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Global Variation in Diabetes Diagnosis and Prevalence Based on Fasting Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Publisher Pubmed



Zhou B419 ; Sheffer KE419 ; Bennett JE419 ; Gregg EW1, 419 ; Danaei G2 ; Singleton RK419 ; Shaw JE3 ; Mishra A4 ; Lhoste VPF419 ; Carrillolarco RM5 ; Kengne AP6 ; Phelps NH419 ; Heap RA419 ; Rayner AW419 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Zhou B419
  2. Sheffer KE419
  3. Bennett JE419
  4. Gregg EW1, 419
  5. Danaei G2
  6. Singleton RK419
  7. Shaw JE3
  8. Mishra A4
  9. Lhoste VPF419
  10. Carrillolarco RM5
  11. Kengne AP6
  12. Phelps NH419
  13. Heap RA419
  14. Rayner AW419
  15. Stevens GA7
  16. Paciorek CJ8
  17. Riley LM7
  18. Cowan MJ7
  19. Savin S7
  20. Vander Hoorn S9
  21. Lu Y10
  22. Pavkov ME11
  23. Imperatore G11
  24. Aguilarsalinas CA12
  25. Ahmad NA13
  26. Anjana RM14
  27. Davletov K15
  28. Farzadfar F16
  29. Gonzalezvillalpando C17
  30. Khang YH18
  31. Kim HC19
  32. Laatikainen T20
  33. Laxmaiah A21
  34. Mbanya JCN22
  35. Narayan KMV5
  36. Ramachandran A23
  37. Wade AN24
  38. Zdrojewski T25
  39. Abbasikangevari M26
  40. Rahim HFA27
  41. Aburmeileh NM28
  42. Adambekov S29
  43. Adams RJ30
  44. Aekplakorn W31
  45. Agdeppa IA32
  46. Aghazadehattari J33
  47. Agyemang C34
  48. Ahmadi A35
  49. Ahmadi N26
  50. Ahmadi N26
  51. Ahmed SH37
  52. Ajlouni K38
  53. Alhinai H39
  54. Allahou B40
  55. Allawati JA39
  56. Asfoor DA41
  57. Al Qaoud NM42
  58. Alarouj M43
  59. Albuhairan F44
  60. Aldhukair S45
  61. Aldwairji MA42
  62. Ali MM7
  63. Alinezhad F46
  64. Alkandari A43
  65. Alomirah HF40
  66. Aly E41
  67. Amarapurkar DN47
  68. Andersen LB48
  69. Anderssen SA49
  70. Andrade DS50
  71. Ansarimoghaddam A51
  72. Aounallahskhiri H52
  73. Aris T13
  74. Arlappa N21
  75. Aryal KK53
  76. Assah FK22
  77. Assembekov B15
  78. Auvinen J54, 55
  79. Avdicova M56
  80. Azad K57
  81. Aziminezhad M58
  82. Azizi F59
  83. Bacopoulou F60
  84. Balakrishna N21
  85. Bamoshmoosh M61
  86. Banach M62
  87. Bandosz P25
  88. Banegas JR63
  89. Barbagallo CM64
  90. Barcelo A65
  91. Baretic M66
  92. Barrera L67
  93. Basit A68
  94. Batieha AM69
  95. Batista AP70
  96. Baur LA71
  97. Belavendra A72
  98. Ben Romdhane H73
  99. Benet M74
  100. Berkinbayev S75
  101. Bernabeortiz A76
  102. Berrios Carrasola X77
  103. Bettiol H78
  104. Beybey AF22
  105. Bhargava SK79
  106. Bika Lele EC80
  107. Bikbov MM81
  108. Bista B82
  109. Bjerregaard P83
  110. Bjertness E37
  111. Bjertness MB37
  112. Bjorkelund C84
  113. Bloch KV85
  114. Blokstra A86
  115. Bo S87
  116. Bobak M88
  117. Boggia JG89
  118. Bonaccio M90
  119. Bonillavargas A91
  120. Borghs H92
  121. Bovet P93, 94
  122. Brajkovich I95
  123. Brenner H96
  124. Brewster LM34
  125. Brian GR97
  126. Briceno Y98
  127. Brito M99
  128. Bugge A100
  129. Buntinx F92
  130. Cabrera De Leon A101
  131. Caixeta RB102
  132. Can G103
  133. Candido APC104
  134. Capanzana MV32
  135. Capkova N105
  136. Capuano E106
  137. Capuano R106
  138. Capuano V106
  139. Cardoso VC78
  140. Carlsson AC107
  141. Casanueva FF108
  142. Censi L109
  143. Cervantesloaiza M91
  144. Chamnan P110
  145. Chamukuttan S23
  146. Chan Q419
  147. Charchar FJ111
  148. Chaturvedi N88
  149. Chen H112
  150. Cheraghian B113
  151. Chirlaque MD114
  152. Chudek J115
  153. Cifkova R116, 117
  154. Cirillo M118
  155. Claessens F92
  156. Cohen E119
  157. Concin H120
  158. Cooper C121
  159. Costanzo S90
  160. Cowell C71
  161. Crujeiras AB122
  162. Cruz JJ63
  163. Cureau FV123
  164. Cuschieri S124
  165. Darrigo G125
  166. Dorsi E126
  167. Dallongeville J127
  168. Damasceno A128
  169. Dastgiri S129
  170. De Curtis A90
  171. De Gaetano G90
  172. De Henauw S130
  173. Deepa M14
  174. Demarest S132
  175. Dennison E121
  176. Deschamps V133
  177. Dhimal M82
  178. Dika Z134
  179. Djalalinia S135
  180. Donfrancesco C136
  181. Dong G137
  182. Dorobantu M138
  183. Dorr M139
  184. Dragano N140
  185. Drygas W141
  186. Du Y142
  187. Duante CA32
  188. Duboz P143
  189. Dushpanova A29, 144
  190. Dziankowskazaborszczyk E62
  191. Ebrahimi N26
  192. Eddie R145
  193. Eftekhar E146
  194. Efthymiou V60
  195. Egbagbe EE147
  196. Eghtesad S16
  197. Elkhateeb M38
  198. El Ati J148
  199. Eldemireshearer D149
  200. Elosua R150, 151
  201. Enang O152
  202. Erasmus RT153
  203. Erbel R154
  204. Erem C155
  205. Ergor G156
  206. Eriksen L83
  207. Eriksson JG157
  208. Esmaeili A158
  209. Evans RG159
  210. Fakhradiyev I75
  211. Fall CH121
  212. Faramarzi E46
  213. Farjam M160
  214. Farzi Y26
  215. Fattahi MR161
  216. Fawwad A162
  217. Felixredondo FJ163
  218. Ferguson TS149
  219. Fernandezberges D164
  220. Ferrari M109
  221. Ferreccio C77
  222. Ferreira HS165
  223. Ferrer E32
  224. Feskens EJM166
  225. Flood D167
  226. Forsner M168
  227. Fosse S133
  228. Fottrell EF88
  229. Fouad HM41
  230. Francis DK149
  231. Frontera G169
  232. Furusawa T170
  233. Gaciong Z171
  234. Garnett SP71
  235. Gasull M114
  236. Gazzinelli A172
  237. Gehring U173
  238. Ghaderi E174
  239. Ghamari SH26
  240. Ghanbari A26
  241. Ghasemi E26
  242. Gheorghefronea OF138
  243. Ghimire A175
  244. Gialluisi A176
  245. Giampaoli S136
  246. Gianfagna F176, 177
  247. Gill TK178
  248. Gironella G32
  249. Giwercman A179
  250. Goltzman D180
  251. Gomula A181
  252. Goncalves H182
  253. Goncalves M183
  254. Gonzalezchica DA178
  255. Gonzalezgross M184
  256. Gonzalezrivas JP185
  257. Gonzalezvillalpando ME186
  258. Gonzalez AR187
  259. Gottrand F188
  260. Grafnetter D189
  261. Grodzicki T190
  262. Grontved A191
  263. Guerrero R192
  264. Gujral UP5
  265. Gupta R193
  266. Gutierrez L194
  267. Gwee X195
  268. Haghshenas R26
  269. Hakimi H158
  270. Hambleton IR196
  271. Hamzeh B197
  272. Hanekom WA198
  273. Hange D84
  274. Hantunen S199
  275. Hao J200
  276. Hari Kumar R21
  277. Harooni J201
  278. Hashemishahri SM51
  279. Hata J202
  280. Heidemann C142
  281. Henrique RS203
  282. Herrala S54
  283. Herzig KH54, 55
  284. Heshmat R204
  285. Ho SY205
  286. Holdsworth M206
  287. Homayounfar R207
  288. Hopman WM208
  289. Horimoto ARVR78
  290. Hormiga C209
  291. Horta BL182
  292. Houti L210
  293. Howitt C196
  294. Htay TT211
  295. Htet AS37
  296. Htike MMT212
  297. Huerta JM114
  298. Huhtaniemi IT419
  299. Huisman M213
  300. Husseini A28
  301. Huybrechts I214
  302. Iacoviello L90, 176
  303. Iakupova EM81
  304. Iannone AG106
  305. Ibrahim Wong N13
  306. Ijoma C215
  307. Irazola VE194
  308. Ishida T216
  309. Isiguzo GC217
  310. Islam SMS218
  311. Islek D5
  312. Ittermann T139
  313. Iwasaki M219
  314. Jaaskelainen T20
  315. Jacobs JM220
  316. Jaddou HY69
  317. Jadoul M221
  318. Jallow B222
  319. James K149
  320. Jamil KM223
  321. Janus E224
  322. Jarvelin MR55, 419
  323. Jasienska G190
  324. Jelakovic A66
  325. Jelakovic B134
  326. Jennings G225
  327. Jha AK82
  328. Jimenez RO226
  329. Jockel KH154
  330. Jokelainen JJ54
  331. Jonas JB227
  332. Joshi P228
  333. Josipovic J66
  334. Joukar F229
  335. Jozwiak J230
  336. Kafatos A231
  337. Kajantie EO20
  338. Kalmatayeva Z29
  339. Karki KB232
  340. Katibeh M233
  341. Kauhanen J199
  342. Kazakbaeva GM81
  343. Kaze FF22
  344. Ke C234
  345. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S54
  346. Kelishadi R235
  347. Keramati M236
  348. Kersting M237
  349. Khader YS69
  350. Khaledifar A238
  351. Khalili D207
  352. Kheiri B207
  353. Kheradmand M239
  354. Khosravi A240
  355. Kiechlkohlendorfer U241
  356. Kiechl SJ242
  357. Kiechl S241, 242
  358. Kingston A243
  359. Klakk H244
  360. Klanova J245
  361. Knoflach M241
  362. Kolsteren P130
  363. Konig J246
  364. Korpelainen R55
  365. Korrovits P247
  366. Kos J66
  367. Koskinen S20
  368. Kowlessur S248
  369. Koziel S181
  370. Kriemler S249
  371. Kristensen PL191
  372. Kromhout D250
  373. Kubinova R105
  374. Kujala UM251
  375. Kulimbet M15, 29
  376. Kurjata P252
  377. Kyobutungi C253
  378. La QN254
  379. Labadarios D255, 256
  380. Lachat C130
  381. Laid Y257
  382. Lall L258
  383. Lankila T259
  384. Lanska V189
  385. Lappas G260
  386. Larijani B261
  387. Latt TS262
  388. Laurenzi M263
  389. Lehmann N154
  390. Lehtimaki T264, 265
  391. Lemogoum D266
  392. Leung GM205
  393. Li Y2
  394. Limacosta MF267
  395. Lin HH268
  396. Lind L269
  397. Lissner L84
  398. Liu X270
  399. Lopezgarcia E63
  400. Lopez T271
  401. Lozano JE272
  402. Luksiene D273
  403. Lundqvist A20
  404. Lunet N274
  405. Lustigova M105, 116
  406. Machadocoelho GLL70
  407. Machadorodrigues AM275
  408. Macia E143
  409. Macieira LM276
  410. Madar AA37
  411. Maestre GE277
  412. Maggi S278
  413. Magliano DJ3
  414. Magriplis E279
  415. Mahasampath G72
  416. Maire B206
  417. Makdisse M280
  418. Malekpour MR26
  419. Malekzadeh F16
  420. Malekzadeh R16, 161
  421. Mallikharjuna Rao K21
  422. Malyutina S281
  423. Maniego LV32
  424. Manios Y282
  425. Mannix MI283
  426. Mansourghanaei F229
  427. Manzato E284
  428. Margozzini P77
  429. Marino J139
  430. Marques LP285
  431. Martorell R5
  432. Mascarenhas LP286
  433. Masinaei M26
  434. Mathiesen EB287
  435. Matsha TE288
  436. Mc Donald Posso AJ289
  437. Mcfarlane SR149
  438. Mcgarvey ST290
  439. Mediene Benchekor S210
  440. Mehlig K84
  441. Mehrparvar AH36
  442. Melgarejo JD277
  443. Mendez F67
  444. Menezes AMB182
  445. Mereke A29
  446. Meshram II21
  447. Meto DT291
  448. Minderico CS292
  449. Mini GK293
  450. Miquel JF77
  451. Miranda JJ76
  452. Mirjalili MR36
  453. Modesti PA294
  454. Moghaddam SS26
  455. Mohamed MK295
  456. Mohammad K16
  457. Mohammadi MR296
  458. Mohammadi Z16
  459. Mohammadifard N297
  460. Mohammadpourhodki R236
  461. Mohan V14
  462. Mohd Yusoff MF13
  463. Mohebbi I33
  464. Moller NC191
  465. Molnar D298
  466. Momenan A207
  467. Mondo CK299
  468. Montenegro Mendoza RA300
  469. Monterrubioflores E17
  470. Moosazadeh M239
  471. Moradpour F174
  472. Morejon A301
  473. Moreno LA122, 302
  474. Morgan K1
  475. Morin SN180
  476. Moslem A303
  477. Mosquera M67
  478. Mossakowska M304
  479. Mostafa A295
  480. Mostafavi SA16
  481. Motlagh ME113
  482. Motta J289
  483. Msyamboza KP305
  484. Mu TT306
  485. Muiesan ML307
  486. Mursu J199
  487. Musa KI308
  488. Mustafa N309
  489. Muyer MTMC310
  490. Nabipour I311
  491. Nagel G312
  492. Naidu BM313
  493. Najafi F197
  494. Namesna J56
  495. Nangia VB314
  496. Naseri T315
  497. Neelapaichit N316
  498. Nejatizadeh A146
  499. Nenko I190
  500. Nervi F77
  501. Ng TP195
  502. Nguyen CT317
  503. Nguyen QN318
  504. Ni MY205
  505. Nie P319
  506. Nietomartinez RE320
  507. Ninomiya T202
  508. Noale M278
  509. Noboa OA89
  510. Noto D64
  511. Nsour MA321
  512. Nuhoglu I155
  513. Oneill TW322
  514. Odili AN323
  515. Oh K324
  516. Ohtsuka R325
  517. Omar MA13
  518. Onat A326
  519. Ong SK327
  520. Onodugo O215
  521. Ordunez P102
  522. Ornelas R328
  523. Ortiz PJ76
  524. Osmond C121
  525. Ostovar A329
  526. Otero JA330
  527. Ottendahl CB83
  528. Otu A152
  529. Owusudabo E331
  530. Palmieri L136
  531. Pan WH332
  532. Pandajonas S333
  533. Panza F334
  534. Paoli M98
  535. Park S324
  536. Parsaeian M16
  537. Patel ND335
  538. Pechlaner R241
  539. Pecin I66
  540. Pedro JM336
  541. Peixoto SV267
  542. Peltonen M20
  543. Pereira AC78
  544. Pessoa Dos Prazeres TM203
  545. Peykari N135
  546. Phall MC222
  547. Pham ST337
  548. Phan HH338
  549. Pichardo RN339
  550. Pikhart H88
  551. Pilav A340
  552. Piler P245
  553. Pitakaka F341
  554. Piwonska A252
  555. Pizarro AN274
  556. Plansrubio P342
  557. Plata S343
  558. Porta M150
  559. Poudyal A82
  560. Pourfarzi F344
  561. Pourshams A16
  562. Poustchi H16
  563. Pradeepa R14
  564. Providencia R88
  565. Puder JJ345
  566. Puhakka S259
  567. Punab M247
  568. Qorbani M346
  569. Quintana HK300
  570. Quoc Bao T347
  571. Rahimikazerooni S161
  572. Raitakari O348
  573. Ramirezzea M349
  574. Ramke J9
  575. Ramos R350
  576. Rampal L351
  577. Rampal S352
  578. Rangel Reina DA289
  579. Rashidi MM26
  580. Redon J353
  581. Renner JDP354
  582. Reuter CP354
  583. Revilla L271
  584. Rezaei N26
  585. Rezaianzadeh A161
  586. Rigo F355
  587. Roa RG356
  588. Robinson L243
  589. Rodriguezartalejo F63
  590. Rodriguezperez MC357
  591. Rodriguezvillamizar LA358
  592. Rodriguez AY359
  593. Roggenbuck U154
  594. Rohloff P167
  595. Romeo EL360
  596. Rosengren A84, 361
  597. Rubinstein A194
  598. Rust P246
  599. Rutkowski M25
  600. Sabbaghi H207
  601. Sachdev HS362
  602. Sadjadi A16
  603. Safarpour AR161
  604. Safi S207
  605. Safiri S46
  606. Saghi MH303
  607. Saidi O73
  608. Saki N113
  609. Salaj S363
  610. Salanave B133
  611. Salonen JT157
  612. Salvetti M307
  613. Sanchezabanto J364
  614. Santos DA292
  615. Santos LC276
  616. Santos MP274
  617. Santos TR165
  618. Saramies JL365
  619. Sardinha LB292
  620. Sarrafzadegan N297
  621. Saum KU96
  622. Sbaraini M366
  623. Scazufca M367
  624. Schaan BD366
  625. Scheidtnave C142
  626. Schipf S139
  627. Schmidt CO139
  628. Schottker B96
  629. Schramm S154
  630. Sebert S55
  631. Sedaghattalab M201
  632. Sein AA212
  633. Sepanlou SG16
  634. Sewpaul R368
  635. Shamahlevy T17
  636. Shamshirgaran SM58
  637. Sharafkhah M16
  638. Sharma SK175
  639. Sharman A369
  640. Shayanrad A16
  641. Shayesteh AA113
  642. Shimizufurusawa H370
  643. Shiri R371
  644. Shrestha N372
  645. Siramlee K327
  646. Silva DAS126
  647. Simon M23
  648. Simons J373
  649. Simons LA374
  650. Sjostrom M375
  651. Slowikowskahilczer J62
  652. Slusarczyk P304
  653. Smeeth L376
  654. Sobngwi E22
  655. Soderberg S168
  656. Soemantri A377
  657. Sofat R88
  658. Solfrizzi V378
  659. Somi MH46
  660. Soumare A379
  661. Sousapoza A380
  662. Sparrenberger K366
  663. Staessen JA92
  664. Stavreski B225
  665. Steenejohannessen J49
  666. Stehle P381
  667. Stein AD5
  668. Stessman J220
  669. Stokwiszewski J382
  670. Stronks K34
  671. Suarezortegon MF383
  672. Suebsamran P384
  673. Sundstrom J269
  674. Suriyawongpaisal P31
  675. Sylva RC385
  676. Szklo M386
  677. Tamosiunas A273
  678. Tarawneh MR387
  679. Tarquimamani CB364
  680. Taylor A178
  681. Taylor J88
  682. Tello T76
  683. Thankappan KR388
  684. Theobald H107
  685. Theodoridis X389
  686. Thomas N72
  687. Thrift AG159
  688. Timmermans EJ390
  689. Tjandrarini DH391
  690. Tolonen HK20
  691. Tolstrup JS83
  692. Tomaszewski M322
  693. Topbas M155
  694. Torrescollado L392
  695. Traissac P206
  696. Triantafyllou A389
  697. Tuitele J393, 394
  698. Tuliakova AM81
  699. Tullochreid MK149
  700. Tuomainen TP199
  701. Tzala E419
  702. Tzourio C379
  703. Ueda P375
  704. Ugel E395
  705. Ukoli FAM396
  706. Ulmer H241
  707. Uusitalo HMT397
  708. Valdivia G77
  709. Van Den Born BJ34
  710. Van Der Heyden J132
  711. Van Minh H254
  712. Van Rossem L390
  713. Van Schoor NM213
  714. Van Valkengoed IGM34
  715. Van Zutphen EM213
  716. Vanderschueren D92
  717. Vanuzzo D398
  718. Vasan SK121
  719. Vega T272
  720. Velasquezmelendez G172
  721. Verstraeten R399
  722. Viet L86
  723. Villalpando S17
  724. Vioque J400
  725. Virtanen JK199
  726. Viswanathan B93
  727. Voutilainen A199
  728. Wan Bebakar WM308
  729. Wan Mohamud WN401
  730. Wang C270
  731. Wang N402
  732. Wang Q403
  733. Wang YX200
  734. Wang YW404
  735. Wannamethee SG88
  736. Websterkerr K405
  737. Wedderkopp N191
  738. Wei W200
  739. Westbury LD121
  740. Whincup PH406
  741. Widhalm K407
  742. Widyahening IS408
  743. Wiecek A115
  744. Wilks RJ149
  745. Willeit J241
  746. Willeit P241
  747. Wilsgaard T287
  748. Wojtyniak B382
  749. Wong A88
  750. Wong EB198
  751. Woodward M374, 419
  752. Wu FC322
  753. Xu H409
  754. Xu L410
  755. Yaacob NA308
  756. Yan L419
  757. Yan W411
  758. Yoosefi M26
  759. Yoshihara A412
  760. Youngercoleman NO149
  761. Yu YL92
  762. Yu Y413
  763. Yusoff AF13
  764. Zainuddin AA13
  765. Zamani F414
  766. Zambon S284
  767. Zampelas A279
  768. Zaw KK262
  769. Zeljkovic Vrkic T66
  770. Zeng Y415, 416
  771. Zhang ZY92
  772. Zholdin B417
  773. Zimmet P159
  774. Zitt E120
  775. Zoghlami N52
  776. Zuniga Cisneros J289
  777. Ezzati M418, 419
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
  2. 2. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  3. 3. Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  4. 4. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  6. 6. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  7. 7. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  8. 8. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  9. 9. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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  141. 141. Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
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  144. 144. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
  145. 145. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands
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  149. 149. The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
  150. 150. Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona, Spain
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  152. 152. University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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  154. 154. University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
  155. 155. Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
  156. 156. Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
  157. 157. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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  160. 160. Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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  164. 164. Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain
  165. 165. Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
  166. 166. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  167. 167. Wuqu’ Kawoq, Tecpan, Guatemala
  168. 168. Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  169. 169. Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
  170. 170. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  171. 171. Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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  175. 175. B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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  177. 177. Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
  178. 178. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  179. 179. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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  183. 183. University Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
  184. 184. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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  189. 189. Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
  190. 190. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  191. 191. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  192. 192. Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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  194. 194. Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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  199. 199. University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
  200. 200. Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  201. 201. Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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  203. 203. Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
  204. 204. Chronic Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  205. 205. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  206. 206. French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, France
  207. 207. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  208. 208. Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
  209. 209. Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  210. 210. University Oran 1, Oran, Algeria
  211. 211. Independent Public Health Specialist, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  212. 212. Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  213. 213. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  214. 214. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
  215. 215. College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
  216. 216. The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  217. 217. Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  218. 218. Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  219. 219. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
  220. 220. Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
  221. 221. Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
  222. 222. Gambia National Nutrition Agency, Banjul, Gambia
  223. 223. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
  224. 224. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  225. 225. Heart Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  226. 226. Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  227. 227. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  228. 228. World Health Organization Country Office, Delhi, India
  229. 229. Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  230. 230. University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  231. 231. University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  232. 232. Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
  233. 233. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  234. 234. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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  236. 236. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  237. 237. Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany
  238. 238. Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  239. 239. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  240. 240. Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
  241. 241. Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
  242. 242. VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
  243. 243. Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
  244. 244. University College South Denmark, Haderslev, Denmark
  245. 245. Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  246. 246. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  247. 247. Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia
  248. 248. Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
  249. 249. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  250. 250. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  251. 251. University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  252. 252. National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
  253. 253. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  254. 254. Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  255. 255. University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
  256. 256. Stellennbosch University, Polokwane, South Africa
  257. 257. Ministry of Health, Algiers, Algeria
  258. 258. Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
  259. 259. Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland
  260. 260. Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
  261. 261. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  262. 262. University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar
  263. 263. Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Gubbio, Italy
  264. 264. Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
  265. 265. Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  266. 266. University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
  267. 267. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  268. 268. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  269. 269. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  270. 270. Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
  271. 271. Universidad San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
  272. 272. Consejeria de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Spain
  273. 273. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
  274. 274. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  275. 275. University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  276. 276. Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal
  277. 277. University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, United States
  278. 278. Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Padua, Italy
  279. 279. Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  280. 280. Academia VBHC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  281. 281. Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
  282. 282. Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
  283. 283. Universite Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  284. 284. University of Padua, Padua, Italy
  285. 285. Secretaria de Estado da Saude de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  286. 286. Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil
  287. 287. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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  289. 289. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
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  291. 291. University of Abidjan, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  292. 292. Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
  293. 293. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  294. 294. Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
  295. 295. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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  298. 298. University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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  300. 300. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health, Panama City, Panama
  301. 301. University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba
  302. 302. University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
  303. 303. Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
  304. 304. International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
  305. 305. World Health Organization Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi
  306. 306. Department of Public Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  307. 307. University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
  308. 308. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
  309. 309. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  310. 310. University de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
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  312. 312. Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  313. 313. Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  314. 314. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
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  316. 316. Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  317. 317. National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  318. 318. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  319. 319. Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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  321. 321. Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan
  322. 322. University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  323. 323. University of Abuja College of Health Sciences, Abuja, Nigeria
  324. 324. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
  325. 325. Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
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  328. 328. University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
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  330. 330. Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  331. 331. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  332. 332. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  333. 333. Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
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  335. 335. Jivandeep Hospital, Anand, India
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  339. 339. Clinica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel Gonzalez, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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  341. 341. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
  342. 342. Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
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  345. 345. Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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  348. 348. University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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  351. 351. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
  352. 352. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  353. 353. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  354. 354. University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
  355. 355. CS S. Agustin Ibsalut, Palma, Spain
  356. 356. Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
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  358. 358. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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  362. 362. Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
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  364. 364. National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
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  366. 366. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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  370. 370. Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
  371. 371. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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  374. 374. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  375. 375. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  376. 376. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  377. 377. Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
  378. 378. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  379. 379. University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
  380. 380. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  381. 381. Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
  382. 382. National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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  388. 388. Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
  389. 389. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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  391. 391. National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
  392. 392. Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Madrid, Spain
  393. 393. Department of Health, Faga’alu, American Samoa
  394. 394. LBJ Hospital, Faga’alu, American Samoa
  395. 395. Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
  396. 396. Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  397. 397. University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Tampere, Finland
  398. 398. MONICA-FRIULI Study Group, Udine, Italy
  399. 399. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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  401. 401. Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  402. 402. Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  403. 403. Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
  404. 404. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
  405. 405. The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Kingston, Jamaica
  406. 406. St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  407. 407. Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  408. 408. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  409. 409. Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
  410. 410. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
  411. 411. Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  412. 412. Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
  413. 413. South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, China
  414. 414. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  415. 415. Peking University, Beijing, China
  416. 416. Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  417. 417. West Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
  418. 418. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  419. 419. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Source: Nature Medicine Published:2023


Abstract

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance. © 2023, The Author(s).
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