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Dietary Intake and Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate, Nitrite, and Nitrosamines: A Bayesian Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation Publisher Pubmed



Moazeni M1, 2 ; Heidari Z3 ; Golipour S2, 4 ; Ghaisari L1, 2 ; Sillanpaa M5, 6, 7 ; Ebrahimi A1, 8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  5. 5. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
  6. 6. School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia
  7. 7. Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
  8. 8. Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research Published:2020


Abstract

Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines intake from the diet creates human health risks. In this study, nitrate/nitrite intake from diet and its association with nitric oxide (NO) level in humans have been surveyed. Besides nitrate/nitrite, nitrosamines risks were also determined from the diet. This study was conducted as a pilot study; 33 heathy adults participated in and completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for 3 days. Then, concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines were studied by the literature review. Also, the association between the intake of nitrate and nitrite with salivary and urinary NO was evaluated by Bayesian bi-variate analysis. Then, the health risk was assessed for nitrate/nitrite from food groups and drinking water, and nitrosamines from food groups based on hazard index (HI) and cancer risk with the Monte Carlo simulation. The nitrate/nitrite intakes had no association with NO level in the saliva and urine samples. The mean of HI value for the mean of 3 days was 3.57 and 0.32 from food groups and drinking water, respectively. The cancer risk amount of nitrosamines from food groups was (1.74 to 2.22) × 10−3 based on 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) values. This study showed the Iranian diet had a high risk, but drinking water consumption was safe based on nitrate/nitrite and nitrosamines for humans. There is a need to determine the concentration of nitrosamines in drinking water in Iran and to recommend for decrease risk of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines exposure by food groups. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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