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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Disorders Affecting the Nervous System, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Steinmetz JD1 ; Seeher KM13 ; Schiess N13 ; Nichols E15 ; Cao B14 ; Servili C13 ; Cavallera V13 ; Cousin E1, 2 ; Hagins H1 ; Moberg ME1 ; Mehlman ML1 ; Abate YH19 ; Abbas J20 ; Abbasi MA22 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Steinmetz JD1
  2. Seeher KM13
  3. Schiess N13
  4. Nichols E15
  5. Cao B14
  6. Servili C13
  7. Cavallera V13
  8. Cousin E1, 2
  9. Hagins H1
  10. Moberg ME1
  11. Mehlman ML1
  12. Abate YH19
  13. Abbas J20
  14. Abbasi MA22
  15. Abbasian M29, 38
  16. Abbastabar H68
  17. Abdelmasseh M109
  18. Abdollahi M69, 110
  19. Abdollahi M69, 110
  20. Abdollahifar MA123
  21. Abdrabu R124
  22. Abdulah DM126
  23. Abdullahi A128, 131
  24. Abedi A16, 17
  25. Abedi V132, 133
  26. Abeldano Zuniga RA134, 135
  27. Abidi H136
  28. Abiodun O138
  29. Aboagye RG139
  30. Abolhassani H71, 142
  31. Aboyans V143, 144
  32. Abrha WA145
  33. Abualhasan A148
  34. Abugharbieh E150
  35. Aburuz S158, 163
  36. Adamu LH164
  37. Addo IY165, 169
  38. Adebayo OM170
  39. Adekanmbi V174
  40. Adekiya TA177
  41. Adikusuma W178
  42. Adnani QES179
  43. Adra S180
  44. Afework T181, 184
  45. Afolabi AA186
  46. Afraz A193
  47. Afzal S201, 202
  48. Aghamiri S39
  49. Agodi A203
  50. Agyemangduah W208
  51. Ahinkorah BO209
  52. Ahmad A211
  53. Ahmad D214, 215
  54. Ahmad S216, 217, 238
  55. Ahmadzade AM218
  56. Ahmed A226, 227, 228, 230
  57. Ahmed A226, 227, 228, 230
  58. Ahmed H231
  59. Ahmed JQ127
  60. Ahmed LA159
  61. Ahmed MB232, 235
  62. Ahmed SA238
  63. Ajami M40, 242
  64. Aji B243
  65. Ajumobi O244, 245
  66. Akade S246
  67. Akbari M250
  68. Akbarialiabad H166
  69. Akhlaghi S251
  70. Akinosoglou K252, 253
  71. Akinyemi RO187, 254
  72. Akonde M255
  73. Al Hasan SM257
  74. Alahdab F124
  75. Alahdal TMA258
  76. Alamer RM260, 261
  77. Albashtawy M264
  78. Albataineh MT265
  79. Aldawsari KA267, 268
  80. Alemi H72
  81. Alemi S269
  82. Algammal AM270
  83. Algheethi AAS272, 274
  84. Alhalaiqa FAN275, 276
  85. Alhassan RK140
  86. Ali A277
  87. Ali EA278
  88. Ali L279
  89. Ali MU131, 280
  90. Ali MM282
  91. Ali R283
  92. Ali S285
  93. Shujait Ali SS285
  94. Ali Z286
  95. Alif SM287
  96. Alimohamadi Y290
  97. Aliyi AA308
  98. Aljofan M309
  99. Aljunid SM311, 312
  100. Alladi S313
  101. Almazan JU310
  102. Almustanyir S314, 315
  103. Alomari B266
  104. Alqahtani JS316
  105. Alqasmi I317
  106. Alqutaibi AY318, 319
  107. Alshahi Salman R320
  108. Altaany Z325
  109. Altawfiq JA326, 327
  110. Altirkawi KA157
  111. Alvisguzman N328, 329
  112. Alworafi YM330, 331
  113. Aly H332
  114. Aly S30, 334
  115. Alzoubi KH151, 335
  116. Amani R111, 337
  117. Amindarolzarbi A338
  118. Amiri S344
  119. Amirzadeiranaq MH73
  120. Amu H141
  121. Amugsi DA345
  122. Amusa GA346, 347
  123. Amzat J348, 350
  124. Ancuceanu R351
  125. Anderlini D358, 364
  126. Anderson DB365
  127. Andrei CL352
  128. Androudi S370
  129. Angappan D371
  130. Angesom TW146
  131. Anil A372, 380
  132. Ansarimoghaddam A381
  133. Anwer R384
  134. Arafat M385
  135. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  136. Areda D386, 387
  137. Ariffin H388, 389
  138. Arifin H390
  139. Arkew M391
  140. Arnlov J393, 395
  141. Arooj M396
  142. Artamonov AA403
  143. Artanti KD404
  144. Aruleba RT241
  145. Asadipooya AA112, 406
  146. Asena TF407, 408
  147. Asgharijafarabadi M287, 412
  148. Ashraf M402
  149. Ashraf T397
  150. Atalell KA413
  151. Athari SS198
  152. Atinafu BTT420
  153. Atorkey P273, 424
  154. Atout MMW425
  155. Atreya A426
  156. Aujayeb A427
  157. Avan A219
  158. Ayala Quintanilla BPA428, 431
  159. Ayatollahi H74, 291
  160. Ayinde OO171
  161. Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh S74
  162. Azadnajafabad S75
  163. Azizi Z432
  164. Azizian K434
  165. Azzam AY438, 439
  166. Babaei M76, 432
  167. Badar M440
  168. Badiye AD441
  169. Baghdadi S442
  170. Bagherieh S443
  171. Bai R451
  172. Baig AA398
  173. Balakrishnan S452
  174. Balalla S453
  175. Baltatu OC455
  176. Banach M456, 457
  177. Bandyopadhyay S458, 460
  178. Banerjee I461
  179. Baran MF462
  180. Barboza MA463, 464
  181. Barchitta M203
  182. Bardhan M465
  183. Barkercollo SL466
  184. Barnighausen TW31, 259
  185. Barrow A467, 468
  186. Bashash D41
  187. Bashiri H194, 195
  188. Bashiru HA469
  189. Basiru A470
  190. Basso J472, 473
  191. Basu S32, 475
  192. Batiha AMM425
  193. Batra K479
  194. Baune BT481, 483
  195. Bedi N484, 488
  196. Begde A475, 489
  197. Begum T359, 490
  198. Behnam B491, 492
  199. Behnoush AH77, 494
  200. Beiranvand M495
  201. Bejot Y496, 497
  202. Bekele A409
  203. Belete MA498
  204. Belgaumi UI501
  205. Bemanalizadeh M78, 444
  206. Bender RG1
  207. Benfor B502, 503
  208. Bennett DA504
  209. Bensenor IM508
  210. Berice B1
  211. Bettencourt PJG511
  212. Beyene KA512, 513
  213. Bhadra A514
  214. Bhagat DS515
  215. Bhangdia K1
  216. Bhardwaj N373
  217. Bhardwaj P374, 375
  218. Bhargava A516
  219. Bhaskar S517, 518
  220. Bhat AN519
  221. Bhat V526
  222. Bhatti GK527
  223. Bhatti JS528
  224. Bhatti R530
  225. Bijani A531
  226. Bikbov B535
  227. Bilalaga MM152
  228. Biswas A536
  229. Bitaraf S247
  230. Bitra VR537
  231. Bjorge T538, 542
  232. Bodolica V543
  233. Bodunrin AO239
  234. Boloor A520
  235. Braithwaite D544, 547
  236. Brayne C548
  237. Brenner H549
  238. Briko A550
  239. Bringas Vega ML552, 553
  240. Brown J554, 556
  241. Budke CM558
  242. Buonsenso D560, 561
  243. Burkart K1, 2
  244. Burns RA562
  245. Bustanji Y563, 564
  246. Butt MH565
  247. Butt NS566
  248. Butt ZA571, 572
  249. Cabral LS573, 574
  250. Dos Santos FLC33
  251. Calina D575
  252. Camposnonato IR576
  253. Cao C578
  254. Carabin H579
  255. Cardenas R580
  256. Carreras G581
  257. Carvalho AF582
  258. Castanedaorjuela CA584, 586
  259. Casulli A588
  260. Catalalopez F590, 591
  261. Catapano AL592, 594
  262. Caye A595
  263. Cegolon L596, 597
  264. Cenderadewi M598, 600
  265. Cerin E601, 603
  266. Chaconuscamaita PRU604
  267. Chan JSK605
  268. Chanie GS414
  269. Charan J372
  270. Chattu VK606, 608
  271. Chekol Abebe E610
  272. Chen H611
  273. Chen J612
  274. Chi G34
  275. Chichagi F79
  276. Chidambaram SB613, 614
  277. Chimoriya R262, 615
  278. Ching PR617
  279. Chitheer A618
  280. Chong YY619
  281. Chopra H621
  282. Choudhari SG622
  283. Chowdhury EK288, 623
  284. Chowdhury R624, 625
  285. Christensen H627
  286. Chu DT629
  287. Chukwu IS630
  288. Chung E360, 631
  289. Coberly K1
  290. Columbus A339
  291. Comachio J366
  292. Conde J632
  293. Cortesi PA633
  294. Costa VM634
  295. Couto RAS635
  296. Criqui MH640
  297. Cruzmartins N636, 641
  298. Dabbagh Ohadi MA80
  299. Dadana S642
  300. Dadras O538, 643
  301. Dai X1, 2
  302. Dai Z167, 616
  303. Damico E204
  304. Danawi HA644
  305. Dandona L1, 645, 647
  306. Dandona R1, 2, 645
  307. Darwish AH648
  308. Das S649, 650
  309. Das S649, 650
  310. Dascalu AM353
  311. Dash NR150
  312. Dashti M23
  313. De La Hoz FP587
  314. De La Torreluque A653
  315. De Leo D654
  316. Dean FE1, 655
  317. Dehghan A443, 656
  318. Dehghan A443, 656
  319. Dejene H657
  320. Demant D209, 658
  321. Demetriades AK321, 659
  322. Demissie S410
  323. Deng X660
  324. Desai HD661
  325. Devanbu VGC662
  326. Dhama K663
  327. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 664
  328. Dhimal M665
  329. Dias Da Silva D634, 667
  330. Diaz D668, 669
  331. Dibas M670
  332. Ding DD544
  333. Dinu M672
  334. Dirac MA1, 2, 4
  335. Diress M415
  336. Do TC673
  337. Do THP675
  338. Doan KDK676
  339. Dodangeh M77
  340. Doheim MF677
  341. Dokova KG681
  342. Dongarwar D682
  343. Dsouza HL521, 683
  344. Dube J684
  345. Duraisamy S685
  346. Durojaiye OC686
  347. Dutta S689, 691
  348. Dziedzic AM692
  349. Edinur HA693
  350. Eissazade N77
  351. Ekholuenetale M188, 189
  352. Ekundayo TC694
  353. El Nahas N696
  354. El Sayed IE678
  355. Elahi Najafi MAE699
  356. Elbarazi I159
  357. Elemam NM153
  358. Elgar FJ701
  359. Elgendy IY35, 702
  360. Elhabashy HR149
  361. Elhadi M704
  362. Elilo LT705
  363. Ellenbogen RG5
  364. Elmeligy OAA567, 679
  365. Elmonem MA706
  366. Elshaer M707
  367. Elsohaby I710, 712
  368. Emamverdi M715
  369. Emeto TI599
  370. Endres M716
  371. Esezobor CI719, 722
  372. Eskandarieh S81
  373. Fadaei A723
  374. Fagbamigbe AF188, 726
  375. Fahim A399
  376. Faramarzi A113, 114
  377. Fares J727
  378. Farjoud Kouhanjani M110, 112
  379. Faro A728
  380. Farzadfar F75
  381. Fatehizadeh A445
  382. Fathi M42
  383. Fathi S729
  384. Fatima SAF730, 732
  385. Feizkhah A733
  386. Fereshtehnejad SM393, 736
  387. Ferrari AJ1, 361
  388. Ferreira N738
  389. Fetensa G739
  390. Firouraghi N220
  391. Fischer F717
  392. Fonseca AC741, 742
  393. Force LM1, 2, 6
  394. Fornari A743
  395. Foroutan B744
  396. Fukumoto T746
  397. Gadanya MA129, 747
  398. Gaidhane AM622
  399. Galali Y748, 749
  400. Galehdar N750
  401. Gan Q751
  402. Gandhi AP752
  403. Ganesan B753
  404. Gardner WM1
  405. Garg N754
  406. Gau SY755
  407. Gautam RK756
  408. Gebre T757
  409. Gebrehiwot M499
  410. Gebremeskel GG147, 758
  411. Gebreslassie HG759
  412. Getacher L421
  413. Ghaderi Yazdi B82
  414. Ghadirian F43
  415. Ghaffarpasand F115
  416. Ghanbari R761
  417. Ghasemi M44, 45
  418. Ghazy RM680
  419. Ghimire S666
  420. Gholami A762, 763
  421. Gholamrezanezhad A18
  422. Ghotbi E46
  423. Ghozy S125
  424. Gialluisi A764
  425. Gill PS765
  426. Glasstetter LM766
  427. Gnedovskaya EV769
  428. Golchin A771, 772
  429. Golechha M774
  430. Goleij P775, 776
  431. Golinelli D779
  432. Gomesneto M780
  433. Goulart AC508, 509
  434. Goyal A433
  435. Gray RJ236, 781
  436. Grivna M160, 782
  437. Guadie HA783
  438. Guan B786
  439. Guarducci G788
  440. Guicciardi S779, 789
  441. Gunawardane DA790
  442. Guo H7
  443. Gupta B791
  444. Gupta R792, 793
  445. Gupta S794
  446. Gupta VB583
  447. Gupta VK583, 795
  448. Gutierrez RA797
  449. Habibzadeh F798
  450. Hachinski V799, 800
  451. Haddadi R801
  452. Hadei M83
  453. Hadi NR802
  454. Haep N718, 803
  455. Haile TG147
  456. Hajmirzaian A47, 703
  457. Hall BJ804
  458. Halwani R150, 154
  459. Hameed S398
  460. Hamiduzzaman M805
  461. Hammoud A551
  462. Han H1
  463. Hanifi N419
  464. Hankey GJ806, 808
  465. Hannan MA809, 810
  466. Hao J811, 812
  467. Harapan H814
  468. Hareru HE816
  469. Hargono A404
  470. Harlianto NI817, 820
  471. Haro JM821, 822
  472. Hartman NN823, 824
  473. Hasaballah AI828
  474. Hasan F829
  475. Hasani H835
  476. Hasanian M836
  477. Hassan A148
  478. Hassan S539, 540
  479. Hassanipour S734, 735
  480. Hassankhani H24
  481. Hassen MB1, 838
  482. Haubold J841, 842
  483. Hay SI1, 2
  484. Hayat K843, 844
  485. Hegazy MI148
  486. Heidari G845
  487. Heidari M724
  488. Heidarisoureshjani R108
  489. Hesami H48, 49
  490. Hezam K846, 847
  491. Hiraike Y848
  492. Hoffman HJ767, 849
  493. Holla R851
  494. Hopf KP857
  495. Horita N850, 858
  496. Hossain MM559, 859, 860, 862
  497. Hossain MB559, 859, 860, 862
  498. Hossain S863, 868
  499. Hosseinzadeh H869
  500. Hosseinzadeh M870, 873
  501. Hostiuc S354, 875
  502. Hu C876
  503. Huang J620
  504. Huda MN262, 877
  505. Hussain J878
  506. Hussein NR880
  507. Huynh HH881
  508. Hwang BF883, 884
  509. Ibitoye SE190
  510. Ilaghi M196, 197
  511. Ilesanmi OS172
  512. Ilic IM885
  513. Ilic MD888
  514. Immurana M140
  515. Iravanpour F116
  516. Islam SMS367, 889
  517. Ismail F890, 891
  518. Iso H892
  519. Isola G205
  520. Iwagami M894, 896
  521. Iwu CCD898
  522. Iyer M899
  523. Jaan A901
  524. Jacob L902, 903
  525. Jadidiniaragh F25
  526. Jafari M117
  527. Jafarinia M116
  528. Jafarzadeh A198
  529. Jahankhani K50
  530. Jahanmehr N51, 52
  531. Jahrami H908, 909
  532. Jaiswal A910
  533. Jakovljevic M913, 914
  534. Jamora RDG915, 916
  535. Jana S917
  536. Javadi N444, 446
  537. Javed S919
  538. Javeed S920
  539. Jayapal SK921
  540. Jayaram S922
  541. Jiang H429, 923
  542. Johnson CO1
  543. Johnson WD925
  544. Jokar M926, 927
  545. Jonas JB928, 929
  546. Joseph A931
  547. Joseph N522
  548. Joshua CE932
  549. Jurisson M933
  550. Kabir A294
  551. Kabir Z934
  552. Kabito GG416
  553. Kadashetti V935
  554. Kafi F84, 447
  555. Kalani R8
  556. Kalantar F936
  557. Kaliyadan F937
  558. Kamath A851
  559. Kamath S852
  560. Kanchan T376
  561. Kandel A938
  562. Kandel H368, 939
  563. Kanmodi KK940, 941
  564. Karajizadeh M118
  565. Karami J85, 942
  566. Karanth SD545
  567. Karaye IM943
  568. Karch A482
  569. Karimi A119
  570. Karimi H77
  571. Karimi Behnagh A295
  572. Kasraei H111, 296
  573. Kassebaum NJ1, 2, 9
  574. Kauppila JH394, 944
  575. Kaur H945
  576. Kaur N946
  577. Kayode GA818, 947
  578. Kazemi F340
  579. Keikavoosiarani L948
  580. Keller C1
  581. Keykhaei M75, 86
  582. Khadembashiri MA86, 297
  583. Khader YS336
  584. Khafaie MA248
  585. Khajuria H950
  586. Khalaji A77, 494
  587. Khamesipour F87, 951
  588. Khammarnia M382
  589. Khan M485
  590. Khan MAB161, 952
  591. Khan YH953
  592. Suheb MZK954
  593. Khanmohammadi S77, 303
  594. Khanna T646, 955
  595. Khatab K956, 957
  596. Khatatbeh H958
  597. Khatatbeh MM959
  598. Khateri S435
  599. Khatib MN960
  600. Khayat Kashani HR53
  601. Khonji MS298
  602. Khorashadizadeh F762
  603. Khormali M88
  604. Khubchandani J961
  605. Kian S962
  606. Kim G963, 964
  607. Kim J965
  608. Kim MS966
  609. Kim YJ967
  610. Kimokoti RW968
  611. Kisa A970
  612. Kisa S969, 971
  613. Kivimaki M864, 972
  614. Kochhar S10, 974
  615. Kolahi AA54
  616. Koly KN490, 897
  617. Kompani F89
  618. Koroshetz WJ768
  619. Kosen S975
  620. Kourosh Arami M299
  621. Koyanagi A976
  622. Kravchenko MA770
  623. Krishan K977
  624. Krishnamoorthy V9, 825
  625. Defo BK978, 979
  626. Kuddus MA980
  627. Kumar A982
  628. Kumar GA645
  629. Kumar M865, 983
  630. Kumar N522
  631. Kumsa NB237
  632. Kundu S984, 985
  633. Kurniasari MD830, 986
  634. Kusuma D987, 988
  635. Kuttikkattu A990
  636. Kyu HH1, 2
  637. La Vecchia C593
  638. Ladan MA130
  639. Lahariya C991, 992
  640. Laksono T993, 994
  641. Lal DK645
  642. Lallukka T972
  643. Lam J995, 996
  644. Lami FH997
  645. Landires I998, 1001
  646. Langguth B1002
  647. Lasrado S1003
  648. Latief K831, 989
  649. Latifinaibin K300
  650. Lau KMM1
  651. Laurens MB1004
  652. Lawal BK1005
  653. Le LKD1006
  654. Le TTT1007
  655. Ledda C206
  656. Lee M1010, 1011
  657. Lee SW1012
  658. Lee SW1012
  659. Lee WC175
  660. Lee YH965
  661. Leonardi M743
  662. Lerango TL816
  663. Li MC1014
  664. Li W1015
  665. Ligade VS853
  666. Lim SS1, 2
  667. Linehan C1018
  668. Liu C429
  669. Liu J1019
  670. Liu W1022
  671. Lo CH1023
  672. Lo WD1024, 1025
  673. Lobo SW1026, 1027
  674. Logroscino G1028, 1029
  675. Lopes G1030
  676. Lopukhov PD1031
  677. Lorenzovici L1033, 1034
  678. Lorkowski S1035, 1036
  679. Loureiro JA637, 1037
  680. Lubinda J1038
  681. Lucchetti G1039
  682. Saute RL1040
  683. Ma ZF1041
  684. Mabrok M271
  685. Machoy M1042
  686. Madadizadeh F1044
  687. El Razek MMA1045
  688. Maghazachi AA155
  689. Maghbouli N90
  690. Mahjoub S532, 533
  691. Mahmoudi M1046
  692. Majeed A476
  693. Malagonrojas JN585, 1047
  694. Malakan Rad E91
  695. Malhotra K1048
  696. Malik AA398, 568
  697. Malik I1049
  698. Mallhi TH953
  699. Malta DC1050
  700. Manilal A1054
  701. Mansouri V92
  702. Mansournia MA93
  703. Marasini BP666, 1055
  704. Marateb HR1056, 1057
  705. Maroufi SF75, 94
  706. Martinezraga J1058, 1059
  707. Martini S405, 1060
  708. Martinsmelo FR1061
  709. Martorell M1062, 1063
  710. Marz W930, 1064
  711. Marzo RR1065, 1066
  712. Massano J638, 1067
  713. Mathangasinghe Y1068, 1070
  714. Mathews E1072
  715. Maude RJ505, 1073
  716. Maugeri A207
  717. Maulik PK168, 1074
  718. Mayeli M77
  719. Mazaheri M1075
  720. Mcalinden C1076
  721. Mcgrath JJ362, 1077
  722. Meena JK911
  723. Mehndiratta MM1078, 1079
  724. Mendezlopez MAM1080
  725. Mendoza W1081
  726. Mendozacano O1082
  727. Menezes RG1083
  728. Merati M77
  729. Meretoja A924, 1084
  730. Merkin A454
  731. Mersha AM411
  732. Mestrovic T1, 1085
  733. Mi T256
  734. Miazgowski T1043
  735. Michalek IM1086, 1087
  736. Mihretie ET1088
  737. Minh LHN832, 833
  738. Mirfakhraie R55
  739. Mirica A1089
  740. Mirrakhimov EM1090, 1091
  741. Mirzaei M796
  742. Misganaw A2, 838
  743. Misra S377
  744. Mithra P522
  745. Mizana BA233
  746. Mohamadkhani A92
  747. Mohamed NS1092, 1093
  748. Mohammadi E94, 108
  749. Mohammadi H777
  750. Mohammadi S77, 436, 1094
  751. Mohammadi S77, 436, 1094
  752. Mohammadshahi M95
  753. Mohammed M1095, 1097
  754. Mohammed S1096, 1099, 1100, 1101
  755. Mohammed S1096, 1099, 1100, 1101
  756. Mohan S486, 1102
  757. Mojiriforushani H1103
  758. Moka N1104, 1105
  759. Mokdad AH1, 2
  760. Molinaro S1106
  761. Moller H555, 557
  762. Monasta L1107
  763. Moniruzzaman M363
  764. Montazeri F56, 75
  765. Moradi M307
  766. Moradi Y437
  767. Moradilakeh M2
  768. Moraga P1109
  769. Morovatdar N221
  770. Morrison SD11
  771. Mosapour A534, 1110
  772. Mosser JF1
  773. Mossialos E477, 1111
  774. Motaghinejad M57
  775. Mousavi P96
  776. Ehsan Mousavi S26, 1112
  777. Mubarik S1113
  778. Muccioli L779
  779. Mughal F1115, 1116
  780. Mukoro GD1117
  781. Mulita A1118
  782. Mulita F1119, 1120
  783. Musaigwa F1123
  784. Mustafa A1124
  785. Mustafa G212, 1125
  786. Muthu S1126, 1127
  787. Nagarajan AJ1128, 1129
  788. Naghavi P546
  789. Naik GR263, 1130
  790. Nainu F1131
  791. Nair TS1132
  792. Najmuldeen HHR1133
  793. Nakhostin Ansari N97
  794. Nambi G1134
  795. Namdar Areshtanab H27
  796. Nargus S398
  797. Nascimento BR1051, 1052
  798. Naser AY1135
  799. Nashwan AJJ1136
  800. Nasoori H1137
  801. Nasreldein A1140
  802. Natto ZS36, 569
  803. Nauman J160, 1141
  804. Nayak BP950
  805. Nazripanjaki A383
  806. Negaresh M1143, 1144
  807. Negash H760
  808. Negoi I355, 1145
  809. Negoi RI356, 1146
  810. Negru SM1147
  811. Nejadghaderi SA56, 303
  812. Nematollahi MH199
  813. Nesbit OD1
  814. Newton CRJ506, 1148
  815. Nguyen DH702, 1149
  816. Nguyen HTH871, 872
  817. Nguyen HQ1150
  818. Nguyen NTT1151, 1152
  819. Nguyen PT1153
  820. Nguyen VT1008
  821. Niazi RK1154
  822. Nikolouzakis TK1155, 1156
  823. Niranjan V1158, 1159
  824. Nnyanzi LA1160
  825. Noman EA1161, 1162
  826. Noroozi N98
  827. Norrving B1163
  828. Noubiap JJ1164
  829. Nriezedi CA1165
  830. Ntaios G1121
  831. Nunezsamudio V999, 1000
  832. Nurrika D1166, 1167
  833. Oancea B1168
  834. Odetokun IA471
  835. Odonnell MJ1169
  836. Ogunsakin RE1170
  837. Oguta JO687
  838. Oh IH1171
  839. Okatialiabad H382
  840. Okeke SR165
  841. Okekunle AP191, 1173
  842. Okonji OC1174
  843. Okwute PG720, 1175
  844. Olagunju AT721, 1176
  845. Olaiya MT1071
  846. Olana MD182, 1177
  847. Olatubi MI1178
  848. Oliveira GMM1179
  849. Olufadewa II189, 1180
  850. Olusanya BO1181
  851. Bali AO874
  852. Ong S1182, 1183
  853. Onwujekwe OE1184
  854. Ordak M1185
  855. Orji AU1
  856. Ortegaaltamirano DV577
  857. Osuagwu UL1187, 1188
  858. Otstavnov N1189
  859. Otstavnov SS1189, 1191
  860. Ouyahia A1193, 1194
  861. Owolabi MO173, 192
  862. Mahesh Padukudru PA1195
  863. Pachecobarrios K37, 1196
  864. Padubidri JR1197
  865. Pal PK1199
  866. Palange PN1200
  867. Palladino C1201
  868. Palladino R476, 1202
  869. Palmaalvarez RF1203, 1204
  870. Pan F1205
  871. Panagiotakos D1206, 1207
  872. Pandajonas S1208
  873. Pandey A645, 666
  874. Pandey A645, 666
  875. Pandian JD1210
  876. Pangaribuan HU1211
  877. Pantazopoulos I626, 1122
  878. Pardhan S1212
  879. Parija PP1213
  880. Parikh RR1214
  881. Park S1215
  882. Parthasarathi A1216, 1217
  883. Pashaei A861
  884. Patel J322, 1218
  885. Patil S609, 1219
  886. Patoulias D1220, 1221
  887. Pawar S1016
  888. Pedersini P1222
  889. Pensato U1223
  890. Pereira DM639
  891. Pereira J1224
  892. Pereira MO1053
  893. Peres MFP510, 1225
  894. Perico N1226
  895. Perna S1227
  896. Petcu IR1089
  897. Petermannrocha FE185, 1228
  898. Pham HT674
  899. Phillips MR21, 1229
  900. Pinillamonsalve GD1232, 1233
  901. Piradov MA770
  902. Plotnikov E1234, 1235
  903. Poddighe D310, 1236
  904. Polat B1237
  905. Poluru R1238
  906. Pond CD1239
  907. Poudel GR602
  908. Pouramini A84, 448
  909. Pourbaghershahri AM222, 1240
  910. Pourfridoni M1242
  911. Pourtaheri N1243
  912. Prakash PY854
  913. Prakash S1244
  914. Prakash V1245
  915. Prates EJS1050
  916. Pritchett N1
  917. Purnobasuki H1246
  918. Qasim NH1247
  919. Qattea I1248
  920. Qian G1249
  921. Radhakrishnan V1250
  922. Raee P58
  923. Shahraki HR1252
  924. Rafique I1253
  925. Raggi A743
  926. Raghav PR374
  927. Rahati MM1254
  928. Rahim F1255, 1256
  929. Rahimi Z247, 303
  930. Rahimifard M99
  931. Rahman MO430, 855, 981, 1257, 1258, 1259
  932. Rahman MHU430, 855, 981, 1257, 1258, 1259
  933. Rahman M430, 855, 981, 1257, 1258, 1259
  934. Rahman MA430, 855, 981, 1257, 1258, 1259
  935. Rahmani AM1260
  936. Rahmani S56, 75
  937. Youshanlouei HR1261
  938. Rahmati M1262
  939. Raj Moolambally S523
  940. Rajabpoursanati A1241
  941. Ramadan H708
  942. Ramasamy SK1263
  943. Ramasubramani P1264
  944. Ramazanu S1265
  945. Rancic N1266, 1267
  946. Rao IR856
  947. Rao SJ1268
  948. Rapaka D1269
  949. Rashedi V1270
  950. Rashid AM1271
  951. Rashidi MM54, 75
  952. Rashidi Alavijeh M446, 449
  953. Rasoulisaravani A59
  954. Rawaf S476, 1272
  955. Razo C1
  956. Redwan EMM1273, 1274
  957. Bana AR1275
  958. Remuzzi G1226
  959. Rezaei N71, 75, 100, 1276
  960. Rezaei N71, 75, 100, 1276
  961. Rezaei N71, 75, 100, 1276
  962. Rezaeian M905
  963. Rhee TG1015, 1277
  964. Riad A1278, 1279
  965. Robinson SR1280
  966. Rodrigues M474
  967. Rodriguez JAB507, 1281
  968. Roever L1282
  969. Rogowski ELB1
  970. Romoli M1283
  971. Ronfani L1107
  972. Roy P1284
  973. Pramanik KR918
  974. Rubagotti E1285, 1286
  975. Ruiz MA866, 1287
  976. Russ TC324
  977. Sunnerhagen KS1288, 1289
  978. Saad AMA713
  979. Saadatian Z1290, 1291
  980. Saber K450
  981. Saberikamarposhti M1138
  982. Sacco S1292
  983. Saddik B153
  984. Sadeghi E121
  985. Sadeghian S1293
  986. Saeed U607, 1294, 1295, 1296
  987. Saeed U607, 1294, 1295, 1296
  988. Safdarian M1297, 1298
  989. Safi SZ1299, 1300
  990. Sagar R912
  991. Sagoe D541
  992. Saheb Sharifaskari FS156
  993. Saheb Sharifaskari N150
  994. Sahebkar A223, 224
  995. Sahoo SS1301
  996. Sahraian MA81
  997. Sajedi SA1303
  998. Sakshaug JW1304, 1305
  999. Saleh MA154, 709
  1000. Salehi Omran H48
  1001. Salem MR1306
  1002. Salimi S60
  1003. Samadi Kafil H28
  1004. Samadzadeh S716, 1307
  1005. Samargandy S570
  1006. Samodra YL834
  1007. Samuel VP1308
  1008. Samy AM697, 698
  1009. Sanadgol N1309
  1010. Sanjeev RK1310
  1011. Sanmarchi F779
  1012. Santomauro DF1, 361, 1312
  1013. Santri IN1313
  1014. Santricmilicevic MM885, 886
  1015. Saravanan A378, 1314
  1016. Sarveazad A304
  1017. Satpathy M1315, 1317
  1018. Saylan M1318
  1019. Sayyah M249
  1020. Scarmeas N1230, 1319
  1021. Schlaich MP807, 1320
  1022. Schuermans A1321
  1023. Schwarzinger M1323, 1324
  1024. Schwebel DC1325
  1025. Selvaraj S1327
  1026. Sendekie AK414
  1027. Sengupta P690, 1328
  1028. Senthilkumaran S1329
  1029. Serban D355, 652
  1030. Sergindo MT705
  1031. Sethi Y1330
  1032. Seyedalinaghi S101
  1033. Seylani A1331
  1034. Shabani M200
  1035. Shabany M102, 1332
  1036. Shafie M103
  1037. Shahabi S111
  1038. Shahbandi A104
  1039. Shahid S400, 401
  1040. Shahrakisanavi F382
  1041. Shahsavari HR1333
  1042. Shahwan MJ1334
  1043. Shaikh MA1335
  1044. Shaji KS1336
  1045. Sham S1337
  1046. Shama ATT1338
  1047. Shamim MA372
  1048. Shamsbeyranvand M949
  1049. Shamsi MA284, 1339
  1050. Shanawaz M487
  1051. Sharath M1340
  1052. Sharfaei S1341, 1342
  1053. Sharifan A105, 106
  1054. Sharma M480
  1055. Sharma R754
  1056. Shashamo BB411
  1057. Shayan M61, 1343
  1058. Sheikhi RA725
  1059. Shekhar S333
  1060. Shen J1344
  1061. Shenoy SM1198
  1062. Shetty PH524
  1063. Shiferaw DS232, 1345
  1064. Shigematsu M1346
  1065. Shiri R1347
  1066. Shittu A349
  1067. Shivakumar KM1348
  1068. Shokri F1349
  1069. Shool S62, 88
  1070. Shorofi SA1350, 1351
  1071. Shrestha S1352
  1072. Siankam Tankwanchi AB12
  1073. Siddig EE229, 1353
  1074. Sigfusdottir ID1231, 1354
  1075. Silva JP634
  1076. Silva LMLR1355, 1356
  1077. Sinaei E122
  1078. Singh BB369, 1357
  1079. Singh G379, 1357, 1358
  1080. Singh P1302
  1081. Singh S372
  1082. Sirota SB1
  1083. Sivakumar S1359
  1084. Sohag AAM1360
  1085. Solanki R1361, 1362
  1086. Soleimani H303
  1087. Solikhah S1363
  1088. Solomon Y422
  1089. Solomon Y422
  1090. Song S1365
  1091. Song Y1017
  1092. Sotoudeh H1326
  1093. Spartalis M1366
  1094. Stark BA1
  1095. Starnes JR1367, 1368
  1096. Starodubova AV1369, 1370
  1097. Stein DJ1371
  1098. Steiner TJ478, 1142
  1099. Stovner LJ1142, 1372
  1100. Suleman M1373, 1374
  1101. Abdulkader RS1375
  1102. Sultana A1376, 1377
  1103. Sun J210, 1378
  1104. Sunkersing D867
  1105. Sunny A1379
  1106. Susianti H1380, 1381
  1107. Swain CK1316
  1108. Szeto MD1382
  1109. Tabaresseisdedos R1383
  1110. Tabatabaei SM220, 221
  1111. Tabatabai S63
  1112. Tabish M213
  1113. Taheri M64, 305
  1114. Tahvildari A65
  1115. Tajbakhsh A60
  1116. Tampa M357, 1384
  1117. Lukenze Tamuzi JJL1385, 1386
  1118. Tan KK1387
  1119. Tang H1390
  1120. Tareke M784
  1121. Tarigan IU1211
  1122. Tat NY1391, 1392
  1123. Tat VY176
  1124. Tavakoli Oliaee R116
  1125. Tavangar SM107
  1126. Tavasol A66
  1127. Tefera YM1393
  1128. Tehranibanihashemi A302, 306
  1129. Temesgen WA785
  1130. Temsah MH1394
  1131. Teramoto M1395
  1132. Tesfaye AH417
  1133. Tesfaye EG740
  1134. Tesler R1397
  1135. Thakali O737
  1136. Thangaraju P1398
  1137. Thapa R1399, 1400
  1138. Thapar R522
  1139. Thomas NK1401
  1140. Thrift AG289
  1141. Ticoalu JHV1402
  1142. Tillawi T459
  1143. Toghroli R1403
  1144. Tonelli M1404
  1145. Tovanipalone MR1406, 1407
  1146. Traini E819, 1107
  1147. Tran NM1408
  1148. Tran NH1009
  1149. Van Tran P1409
  1150. Tromans SJ1410, 1411
  1151. Truelsen TC628
  1152. Truyen TTTT1412
  1153. Tsatsakis A1157
  1154. Tsegay GM147
  1155. Tsermpini EE1413
  1156. Tualeka AR1414
  1157. Tufa DG1415
  1158. Ubah CS240, 1416
  1159. Udoakang AJ695
  1160. Ulhaq I1417, 1418
  1161. Umair M1419, 1420
  1162. Umakanthan S1421
  1163. Umapathi KK1422
  1164. Unim B589
  1165. Unnikrishnan B525
  1166. Vaithinathan AG1423
  1167. Vakilian A906, 907
  1168. Tahbaz SV1139, 1424
  1169. Valizadeh R773
  1170. Van Den Eynde J1322
  1171. Vart P1425
  1172. Varthya SB372
  1173. Vasankari TJ1426, 1427
  1174. Vaziri S778
  1175. Vellingiri B529, 1428
  1176. Venketasubramanian N1388, 1429
  1177. Verras GI323, 1119
  1178. Vervoort D341
  1179. Villafane JH1222
  1180. Villani L1430
  1181. Veloz AFV1431
  1182. Viskadourou M342
  1183. Vladimirov SK1032, 1190
  1184. Vlassov V1192
  1185. Volovat SR1432, 1433
  1186. Vu LT882
  1187. Vujcic IS887
  1188. Wagaye B500, 840
  1189. Waheed Y1434, 1435
  1190. Wahood W1436
  1191. Walde MT392
  1192. Wang F1437
  1193. Wang S1438
  1194. Wang Y510, 1439
  1195. Wang YP510, 1439
  1196. Waqas M879, 1440
  1197. Waris A711
  1198. Weerakoon KG1441
  1199. Weintraub RG1443, 1444
  1200. Weldemariam AH145
  1201. Westerman R1445
  1202. Whisnant JL1
  1203. Wickramasinghe DP1069
  1204. Wickramasinghe ND1442
  1205. Willekens B1446, 1447
  1206. Wilner LB1
  1207. Winkler AS731, 1448
  1208. Wolfe CDA1439, 1449
  1209. Wu AM1450
  1210. Wulf Hanson S1
  1211. Xu S700
  1212. Xu X167, 1451, 1452
  1213. Yadollahpour A688
  1214. Yaghoubi S745
  1215. Yahya G714, 1453
  1216. Yamagishi K893, 895
  1217. Yang L1405, 1454
  1218. Yano Y1455
  1219. Yao Y826, 1019, 1020
  1220. Yehualashet SS423
  1221. Yeshaneh A1456
  1222. Yesiltepe M1457, 1458
  1223. Yi S1389, 1459
  1224. Yigit A1460
  1225. Yigit V1460
  1226. Yon DK1461
  1227. Yonemoto N1462, 1463
  1228. You Y368, 796
  1229. Younis MZ1464, 1465
  1230. Yu C1113
  1231. Yusuf H281
  1232. Zadey S827
  1233. Zahedi M1466, 1467
  1234. Zakham F973, 1468
  1235. Zaki N162
  1236. Zali A67
  1237. Zamagni G1108
  1238. Zand R671, 839
  1239. Zandieh GGZ338
  1240. Zangiabadian M56
  1241. Zarghami A493
  1242. Zastrozhin MS293, 1396
  1243. Zeariya MGM120, 225
  1244. Zegeye ZB234
  1245. Zeukeng F292, 301
  1246. Zhai C651, 904
  1247. Zhang C811, 813
  1248. Zhang H343, 1021
  1249. Zhang Y418, 1251
  1250. Zhang ZJ1114
  1251. Zhao H1311
  1252. Zhao Y815
  1253. Zheng P1, 2
  1254. Zhou H787
  1255. Zhu B900
  1256. Zhumagaliuly A1098
  1257. Zielinska M1186
  1258. Zikarg YT183
  1259. Zoladl M137
  1260. Murray CJL1, 2
  1261. Ong KL1
  1262. Feigin VL1, 454, 770
  1263. Vos T1, 2
  1264. Dua T13

Source: The Lancet Neurology Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 World Health Organization
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