sharath M628
  475. Sharifan A179, 180
  476. Sharma M185
  477. Shetty PH528
  478. Shetty PK529
  479. Shi P629
  480. Shittu A630
  481. Shivarov V631, 632
  482. Shool S172, 225
  483. Shuval K633
  484. Siddig EE54, 634
  485. Singh S121
  486. Sirota SB1
  487. Sleet DA202, 635
  488. Solanki R636, 637
  489. Solanki S638
  490. Soliman SSM241
  491. Song Y639
  492. Stafford LK1
  493. Sultana A642
  494. Sun J643, 644
  495. Swain CK564
  496. Szarpak L645, 646
  497. Szeto MD64
  498. Tabatabaei SM647, 648
  499. Tabche C182
  500. Taiba J649, 650
  501. Tat NY651, 652
  502. Temsah MH504
  503. Teramoto M550
  504. Thornton JD388
  505. Tovanipalone MR577, 653
  506. Tram KH9
  507. Tran TH471, 654
  508. Tran JT196
  509. Tran NH655
  510. Tromans SJ656, 657
  511. Truyen TTT658
  512. Tumurkhuu M59
  513. Tyrovolas S84, 92
  514. Udoh A659
  515. Ullah S660, 661
  516. Ullah S660, 661
  517. Ullah A428
  518. Vahdati S542
  519. Vaithinathan AG663
  520. Vakili O156
  521. Van Den Eynde J622
  522. Van Donkelaar A69
  523. Vervoort D116
  524. Vinayak M289
  525. Vongpradith A1
  526. Vos T1, 2
  527. Waqas M664, 665
  528. Weerakoon KG666
  529. Westerman R667
  530. Wilkerson C1
  531. Wu C448, 668
  532. Wu F669
  533. Xu S249, 670
  534. Yang L671, 672
  535. Yang D164
  536. Yano Y673
  537. Yesiltepe M674, 675
  538. Yon DK676
  539. Younis MZ677, 678
  540. Yu C679
  541. Zadey S680, 681
  542. Zastrozhin M551, 682
  543. Zeariya MGM366, 458
  544. Zhang H117, 640
  545. Zhang Z683
  546. Zhang M1
  547. Zhong CC397
  548. Zhu B684
  549. Zhumagaliuly A324
  550. Zia H10, 685
  551. Ziafati M131
  552. Zielinska M686
  553. Zyoud SH687, 688
  554. Murray CJL1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  11. 11. Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  12. 12. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  13. 13. Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  14. 14. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  15. 15. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  16. 16. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  17. 17. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  18. 18. Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  19. 19. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  20. 20. Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  21. 21. Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  22. 22. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  23. 23. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
  24. 24. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  25. 25. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  26. 26. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  27. 27. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  28. 28. College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
  29. 29. College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
  30. 30. Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  31. 31. Nursing and Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  32. 32. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  33. 33. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  34. 34. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  35. 35. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  36. 36. Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  37. 37. Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  38. 38. Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
  39. 39. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
  40. 40. The Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
  41. 41. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  42. 42. Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  43. 43. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  44. 44. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  45. 45. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  46. 46. Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
  47. 47. Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  48. 48. Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
  49. 49. Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  50. 50. Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  51. 51. School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  52. 52. Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
  53. 53. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  54. 54. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  55. 55. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  56. 56. Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  57. 57. Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  58. 58. Department of Geography, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  59. 59. Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  60. 60. Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  61. 61. Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
  62. 62. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  63. 63. Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  64. 64. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  65. 65. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  66. 66. Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  67. 67. Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  68. 68. Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  69. 69. Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  70. 70. Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  71. 71. School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  72. 72. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  73. 73. Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  74. 74. Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  75. 75. Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
  76. 76. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  77. 77. Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
  78. 78. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  79. 79. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  80. 80. Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  81. 81. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  82. 82. Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
  83. 83. Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  84. 84. Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  85. 85. Department of Medicine, Royal Jordanian Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
  86. 86. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  87. 87. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  88. 88. Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  89. 89. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  90. 90. Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  91. 91. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  92. 92. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  93. 93. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  94. 94. Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
  95. 95. Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  96. 96. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  97. 97. Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia
  98. 98. Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
  99. 99. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana’a, Yemen
  100. 100. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  101. 101. Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  102. 102. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  103. 103. Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
  104. 104. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  105. 105. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  106. 106. Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  107. 107. Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  108. 108. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  109. 109. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  110. 110. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  111. 111. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  112. 112. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  113. 113. School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  114. 114. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  115. 115. Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  116. 116. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  117. 117. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  118. 118. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  119. 119. Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  120. 120. Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  122. 122. Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  123. 123. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  124. 124. Department of Social Sciences, Berekum College of Education, Berekum, Ghana
  125. 125. School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  126. 126. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  127. 127. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  128. 128. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  129. 129. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  130. 130. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  131. 131. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  132. 132. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
  133. 133. College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  134. 134. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  135. 135. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  136. 136. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  137. 137. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  138. 138. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  139. 139. Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  140. 140. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  141. 141. Department of Neurological Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  142. 142. Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  143. 143. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  144. 144. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  145. 145. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  146. 146. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  147. 147. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States
  148. 148. Montefiore-Einstein Cerebrovascular Research Lab, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  149. 149. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  150. 150. Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  151. 151. Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  152. 152. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  153. 153. Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  154. 154. Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  155. 155. Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  156. 156. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  157. 157. College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, United States
  158. 158. Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
  159. 159. Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
  160. 160. Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
  161. 161. Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, United States
  162. 162. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  163. 163. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
  164. 164. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  165. 165. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  166. 166. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  167. 167. UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  168. 168. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  169. 169. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  170. 170. Department of Reproductive Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  171. 171. Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  172. 172. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  173. 173. Orthopedic Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  174. 174. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  175. 175. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  176. 176. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  177. 177. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  178. 178. Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  179. 179. Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  180. 180. Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  181. 181. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  182. 182. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  183. 183. School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  184. 184. Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  185. 185. Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  186. 186. IT Department, Coforge, GA, United States
  187. 187. School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  188. 188. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  189. 189. Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  190. 190. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  191. 191. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  192. 192. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  193. 193. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  194. 194. National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  195. 195. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
  196. 196. School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  197. 197. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  198. 198. Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  199. 199. Department of Internal Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  200. 200. Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  201. 201. School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  202. 202. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  203. 203. Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  204. 204. Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  205. 205. Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  206. 206. Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  207. 207. Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  208. 208. School of Pharmacy, University of Aukland, Auckland, New Zealand
  209. 209. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
  210. 210. Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  211. 211. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  212. 212. Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  213. 213. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  214. 214. Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  215. 215. Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  216. 216. Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  217. 217. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  218. 218. Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  219. 219. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  220. 220. Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  221. 221. Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  222. 222. Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  223. 223. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  224. 224. Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  225. 225. Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  226. 226. Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana
  227. 227. Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  228. 228. General Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States
  229. 229. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  230. 230. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  231. 231. School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  232. 232. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  233. 233. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  234. 234. Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  235. 235. School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  236. 236. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  237. 237. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  238. 238. Basic Medical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  239. 239. Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  240. 240. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  241. 241. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  242. 242. School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  243. 243. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  244. 244. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  245. 245. Department of Management and Healthcare (EMbeDS), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
  246. 246. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  247. 247. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  248. 248. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  249. 249. School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  250. 250. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  251. 251. Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  252. 252. Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  253. 253. Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  254. 254. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  255. 255. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  256. 256. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
  257. 257. Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  258. 258. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  259. 259. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
  260. 260. Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  261. 261. Department of Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  262. 262. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  263. 263. Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  264. 264. School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  265. 265. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  266. 266. Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicao, Portugal
  267. 267. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  268. 268. Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  269. 269. Cardio-Thoraco- Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
  270. 270. College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  271. 271. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  272. 272. Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
  273. 273. School of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  274. 274. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  275. 275. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  276. 276. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  277. 277. Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  278. 278. Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  279. 279. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  280. 280. Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  281. 281. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  282. 282. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  283. 283. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
  284. 284. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  285. 285. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  286. 286. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  287. 287. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  288. 288. Institute for Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  289. 289. Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  290. 290. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  291. 291. Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
  292. 292. Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  293. 293. Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  294. 294. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
  295. 295. Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  296. 296. Department of Gastroenterology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
  297. 297. Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
  298. 298. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  299. 299. Department of Pathology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  300. 300. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  301. 301. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  302. 302. South Plainfield, NJ, United States
  303. 303. Department of Cardiology, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, United States
  304. 304. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  305. 305. Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
  306. 306. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
  307. 307. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  308. 308. Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
  309. 309. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Texila American University, Tanta, Egypt
  310. 310. School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana
  311. 311. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  312. 312. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  313. 313. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  314. 314. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  315. 315. International Association for Women Mental Health, Potomac, MD, United States
  316. 316. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  317. 317. Department of Pediatrics, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
  318. 318. Department of Health Management and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  319. 319. Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  320. 320. Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  321. 321. Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
  322. 322. Laboratory of experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  323. 323. Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  324. 324. National Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  325. 325. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  326. 326. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  327. 327. Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  328. 328. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  329. 329. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  330. 330. Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Mission Viejo, CA, United States
  331. 331. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  332. 332. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  333. 333. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  334. 334. Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
  335. 335. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  336. 336. Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
  337. 337. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  338. 338. Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  339. 339. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  340. 340. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia
  341. 341. Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College, Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
  342. 342. School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  343. 343. Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  344. 344. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  345. 345. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  346. 346. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  347. 347. Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia
  348. 348. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  349. 349. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  350. 350. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  351. 351. Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  352. 352. Department of Life Sciences, Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy
  353. 353. Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, AUSL della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
  354. 354. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  355. 355. Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  356. 356. Department of Internal Medicine, Bharatpur, India
  357. 357. Delhi, India
  358. 358. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  359. 359. Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  360. 360. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  361. 361. Department of Global Health and Population, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  362. 362. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  363. 363. Department of Surgery, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  364. 364. Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
  365. 365. Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
  366. 366. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  367. 367. Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  368. 368. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  369. 369. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  370. 370. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  371. 371. Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India
  372. 372. Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmo, Sweden
  373. 373. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
  374. 374. School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
  375. 375. Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  376. 376. Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States
  377. 377. Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  378. 378. Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  379. 379. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  380. 380. Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  381. 381. School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  382. 382. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  383. 383. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  384. 384. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  385. 385. Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  386. 386. Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
  387. 387. University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
  388. 388. Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
  389. 389. Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh
  390. 390. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  391. 391. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  392. 392. Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  393. 393. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  394. 394. Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  395. 395. Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  396. 396. Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  397. 397. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  398. 398. International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  399. 399. Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  400. 400. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  401. 401. School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  402. 402. Department of Physical and Medicine, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
  403. 403. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  404. 404. Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
  405. 405. Department of Leukemia, The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
  406. 406. Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  407. 407. The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy
  408. 408. Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
  409. 409. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  410. 410. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  411. 411. Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
  412. 412. Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
  413. 413. University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
  414. 414. Danish Center for Health Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  415. 415. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  416. 416. Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  417. 417. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
  418. 418. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  419. 419. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  420. 420. Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  421. 421. Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  422. 422. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
  423. 423. Halal Research Centre of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  424. 424. Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  425. 425. Department of Medicine, Shadan Hospital, Hyderabad, India
  426. 426. Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  427. 427. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  428. 428. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  429. 429. School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  430. 430. College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  431. 431. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  432. 432. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  433. 433. Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
  434. 434. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
  435. 435. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  436. 436. Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  437. 437. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  438. 438. Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
  439. 439. Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  440. 440. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  441. 441. Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States
  442. 442. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  443. 443. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  444. 444. Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India
  445. 445. Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  446. 446. Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  447. 447. Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  448. 448. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  449. 449. Foundation for Drug Policy Solutions, Washington, DC, United States
  450. 450. Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  451. 451. Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  452. 452. Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  453. 453. Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  454. 454. GISE Hub, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
  455. 455. Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
  456. 456. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cabrini Institute, Rochester, MN, United States
  457. 457. College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  458. 458. Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  459. 459. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  460. 460. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
  461. 461. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  462. 462. Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  463. 463. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
  464. 464. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
  465. 465. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  466. 466. Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  467. 467. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  468. 468. Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  469. 469. Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  470. 470. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  471. 471. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  472. 472. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  473. 473. Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  474. 474. Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
  475. 475. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  476. 476. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  477. 477. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  478. 478. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  479. 479. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  480. 480. Department of Neurology, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States
  481. 481. One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
  482. 482. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  483. 483. School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  484. 484. Department of Emergency General and Trauma Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  485. 485. Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  486. 486. Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  487. 487. University Health Services, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
  488. 488. Centro de Estudio e Investigacion para la Prevencion y el Tratamiento de las Adicciones (Center for the Study and Investigation of Addiction Prevention and Treatment), Universidad de Buenos Aires (University of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  489. 489. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
  490. 490. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  491. 491. Department of Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
  492. 492. Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia
  493. 493. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  494. 494. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University of Colombo, Clayton, VIC, Australia
  495. 495. Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Monash University, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  496. 496. Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  497. 497. Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
  498. 498. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  499. 499. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  500. 500. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  501. 501. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  502. 502. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  503. 503. Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  504. 504. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  505. 505. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  506. 506. South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  507. 507. Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  508. 508. National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  509. 509. Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  510. 510. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  511. 511. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  512. 512. Social Determinants of Health Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  513. 513. Division of Cardiology, St. Vincent College, Worcester, MA, United States
  514. 514. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  515. 515. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  516. 516. College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia
  517. 517. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  518. 518. Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
  519. 519. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  520. 520. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  521. 521. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Technical University of Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany
  522. 522. Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
  523. 523. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  524. 524. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
  525. 525. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  526. 526. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  527. 527. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  528. 528. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  529. 529. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  530. 530. Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico
  531. 531. Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  532. 532. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
  533. 533. Department Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  534. 534. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  535. 535. Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
  536. 536. National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
  537. 537. School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  538. 538. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  539. 539. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  540. 540. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  541. 541. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  542. 542. Department of Informatics and Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  543. 543. Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  544. 544. Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
  545. 545. Department of General Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh City, Viet Nam
  546. 546. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  547. 547. Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
  548. 548. School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  549. 549. School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  550. 550. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  551. 551. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  552. 552. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  553. 553. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  554. 554. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  555. 555. PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States
  556. 556. Sydney, NSW, Australia
  557. 557. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  558. 558. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  559. 559. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  560. 560. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
  561. 561. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  562. 562. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  563. 563. Centre for Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  564. 564. Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  565. 565. RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  566. 566. Department of Zoology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Bhubaneswar, India
  567. 567. Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  568. 568. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  569. 569. Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  570. 570. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  571. 571. Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  572. 572. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  573. 573. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, TX, United States
  574. 574. Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
  575. 575. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  576. 576. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  577. 577. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  578. 578. School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
  579. 579. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  580. 580. Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baruch S Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
  581. 581. Department of Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States
  582. 582. Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States
  583. 583. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  584. 584. Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  585. 585. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  586. 586. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  587. 587. San Diego, CA, United States
  588. 588. Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  589. 589. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, NIT Rourkela, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
  590. 590. Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
  591. 591. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  592. 592. Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute, Encino, CA, United States
  593. 593. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  594. 594. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  595. 595. Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  596. 596. School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong
  597. 597. Health Economics and Outcomes Research Department, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States
  598. 598. Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
  599. 599. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  600. 600. Baylor University, Dallas, TX, United States
  601. 601. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  602. 602. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  603. 603. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
  604. 604. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  605. 605. Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  606. 606. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Departamento de Farmacologia y Toxicologia), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  607. 607. University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  608. 608. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  609. 609. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  610. 610. Clinical and Biomedical Research Center, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  611. 611. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  612. 612. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  613. 613. Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
  614. 614. Department of Global Initiatives, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States
  615. 615. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  616. 616. Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
  617. 617. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  618. 618. Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
  619. 619. Department of Orthopaedics, Loretto Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
  620. 620. Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  621. 621. Dobney Hypertension Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  622. 622. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  623. 623. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  624. 624. Karachi, Pakistan
  625. 625. Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  626. 626. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  627. 627. Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
  628. 628. Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  629. 629. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  630. 630. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  631. 631. Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Sofia, Bulgaria
  632. 632. Department of Genetics, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridiski, Sofia, Bulgaria
  633. 633. The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
  634. 634. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  635. 635. Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, United States
  636. 636. Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States
  637. 637. Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (French Part)
  638. 638. Department of Biochemistry, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados
  639. 639. Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  640. 640. School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  641. 641. Khulna, Bangladesh
  642. 642. Division of Global Mental Health, EviSyn Health, Khulna, Bangladesh
  643. 643. Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  644. 644. Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  645. 645. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  646. 646. Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland
  647. 647. Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  648. 648. Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  649. 649. Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
  650. 650. Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
  651. 651. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  652. 652. Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  653. 653. SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chennai, India
  654. 654. Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
  655. 655. School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  656. 656. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  657. 657. Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
  658. 658. Faculty of Medicine, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
  659. 659. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
  660. 660. Department of Zoology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  661. 661. Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  662. 662. International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  663. 663. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
  664. 664. Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
  665. 665. Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
  666. 666. Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  667. 667. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  668. 668. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  669. 669. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
  670. 670. Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  671. 671. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  672. 672. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  673. 673. Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  674. 674. New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
  675. 675. Clinical Investigation Unit, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
  676. 676. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  677. 677. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  678. 678. School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  679. 679. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  680. 680. Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, India
  681. 681. Department of Emergency Medicine, Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Durham, NC, United States
  682. 682. Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States
  683. 683. Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  684. 684. School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
  685. 685. Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  686. 686. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  687. 687. Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  688. 688. Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Source: The Lancet Published:2024


Abstract

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides a comprehensive assessment of health and risk factor trends at global, regional, national, and subnational levels. This study aims to examine the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the USA and highlight the disparities in health outcomes across different states. Methods: GBD 2021 analysed trends in mortality, morbidity, and disability for 371 diseases and injuries and 88 risk factors in the USA between 1990 and 2021. We used several metrics to report sources of health and health loss related to specific diseases, injuries, and risk factors. GBD 2021 methods accounted for differences in data sources and biases. The analysis of levels and trends for causes and risk factors within the same computational framework enabled comparisons across states, years, age groups, and sex. GBD 2021 estimated years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost to premature mortality and YLDs) for 371 diseases and injuries, years of life lost (YLLs) and mortality for 288 causes of death, and life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We provided estimates for 88 risk factors in relation to 155 health outcomes for 631 risk–outcome pairs and produced risk-specific estimates of summary exposure value, relative health risk, population attributable fraction, and risk-attributable burden measured in DALYs and deaths. Estimates were produced by sex (male and female), age (25 age groups from birth to ≥95 years), and year (annually between 1990 and 2021). 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws (ie, 500 random samples from the estimate's distribution). Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Findings: We found disparities in health outcomes and risk factors across US states. Our analysis of GBD 2021 highlighted the relative decline in life expectancy and HALE compared with other countries, as well as the impact of COVID-19 during the first 2 years of the pandemic. We found a decline in the USA's ranking of life expectancy from 1990 to 2021: in 1990, the USA ranked 35th of 204 countries and territories for males and 19th for females, but dropped to 46th for males and 47th for females in 2021. When comparing life expectancy in the best-performing and worst-performing US states against all 203 other countries and territories (excluding the USA as a whole), Hawaii (the best-ranked state in 1990 and 2021) dropped from sixth-highest life expectancy in the world for males and fourth for females in 1990 to 28th for males and 22nd for females in 2021. The worst-ranked state in 2021 ranked 107th for males (Mississippi) and 99th for females (West Virginia). 14 US states lost life expectancy over the study period, with West Virginia experiencing the greatest loss (2·7 years between 1990 and 2021). HALE ranking declines were even greater; in 1990, the USA was ranked 42nd for males and 32nd for females but dropped to 69th for males and 76th for females in 2021. When comparing HALE in the best-performing and worst-performing US states against all 203 other countries and territories, Hawaii ranked 14th highest HALE for males and fifth for females in 1990, dropping to 39th for males and 34th for females in 2021. In 2021, West Virginia—the lowest-ranked state that year—ranked 141st for males and 137th for females. Nationally, age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1990 and 2021 for many leading causes of death, most notably for ischaemic heart disease (56·1% [95% UI 55·1–57·2] decline), lung cancer (41·9% [39·7–44·6]), and breast cancer (40·9% [38·7–43·7]). Over the same period, age-standardised mortality rates increased for other causes, particularly drug use disorders (878·0% [770·1–1015·5]), chronic kidney disease (158·3% [149·6–167·9]), and falls (89·7% [79·8–95·8]). We found substantial variation in mortality rates between states, with Hawaii having the lowest age-standardised mortality rate (433·2 per 100 000 [380·6–493·4]) in 2021 and Mississippi having the highest (867·5 per 100 000 [772·6–975·7]). Hawaii had the lowest age-standardised mortality rates throughout the study period, whereas Washington, DC, experienced the most improvement (a 40·7% decline [33·2–47·3]). Only six countries had age-standardised rates of YLDs higher than the USA in 2021: Afghanistan, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, South Africa, and the Central African Republic, largely because the impact of musculoskeletal disorders, mental disorders, and substance use disorders on age-standardised disability rates in the USA is so large. At the state level, eight US states had higher age-standardised YLD rates than any country in the world: West Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arizona. Low back pain was the leading cause of YLDs in the USA in 1990 and 2021, although the age-standardised rate declined by 7·9% (1·8–13·0) from 1990. Depressive disorders (56·0% increase [48·2–64·3]) and drug use disorders (287·6% [247·9–329·8]) were the second-leading and third-leading causes of age-standardised YLDs in 2021. For females, mental health disorders had the highest age-standardised YLD rate, with an increase of 59·8% (50·6–68·5) between 1990 and 2021. Hawaii had the lowest age-standardised rates of YLDs for all sexes combined (12 085·3 per 100 000 [9090·8–15 557·1]), whereas West Virginia had the highest (14 832·9 per 100 000 [11 226·9–18 882·5]). At the national level, the leading GBD Level 2 risk factors for death for all sexes combined in 2021 were high systolic blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and tobacco use. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardised mortality rates attributable to high systolic blood pressure decreased by 47·8% (43·4–52·5) and for tobacco use by 5·1% (48·3%–54·1%), but rates increased for high fasting plasma glucose by 9·3% (0·4–18·7). The burden attributable to risk factors varied by age and sex. For example, for ages 15–49 years, the leading risk factors for death were drug use, high alcohol use, and dietary risks. By comparison, for ages 50–69 years, tobacco was the leading risk factor for death, followed by dietary risks and high BMI. Interpretation: GBD 2021 provides valuable information for policy makers, health-care professionals, and researchers in the USA at the national and state levels to prioritise interventions, allocate resources effectively, and assess the effects of health policies and programmes. By addressing socioeconomic determinants, risk behaviours, environmental influences, and health disparities among minority populations, the USA can work towards improving health outcomes so that people can live longer and healthier lives. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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