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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Neurological Disorders, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher Pubmed



Feigin VL1, 3, 4 ; Nichols E4 ; Alam T4 ; Bannick MS4 ; Beghi E12 ; Blake N13 ; Culpepper WJ14, 15 ; Dorsey ER17 ; Elbaz A18 ; Ellenbogen RG5, 19 ; Fisher JL21 ; Fitzmaurice C4, 7 ; Giussani G12 ; Glennie L13 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Feigin VL1, 3, 4
  2. Nichols E4
  3. Alam T4
  4. Bannick MS4
  5. Beghi E12
  6. Blake N13
  7. Culpepper WJ14, 15
  8. Dorsey ER17
  9. Elbaz A18
  10. Ellenbogen RG5, 19
  11. Fisher JL21
  12. Fitzmaurice C4, 7
  13. Giussani G12
  14. Glennie L13
  15. James SL4
  16. Johnson CO4
  17. Kassebaum NJ4, 20
  18. Logroscino G25, 26
  19. Marin B27
  20. Mountjoyvenning WC4
  21. Nguyen M4
  22. Oforiasenso R28, 31
  23. Patel AP32
  24. Piccininni M23, 24
  25. Roth GA4, 6
  26. Steiner TJ33, 34
  27. Stovner LJ33, 37
  28. Szoeke CEI38, 41
  29. Theadom A1, 3
  30. Vollset SE4, 8
  31. Wallin MT16, 43
  32. Wright C13
  33. Zunt JR5
  34. Abbasi N44, 60
  35. Abdallah F62
  36. Abdelalim A62
  37. Abdollahpour I63, 64
  38. Aboyans V65, 66
  39. Abraha HN67
  40. Acharya D75, 76
  41. Adamu AA77, 80
  42. Adebayo OM82
  43. Adeoye AM83, 85
  44. Adsuar JC86
  45. Afarideh M45
  46. Agrawal S88, 89
  47. Ahmadi A90
  48. Ahmed MB104
  49. Aichour AN107
  50. Aichour I107
  51. Aichour MTE108
  52. Akinyemi RO84
  53. Akseer N109
  54. Aleyadhy A112
  55. Alshahi Salman R115
  56. Alahdab F117
  57. Alene KA118, 121
  58. Aljunid SM123, 124
  59. Altirkawi K114
  60. Alvisguzman N125, 126
  61. Anber NH127
  62. Antonio CAT129, 131
  63. Arabloo J132
  64. Aremu O138
  65. Arnlov J139, 143
  66. Asayesh H144
  67. Asghar RJ145
  68. Atalay HT146
  69. Awasthi A88, 148
  70. Ayala Quintanilla BP149, 153
  71. Ayuk TB154, 155
  72. Badawi A110, 156
  73. Banach M157, 158
  74. Banoub JAM159, 160
  75. Barboza MA161, 162
  76. Barkercollo SL163
  77. Barnighausen TW166, 167
  78. Baune BT169
  79. Bedi N170, 171
  80. Behzadifar M132
  81. Behzadifar M132
  82. Bejot Y174, 175
  83. Bekele BB118, 176
  84. Belachew AB68
  85. Bennett DA179
  86. Bensenor IM181
  87. Berhane A187
  88. Beuran M192
  89. Bhattacharyya K194
  90. Bhutta ZA111, 195
  91. Biadgo B119
  92. Bijani A197
  93. Bililign N203
  94. Bin Sayeed MS122, 204
  95. Blazes CK205
  96. Brayne C206
  97. Butt ZA207, 208
  98. Camposnonato IR210
  99. Cantubrito C211
  100. Car M35, 212
  101. Cardenas R213
  102. Carrero JJ140
  103. Carvalho F214, 218
  104. Castanedaorjuela CA219, 221
  105. Castro F223
  106. Catalalopez F225
  107. Cerin E42, 226
  108. Chaiah Y228
  109. Chang JC229
  110. Chatziralli I230
  111. Chiang PPC231
  112. Christensen H232
  113. Christopher DJ234
  114. Cooper C236
  115. Cortesi PA238
  116. Costa VM215
  117. Criqui MH239
  118. Crowe CS9
  119. Damasceno AAM241
  120. Daryani A242
  121. De La Cruzgongora V209
  122. De La Hoz FP222
  123. De Leo D251
  124. Degefa MG72
  125. Demoz GT147, 191
  126. Deribe K187, 252
  127. Dharmaratne SD4, 253
  128. Diaz D254, 255
  129. Dinberu MT256
  130. Djalalinia S257
  131. Doku DT258, 259
  132. Dubey M260
  133. Dubljanin E261
  134. Duken EE105, 264
  135. Edvardsson D150, 266
  136. Elkhatib Z141
  137. Endres M267
  138. Endries AY268
  139. Eskandarieh S46
  140. Esteghamati A45
  141. Esteghamati S45
  142. Farhadi F137
  143. Faro A269
  144. Farzadfar F44
  145. Farzaei MH91, 102
  146. Fatima B196
  147. Fereshtehnejad SM142, 270
  148. Fernandes E216
  149. Feyissa GT106
  150. Filip I271, 272
  151. Fischer F274
  152. Fukumoto T275, 276
  153. Ganji M45
  154. Gankpe FG277, 278
  155. Garciagordillo MA279
  156. Gebre AK69
  157. Gebremichael TG69
  158. Gelaw BK281
  159. Geleijnse JM282
  160. Geremew D120
  161. Gezae KE70
  162. Ghasemikasman M198
  163. Gidey MY187, 283
  164. Gill PS284
  165. Gill TK286
  166. Gnedovskaya EV288
  167. Goulart AC182, 186
  168. Grada A289
  169. Grosso G290
  170. Guo Y29
  171. Gupta R291, 292
  172. Gupta R291, 292
  173. Haagsma JA295
  174. Hagos TB71
  175. Hajmirzaian A47, 296
  176. Hajmirzaian A47, 296
  177. Hamadeh RR301
  178. Hamidi S302
  179. Hankey GJ303, 305
  180. Hao Y306, 307
  181. Haro JM308, 309
  182. Hassankhani H310, 311
  183. Hassen HY176, 312
  184. Havmoeller R313
  185. Hay SI4, 8
  186. Hegazy MI62
  187. Heidari B314
  188. Henok A178
  189. Heydarpour F92
  190. Hoang CL315
  191. Hole MK317
  192. Homaie Rad E318, 319
  193. Hosseini SM48
  194. Hu G320
  195. Igumbor EU321, 322
  196. Ilesanmi OS323
  197. Irvani SSN44, 296
  198. Islam SMS324, 327
  199. Jakovljevic M328
  200. Javanbakht M329
  201. Jha RP330
  202. Jobanputra YB331
  203. Jonas JB333, 337
  204. Jozwiak JJ338, 339
  205. Jurisson M340
  206. Kahsay A72
  207. Kalani R5
  208. Kalkonde Y341
  209. Kamil TA342
  210. Kanchan T344
  211. Karami M346
  212. Karch A350
  213. Karimi N243, 248
  214. Kasaeian A49, 57
  215. Kassa TD67
  216. Kassa ZY351
  217. Kaul A352, 353
  218. Kefale AT177
  219. Keiyoro PN354
  220. Khader YS356
  221. Khafaie MA357
  222. Khalil IA4, 8
  223. Khan EA361
  224. Khang YH362, 363
  225. Khazaie H93
  226. Kiadaliri AA364
  227. Kiirithio DN366, 367
  228. Kim AS368
  229. Kim D369
  230. Kim YE370
  231. Kim YJ371
  232. Kisa A372, 374
  233. Kokubo Y375
  234. Koyanagi A308
  235. Krishnamurthi RV2
  236. Kuate Defo B376, 377
  237. Kucuk Bicer B378, 379
  238. Kumar M355, 380
  239. Lacey B179, 381
  240. Lafranconi A238
  241. Lansingh VC382, 383
  242. Latifi A384
  243. Leshargie CT386
  244. Li S29
  245. Liao Y307, 388
  246. Linn S389
  247. Lo WD22, 390
  248. Lopez JCF130
  249. Lorkowski S391, 393
  250. Lotufo PA183
  251. Lucas RM122, 304
  252. Lunevicius R394, 395
  253. Mackay MT39, 396
  254. Mahotra NB397
  255. Majdan M398
  256. Majdzadeh R50, 58
  257. Majeed A35
  258. Malekzadeh R51, 399
  259. Malta DC400
  260. Manafi N401, 402
  261. Mansournia MA48
  262. Mantovani LG238
  263. Marz W334, 403
  264. Mashambathompson TP404
  265. Massenburg BB9
  266. Mate KKV61
  267. Mcalinden C405
  268. Mcgrath JJ406, 408
  269. Mehta V409
  270. Meier T392, 410
  271. Meles HG74
  272. Melese A412
  273. Memiah PTN413
  274. Memish ZA228, 414
  275. Mendoza W415
  276. Mengistu DT73
  277. Mengistu G416, 417
  278. Meretoja A38, 418
  279. Meretoja TJ419, 420
  280. Mestrovic T421, 422
  281. Miazgowski B424
  282. Miazgowski T423
  283. Miller TR426, 427
  284. Mini GK428, 431
  285. Mirrakhimov EM432, 433
  286. Moazen B335, 434
  287. Mohajer B44, 46
  288. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N347
  289. Mohammadi M244
  290. Mohammadikhanaposhtani M199
  291. Mohammadibakhsh R348, 435
  292. Mohammadniaafrouzi M200
  293. Mohammed S335, 436
  294. Mohebi F44, 52
  295. Mokdad AH4, 8
  296. Monasta L438
  297. Mondello S439, 440
  298. Moodley Y404
  299. Moosazadeh M245
  300. Moradi G441, 442
  301. Moradilakeh M133
  302. Moradinazar M94
  303. Moraga P443
  304. Moreno Velasquez I224
  305. Morrison SD10
  306. Mousavi SM53
  307. Muhammed OS188
  308. Muruet W444
  309. Musa KI446
  310. Mustafa G447, 448
  311. Naderi M95
  312. Nagel G449
  313. Naheed A450
  314. Naik G452
  315. Najafi F96
  316. Nangia V456
  317. Negoi I192
  318. Negoi RI193, 457
  319. Newton CRJ180, 458
  320. Ngunjiri JW459
  321. Nguyen CT460
  322. Nguyen LH316
  323. Ningrum DNA461, 462
  324. Nirayo YL67
  325. Nixon MR4
  326. Norrving B365
  327. Noubiap JJ463
  328. Nourollahpour Shiadeh M250
  329. Nyasulu PS78
  330. Ogbo FA465
  331. Oh IH466
  332. Olagunju AT287, 467
  333. Olagunju TO468
  334. Olivares PR280
  335. Onwujekwe OE469
  336. Oren E11, 470
  337. Owolabi MO84
  338. A MP471
  339. Pakpour AH472
  340. Pan WH473
  341. Pandajonas S336
  342. Pandian JD235
  343. Patel SK474, 475
  344. Pereira DM216, 476
  345. Petzold M477, 478
  346. Pillay JD479
  347. Piradov MA288
  348. Polanczyk GV184
  349. Polinder S295
  350. Postma MJ480, 481
  351. Poulton R482
  352. Poustchi H51
  353. Prakash S484
  354. Prakash V485
  355. Qorbani M486
  356. Radfar A273, 487
  357. Rafay A488
  358. Rafiei A246, 249
  359. Rahim F358
  360. Rahimimovaghar V54
  361. Rahman M151
  362. Rahman MHU325
  363. Rahman MA489, 490
  364. Rajati F97
  365. Ram U491
  366. Ranta A483, 492
  367. Rawaf DL36, 493
  368. Rawaf S35, 494
  369. Reinig N4
  370. Reis C495
  371. Renzaho AMN496
  372. Resnikoff S497, 498
  373. Rezaeian S103
  374. Rezai MS247
  375. Rios Gonzalez CM220, 499
  376. Roberts NLS4
  377. Roever L500
  378. Ronfani L438
  379. Roro EM189, 265
  380. Roshandel G51, 501
  381. Rostami A201
  382. Sabbagh P201
  383. Sacco RL332
  384. Sachdev PS502, 503
  385. Saddik B504
  386. Safari H359
  387. Safarifaramani R98
  388. Safi S297, 298
  389. Safiri S385
  390. Sagar R345
  391. Sahathevan R38, 505
  392. Sahebkar A506, 507
  393. Sahraian MA46
  394. Salamati P54, 508
  395. Salehi Zahabi S99, 509
  396. Salimi Y96
  397. Samy AM510
  398. Sanabria J511, 512
  399. Santos IS181
  400. Santric Milicevic MM262
  401. Sarrafzadegan N207, 513
  402. Sartorius B404
  403. Sarvi S242
  404. Sathian B514, 515
  405. Satpathy M516, 517
  406. Sawant AR455, 518
  407. Sawhney M519
  408. Schneider IJC520
  409. Schottker B521
  410. Schwebel DC453
  411. Seedat S79
  412. Sepanlou SG51, 399
  413. Shabaninejad H134
  414. Shafieesabet A522
  415. Shaikh MA523
  416. Shakir RA34
  417. Shamsbeyranvand M44, 524
  418. Shamsizadeh M349
  419. Sharif M525, 526
  420. Sharifalhoseini M54
  421. She J527
  422. Sheikh A116, 168
  423. Sheth KN528
  424. Shigematsu M529
  425. Shiri R530
  426. Shirkoohi R55, 59
  427. Shiue I411
  428. Siabani S100, 531
  429. Siddiqi TJ532
  430. Sigfusdottir ID533, 534
  431. Sigurvinsdottir R533
  432. Silberberg DH535
  433. Silva JP217
  434. Silveira DGA537, 538
  435. Singh JA452, 454
  436. Sinha DN539, 540
  437. Skiadaresi E405
  438. Smith M4
  439. Sobaih BH113
  440. Sobhani S56, 541
  441. Soofi M101
  442. Soyiri IN116, 542
  443. Sposato LA543
  444. Stein DJ81, 464
  445. Stein MB240
  446. Stokes MA326
  447. Sufiyan MB437
  448. Sykes BL544
  449. Sylaja P429
  450. Tabaresseisdedos R545, 547
  451. Te Ao BJ1, 3, 164
  452. Tehranibanihashemi A133, 135
  453. Temsah MH113, 228
  454. Temsah O228
  455. Thakur JS548
  456. Thrift AG30
  457. Topormadry R549, 550
  458. Tortajadagirbes M546, 551
  459. Tovanipalone MR185
  460. Tran BX552
  461. Tran KB165, 553
  462. Truelsen TC233
  463. Tsadik AG69
  464. Tudor Car L554
  465. Ukwaja KN555
  466. Ullah I556, 557
  467. Usman MS532
  468. Uthman OA285
  469. Valdez PR558, 559
  470. Vasankari TJ560
  471. Vasanthan R561
  472. Veisani Y562
  473. Venketasubramanian N563, 564
  474. Violante FS565, 566
  475. Vlassov V567
  476. Vosoughi K133, 300
  477. Vu GT315
  478. Vujcic IS263
  479. Wagnew FS387
  480. Waheed Y568
  481. Wang YP184
  482. Weiderpass E140, 569
  483. Weiss J536
  484. Whiteford HA4, 407
  485. Wijeratne T40, 152
  486. Winkler AS373, 570
  487. Wiysonge CS77, 571
  488. Wolfe CDA445, 572
  489. Xu G573
  490. Yadollahpour A360
  491. Yamada T574
  492. Yano Y575
  493. Yaseri M48, 298
  494. Yatsuya H576, 577
  495. Yimer EM69
  496. Yip P227
  497. Yisma E190
  498. Yonemoto N578
  499. Yousefifard M136
  500. Yu C579, 581
  501. Zaidi Z343, 582
  502. Zaman SB451
  503. Zamani M202
  504. Zandian H583
  505. Zare Z250
  506. Zhang Y580
  507. Zodpey S87
  508. Naghavi M4, 8
  509. Murray CJL4, 8
  510. Vos T4, 8
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  2. 2. School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  3. 3. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  4. 4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  11. 11. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  12. 12. Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  13. 13. Research, Evidence and Policy Department, Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Department of Veterans Affairs Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, United States
  15. 15. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  16. 16. School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  17. 17. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  18. 18. Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
  19. 19. Department of Surgery, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  20. 20. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  21. 21. James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  22. 22. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  23. 23. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
  24. 24. Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
  25. 25. University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
  26. 26. Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
  27. 27. Institute of Neurological Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
  28. 28. Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  29. 29. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  30. 30. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  31. 31. Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
  32. 32. Neurosurgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  33. 33. Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  34. 34. Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  35. 35. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  36. 36. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  37. 37. Neuro Centre, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  38. 38. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  39. 39. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  40. 40. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  41. 41. The Brain Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  42. 42. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  43. 43. Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  44. 44. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  48. 48. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  49. 49. Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  50. 50. Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  51. 51. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  52. 52. Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  53. 53. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  54. 54. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  55. 55. Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  57. 57. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  58. 58. Community-Based Participatory-Research Center (CBPR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  61. 61. School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  62. 62. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  63. 63. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  64. 64. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  66. 66. Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
  67. 67. Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  68. 68. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  69. 69. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  70. 70. Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  71. 71. Anatomy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  73. 73. School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  74. 74. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  75. 75. Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  76. 76. Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal
  77. 77. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  78. 78. Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  79. 79. Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  80. 80. Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  81. 81. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  82. 82. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  83. 83. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  84. 84. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  85. 85. Community Cardiovascular Research Unit, Elyon Heart Rehabilitation Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
  86. 86. Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
  87. 87. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India
  88. 88. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  89. 89. Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India
  90. 90. Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  91. 91. Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  92. 92. Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  93. 93. Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  94. 94. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  96. 96. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  98. 98. Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  99. 99. Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  100. 100. Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  101. 101. Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  102. 102. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  103. 103. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  104. 104. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  105. 105. Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  106. 106. Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  107. 107. University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria
  108. 108. Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  109. 109. The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  110. 110. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  111. 111. The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  112. 112. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  113. 113. Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  114. 114. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  115. 115. Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  116. 116. Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  117. 117. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  118. 118. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  119. 119. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  120. 120. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  122. 122. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  123. 123. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  124. 124. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  125. 125. Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  126. 126. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
  127. 127. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  128. 128. Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  129. 129. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  130. 130. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  131. 131. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  132. 132. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  133. 133. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  134. 134. Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  135. 135. Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  136. 136. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  137. 137. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  138. 138. School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  139. 139. Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  140. 140. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  141. 141. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  142. 142. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  143. 143. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  144. 144. Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  145. 145. South Asian Public Health Forum, Lahore, Pakistan
  146. 146. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  147. 147. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  148. 148. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  149. 149. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  150. 150. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  151. 151. Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  152. 152. Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  153. 153. General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  154. 154. Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
  155. 155. Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
  156. 156. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  157. 157. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  158. 158. Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  159. 159. Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  160. 160. Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia
  161. 161. Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica
  162. 162. School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  163. 163. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  164. 164. School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  165. 165. Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  166. 166. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
  167. 167. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  168. 168. Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  169. 169. Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  170. 170. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  171. 171. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  172. 172. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  173. 173. Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  174. 174. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  175. 175. Dijon Stroke Registry – UFR Sciences Sante, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  176. 176. Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  177. 177. Pharmacy Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  178. 178. Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  179. 179. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  180. 180. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  181. 181. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  182. 182. University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  183. 183. Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  184. 184. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  185. 185. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  186. 186. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  187. 187. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  188. 188. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  189. 189. Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  190. 190. School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  191. 191. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  192. 192. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  193. 193. Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  194. 194. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  195. 195. Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  196. 196. Human Development Programme, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  197. 197. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  198. 198. Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  199. 199. Department of Pharmacology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  200. 200. Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  201. 201. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  202. 202. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  203. 203. Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  204. 204. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh
  205. 205. Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  206. 206. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  207. 207. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  208. 208. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  209. 209. Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  210. 210. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  211. 211. Department of Neurology, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
  212. 212. Ministry of Health, Zagreb, Croatia
  213. 213. Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  214. 214. Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  215. 215. UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  216. 216. REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  217. 217. UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  218. 218. Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  219. 219. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  220. 220. National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  221. 221. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  222. 222. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  223. 223. Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  224. 224. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  225. 225. Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  226. 226. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  227. 227. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  228. 228. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  229. 229. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  230. 230. 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
  231. 231. Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  232. 232. Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  233. 233. Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  234. 234. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  235. 235. Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  236. 236. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  237. 237. University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  238. 238. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  239. 239. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  240. 240. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  241. 241. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  242. 242. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  243. 243. Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  244. 244. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  245. 245. Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  246. 246. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  247. 247. Department of Pediatrics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  248. 248. Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  249. 249. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  250. 250. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  251. 251. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
  252. 252. Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  253. 253. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  254. 254. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  255. 255. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Mexico
  256. 256. Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  257. 257. Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  258. 258. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  259. 259. Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  260. 260. United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  261. 261. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  262. 262. Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  263. 263. Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  264. 264. Department of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  265. 265. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  266. 266. Department of Nursing, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  267. 267. Department of Neurology, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  268. 268. Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  269. 269. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  270. 270. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  271. 271. Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  272. 272. Department of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  273. 273. A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  274. 274. Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  275. 275. Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (WIA), Philadelphia, PA, United States
  276. 276. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  277. 277. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
  278. 278. Non Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin
  279. 279. Faculty of Business and Management, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
  280. 280. Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
  281. 281. School of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  282. 282. Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  283. 283. Research, Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  284. 284. Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  285. 285. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  287. 287. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  288. 288. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  289. 289. School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  290. 290. Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy
  291. 291. Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  292. 292. Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
  293. 293. Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India
  294. 294. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  295. 295. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  296. 296. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  297. 297. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  298. 298. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  299. 299. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  300. 300. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  301. 301. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  302. 302. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  303. 303. School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  304. 304. Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  305. 305. Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  306. 306. Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  307. 307. Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  308. 308. Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
  309. 309. Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  310. 310. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  311. 311. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  312. 312. Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
  313. 313. Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
  314. 314. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  315. 315. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
  316. 316. Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
  317. 317. University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  318. 318. School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  319. 319. Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  320. 320. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  321. 321. School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
  322. 322. Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
  323. 323. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
  324. 324. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  325. 325. National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  326. 326. Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  327. 327. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  328. 328. Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  329. 329. Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom
  330. 330. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  331. 331. Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Atlantis, FL, United States
  332. 332. Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Atlantis, FL, United States
  333. 333. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  334. 334. Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  335. 335. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  336. 336. Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  337. 337. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  338. 338. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  339. 339. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  340. 340. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  341. 341. Public Health, Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, India
  342. 342. School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  343. 343. ACS Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  344. 344. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  345. 345. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  346. 346. Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  347. 347. Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  348. 348. Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  349. 349. Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  350. 350. Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  351. 351. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  352. 352. School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  353. 353. Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
  354. 354. ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  355. 355. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  356. 356. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
  357. 357. Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  358. 358. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  359. 359. Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  360. 360. Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  361. 361. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  362. 362. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  363. 363. Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  364. 364. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  365. 365. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  366. 366. Research Department, Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
  367. 367. Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya
  368. 368. Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  369. 369. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  370. 370. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  371. 371. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  372. 372. Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  373. 373. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  374. 374. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  375. 375. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  376. 376. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  377. 377. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  378. 378. Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
  379. 379. Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  380. 380. Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  381. 381. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  382. 382. Helpmesee, New York, NY, United States
  383. 383. International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  384. 384. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  385. 385. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  386. 386. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  387. 387. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  388. 388. Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
  389. 389. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  390. 390. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  391. 391. Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  392. 392. Innovation Office, Jena, Germany
  393. 393. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany
  394. 394. General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), Liverpool, United Kingdom
  395. 395. Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  396. 396. Neurology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  397. 397. Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  398. 398. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  399. 399. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  400. 400. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  401. 401. Ophthalmology, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
  402. 402. Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  403. 403. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  404. 404. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
  405. 405. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom
  406. 406. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  407. 407. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  408. 408. National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  409. 409. Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India
  410. 410. Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  411. 411. Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  412. 412. College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  413. 413. Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  414. 414. Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  415. 415. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  416. 416. School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  417. 417. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  418. 418. Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  419. 419. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  420. 420. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  421. 421. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  422. 422. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  423. 423. Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  424. 424. Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  425. 425. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  426. 426. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  427. 427. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  428. 428. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  429. 429. Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  430. 430. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  431. 431. Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
  432. 432. Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  433. 433. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  434. 434. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  435. 435. Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
  436. 436. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  437. 437. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  438. 438. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  439. 439. Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
  440. 440. Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy
  441. 441. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  442. 442. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  443. 443. Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  444. 444. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  445. 445. School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  446. 446. School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  447. 447. Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  448. 448. Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  449. 449. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  450. 450. Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  451. 451. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  452. 452. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  453. 453. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  454. 454. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  455. 455. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  456. 456. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  457. 457. Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  458. 458. Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
  459. 459. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  460. 460. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  461. 461. Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  462. 462. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  463. 463. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  464. 464. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  465. 465. Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  466. 466. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  467. 467. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  468. 468. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Mcmaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  469. 469. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  470. 470. Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
  471. 471. Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  472. 472. Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  473. 473. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  474. 474. Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
  475. 475. Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
  476. 476. Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia
  477. 477. Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  478. 478. School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  479. 479. Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  480. 480. Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  481. 481. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  482. 482. Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  483. 483. Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  484. 484. Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  485. 485. Askok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India
  486. 486. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  487. 487. Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
  488. 488. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  489. 489. Research and Evaluation Division, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  490. 490. Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  491. 491. Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  492. 492. Department of Neurology, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
  493. 493. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  494. 494. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  495. 495. Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
  496. 496. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  497. 497. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  498. 498. Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
  499. 499. Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando De La Mora, Paraguay
  500. 500. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  501. 501. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  502. 502. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  503. 503. Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  504. 504. Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  505. 505. Internal Medicine Servcies, Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
  506. 506. Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  507. 507. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  508. 508. School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  509. 509. Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
  510. 510. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  511. 511. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  512. 512. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  513. 513. Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  514. 514. Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  515. 515. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  516. 516. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  517. 517. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  518. 518. Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
  519. 519. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  520. 520. School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
  521. 521. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  522. 522. Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  523. 523. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  524. 524. School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
  525. 525. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  526. 526. Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  527. 527. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  528. 528. Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  529. 529. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  530. 530. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  531. 531. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  532. 532. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  533. 533. Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  534. 534. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  535. 535. Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  536. 536. Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  537. 537. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  538. 538. Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  539. 539. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  540. 540. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  541. 541. Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  542. 542. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  543. 543. Clinical Neurological Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  544. 544. Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  545. 545. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  546. 546. Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  547. 547. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
  548. 548. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  549. 549. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  550. 550. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
  551. 551. Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  552. 552. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  553. 553. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  554. 554. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  555. 555. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  556. 556. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  557. 557. TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  558. 558. Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad De Buenos Aires, Argentina
  559. 559. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  560. 560. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  561. 561. Department of Neurophysiotherapy, The Oxford College of Physiotherapy, Bangalore, India
  562. 562. Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  563. 563. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  564. 564. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  565. 565. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  566. 566. Occupational Health Unit, Sant’orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  567. 567. Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  568. 568. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  569. 569. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  570. 570. Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  571. 571. Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  572. 572. Biomedical Research Council, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  573. 573. School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
  574. 574. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  575. 575. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  576. 576. Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
  577. 577. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  578. 578. Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  579. 579. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  580. 580. Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  581. 581. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  582. 582. Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  583. 583. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran

Source: The Lancet Neurology Published:2019


Abstract

Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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