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Alcohol Use and Burden for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher Pubmed



Griswold MG1 ; Fullman N1 ; Hawley C1 ; Arian N1 ; Zimsen SRM1 ; Tymeson HD1 ; Venkateswaran V5 ; Tapp AD1 ; Forouzanfar MH9 ; Salama JS1 ; Abate KH10 ; Abate D15 ; Abay SM16 ; Abbafati C20 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Griswold MG1
  2. Fullman N1
  3. Hawley C1
  4. Arian N1
  5. Zimsen SRM1
  6. Tymeson HD1
  7. Venkateswaran V5
  8. Tapp AD1
  9. Forouzanfar MH9
  10. Salama JS1
  11. Abate KH10
  12. Abate D15
  13. Abay SM16
  14. Abbafati C20
  15. Abdulkader RS21
  16. Abebe Z23
  17. Aboyans V26, 27
  18. Abrar MM19
  19. Acharya P28
  20. Adetokunboh OO29, 31
  21. Adhikari TB34, 35
  22. Adsuar JC38
  23. Afarideh M39
  24. Agardh EE51
  25. Agarwal G54
  26. Aghayan SA55, 56
  27. Agrawal S58, 59
  28. Ahmed MB11
  29. Akibu M60
  30. Akinyemiju T62, 63
  31. Akseer N67
  32. Al Asfoor DH22, 66
  33. Alaly Z67, 68
  34. Alahdab F69, 70
  35. Alam K71
  36. Albujeer A73
  37. Alene KA24, 74
  38. Ali R66, 76
  39. Ali SD77
  40. Alijanzadeh M78
  41. Aljunid SM79, 80
  42. Alkerwi A81
  43. Allebeck P51, 82
  44. Alvisguzman N83, 84
  45. Amare AT85, 88
  46. Aminde LN89
  47. Ammar W94, 95
  48. Amoako YA97
  49. Amul GGH98
  50. Andrei CL101
  51. Angus C102
  52. Ansha MG61
  53. Antonio CAT103
  54. Aremu O105
  55. Arnlov J52, 106
  56. Artaman A107
  57. Aryal KK108
  58. Assadi R109
  59. Ausloos M111
  60. Avilaburgos L112
  61. Avokpaho EFGA114, 115
  62. Awasthi A58, 117
  63. Ayele HT118, 119
  64. Ayer R120
  65. Ayuk TB123, 124
  66. Azzopardi PS86, 125
  67. Badali H126
  68. Badawi A64, 131
  69. Banach M134, 135
  70. Barkercollo SL136
  71. Barrero LH137
  72. Basaleem H138
  73. Baye E139
  74. Bazarganhejazi S140, 141
  75. Bedi N142, 143
  76. Bejot Y144, 145
  77. Belachew AB146
  78. Belay SA153
  79. Bennett DA66
  80. Bensenor IM154
  81. Bernabe E157
  82. Bernstein RS159, 160
  83. Beyene AS12, 161
  84. Beyranvand T165
  85. Bhaumik S167
  86. Bhutta ZA65, 168
  87. Biadgo B25
  88. Bijani A169, 170
  89. Bililign N175
  90. Birlik SM177, 178
  91. Birungi C179, 182
  92. Bizuneh H183
  93. Bjerregaard P36
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  95. Borges G187
  96. Bosetti C188
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  98. Bragazzi NL194
  99. Brenner H195
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  101. Cahuanahurtado L112
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  103. Camposnonato IR113
  104. Rincon JCC113, 199
  105. Carreras G200
  106. Carrero JJ53
  107. Carvalho F201
  108. Castanedaorjuela CA205, 206
  109. Rivas JC207, 208
  110. Catalalopez F209
  111. Chang JC210
  112. Charlson FJ2, 89
  113. Chattopadhyay A211
  114. Chaturvedi P214
  115. Chowdhury R215
  116. Christopher DJ216
  117. Chung SC180, 219
  118. Ciobanu LG220
  119. Claro RM222
  120. Conti S275
  121. Cousin E226
  122. Criqui MH227
  123. Dachew BA24, 89
  124. Dargan PI158, 228
  125. Daryani A127
  126. Das Neves J202, 204
  127. Davletov K229
  128. De Castro F113
  129. De Courten B230, 233
  130. De Neve JW234
  131. Degenhardt L1, 191
  132. Demoz GT19, 236
  133. Des Jarlais DC237
  134. Dey S238
  135. Dhaliwal RS239
  136. Dharmaratne SD1, 240
  137. Dhimal M241
  138. Doku DT242, 243
  139. Doyle KE244
  140. Dubey M245
  141. Dubljanin E246
  142. Duncan BB226
  143. Ebrahimi H39, 40
  144. Edessa D13
  145. El Sayed Zaki M247
  146. Ermakov SP248, 249
  147. Erskine HE89, 252
  148. Esteghamati A39
  149. Faramarzi M174
  150. Farioli A176
  151. Faro A253
  152. Farvid MS6
  153. Farzadfar F41
  154. Feigin VL1, 254
  155. Felisbinomendes MS223
  156. Fernandes E203
  157. Ferrari AJ89, 252
  158. Ferri CP255
  159. Fijabi DO256, 257
  160. Filip I258, 259
  161. Finger JD261
  162. Fischer F262
  163. Flaxman AD1
  164. Franklin RC263
  165. Futran ND3
  166. Gallus S189
  167. Ganji M39
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  169. Gebregergs GB146
  170. Gebrehiwot TT11
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  174. Ghimire M266
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  181. Goulart AC155
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  183. Grosso G278
  184. Guo Y231
  185. Gupta R279, 280, 281, 282
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  188. Gutierrez RA187
  189. Gvs M284
  190. Hafezinejad N42, 285
  191. Hagos TB147
  192. Hailu GB148
  193. Hamadeh RR286
  194. Hamidi S287
  195. Hankey GJ72, 288
  196. Harb HL289
  197. Harikrishnan S291
  198. Haro JM293, 294
  199. Hassen HY296, 299
  200. Havmoeller R300
  201. Hay SI1
  202. Heibati B162
  203. Henok A298
  204. Herediapi I112
  205. Hernandezllanes NF301
  206. Herteliu C302
  207. Ts Tsegaw Hibstu D304
  208. Hoogar P305
  209. Horita N306, 307
  210. Hosgood HD308
  211. Hosseini M50
  212. Hostiuc M100, 309
  213. Hu G310
  214. Huang H311
  215. Husseini A312, 313
  216. Idrisov B314
  217. Ileanu BV303
  218. Ilesanmi OS315
  219. Irvani SSN41, 316
  220. Islam SMS317
  221. Jackson MD319
  222. Jakovljevic M1, 320
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  224. Jayatilleke AU321, 322
  225. Jha RP323
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  227. Jozwiak JJ325, 326
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  229. Kadel R328
  230. Kahsay A149
  231. Kapil U329
  232. Kasaeian A43, 44
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  234. Katikireddi SV330
  235. Kawakami N121
  236. Kebede S331
  237. Kefale AT297
  238. Keiyoro PN332
  239. Kengne AP333, 335
  240. Khader Y338
  241. Khafaie MA339
  242. Khalil IA1
  243. Khan MN161, 341
  244. Khang YH342, 343
  245. Khater MM344
  246. Khubchandani J345
  247. Kim CI346
  248. Kim D347
  249. Kim YJ348
  250. Kimokoti RW349
  251. Kisa A350, 352
  252. Kivimaki M181, 353
  253. Kochhar S2, 355, 356
  254. Kosen S358
  255. Koul PA359
  256. Koyanagi A293
  257. Krishan K360
  258. Defo BK361, 362
  259. Bicer BK363, 364
  260. Kulkarni VS365
  261. Kumar P213
  262. Lafranconi A275
  263. Balaji AL370
  264. Lalloo R90
  265. Lallukka T353, 371
  266. Lam H373
  267. Lami FH374
  268. Lan Q375
  269. Lang JJ132
  270. Lansky S376
  271. Larsson AO377, 378
  272. Latifi A380
  273. Leasher JL381
  274. Lee PH382
  275. Leigh J383
  276. Leinsalu M385, 386
  277. Leung J91
  278. Levi M387, 388
  279. Li Y389
  280. Lim LL390
  281. Linn S391, 392
  282. Liu S393
  283. Lobatocordero A394
  284. Lopez AD366
  285. Lotufo PA154
  286. Macarayan ERK7, 104
  287. Machado IE224
  288. Madotto F225
  289. Abd El Razek HM395
  290. Abd El Razek MM396
  291. Majdan M397
  292. Majdzadeh R45, 49
  293. Majeed A273
  294. Malekzadeh R46, 398
  295. Malta DC223
  296. Mapoma CC399
  297. Martinezraga J400, 401
  298. Maulik PK166, 192
  299. Mazidi M402
  300. Mckee M403
  301. Mehta V405
  302. Meier T406, 408
  303. Mekonen T87
  304. Meles KG152
  305. Melese A409
  306. Memiah PTN410
  307. Mendoza W411
  308. Mengistu DT148
  309. Mensah GA336, 412
  310. Meretoja TJ354, 413
  311. Mezgebe HB414
  312. Miazgowski T415
  313. Miller TR417, 418
  314. Mini G292, 419
  315. Mirica A302, 420
  316. Mirrakhimov EM421, 422
  317. Moazen B234, 423
  318. Mohammad KA424, 425
  319. Mohammadifard N426
  320. Mohammed S234, 428
  321. Monasta L430
  322. Moraga P431
  323. Morawska L432
  324. Mousavi SM47
  325. Mukhopadhyay S434
  326. Musa KI435
  327. Naheed A436
  328. Naik G437
  329. Najafi F438
  330. Nangia V440
  331. Nansseu JR290, 441
  332. Nayak MSDP369
  333. Nejjari C442, 443
  334. Neupane S243
  335. Neupane SP351, 444
  336. Ngunjiri JW445
  337. Nguyen CT445
  338. Nguyen LH446
  339. Nguyen TH446
  340. Ningrum DNA447, 448
  341. Nirayo YL150
  342. Noubiap JJ335
  343. Oforiasenso R232, 449
  344. Ogbo FA451
  345. Oh IH452
  346. Oladimeji O453, 454
  347. Olagunju AT221, 455
  348. Olivares PR456
  349. Olusanya BO457
  350. Olusanya JO458
  351. Oommen AM217
  352. Oren E4, 459
  353. Orpana HM133, 460
  354. Ortegaaltamirano DDV112
  355. Ortiz JR2, 461
  356. Ota E462
  357. Owolabi MO463
  358. Oyekale AS464
  359. Mahesh PA466
  360. Pana A302, 467
  361. Park EK468
  362. Parry CDH30, 334
  363. Parsian H171
  364. Patle A213, 357
  365. Patton GC367, 469
  366. Paudel D470, 471
  367. Petzold M472, 473
  368. Phillips MR474
  369. Pillay JD475
  370. Postma MJ476, 477
  371. Pourmalek F196
  372. Prabhakaran D56, 404
  373. Qorbani M478
  374. Radfar A260, 479
  375. Rafay A480
  376. Rafiei A128, 130
  377. Rahim F50, 340
  378. Rahimimovaghar A48
  379. Rahman M318
  380. Rahman MA481, 482
  381. Rai RK485, 486
  382. Rajsic S487
  383. Raju SB488
  384. Ram U212
  385. Rana SM480, 489
  386. Ranabhat CL490
  387. Rawaf DL274, 491
  388. Rawaf S273, 277
  389. Reiner RC1
  390. Reis C492
  391. Renzaho AMN450
  392. Rezai MS129
  393. Roever L493
  394. Ronfani L430
  395. Room R483, 494
  396. Roshandel G46, 495
  397. Rostami A170, 172
  398. Roth GA1
  399. Roy A496
  400. Sabde YD497
  401. Saddik B498
  402. Safiri S379
  403. Sahebkar A110
  404. Saleem Z499
  405. Salomon JA500
  406. Salvi SS501
  407. Sanabria J502, 503
  408. Sancheznino MD504
  409. Santomauro DF89, 251
  410. Santos IS154
  411. Santric Milicevic MMM505
  412. Sarker AR506
  413. Sarmientosuarez R507
  414. Sarrafzadegan N196, 427
  415. Sartorius B508
  416. Satpathy M509, 510
  417. Sawhney M511
  418. Saxena S275
  419. Saylan M512
  420. Schaub MP513
  421. Schmidt MI226
  422. Schneider IJC514
  423. Schottker B194
  424. Schutte AE32, 465
  425. Schwendicke F515
  426. Sepanlou SG46, 398
  427. Shaikh MA516
  428. Sharif M517, 518
  429. She J519
  430. Sheikh A8, 520
  431. Shen J521
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  433. Shigematsu M522
  434. Shiri R372
  435. Shishani K523
  436. Shiue I407
  437. Shukla SR524
  438. Sigfusdottir ID525, 526
  439. Silva DAS514
  440. Da Silva NT527
  441. Silveira DGA92, 528
  442. Sinha DN529, 530
  443. Sitas F193, 384
  444. Filho AMS93
  445. Soofi M439
  446. Sorensen RJD2
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  448. Sreeramareddy CT533
  449. Steckling N534, 535
  450. Stein DJ33, 337
  451. Sufiyan MB429
  452. Sur PJ1
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  454. Tabaresseisdedos R401, 537
  455. Tabuchi T538
  456. Tavakkoli M539
  457. Tehranibanihashemi A163, 164
  458. Tekle MG12
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  469. Ullah I546, 547
  470. Uthman OA268
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  472. Van Boven JFM477
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  474. Venketasubramanian N99, 551
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  487. Westerman R558
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  492. Xu G562
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  495. Ye P564
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  499. Yisma E18
  500. Yonemoto N567
  501. Yoon SJ568
  502. Yotebieng M569, 570
  503. Younis MZ571, 572
  504. Zachariah G573
  505. Zaidi Z329
  506. Zamani M173
  507. Zhang X574
  508. Zodpey S57
  509. Mokdad AH1
  510. Naghavi M1
  511. Murray CJL1
  512. Gakidou E1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  7. 7. Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  8. 8. BWH Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  9. 9. Seattle Genetics, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  11. 11. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  12. 12. School of Public Health, Harar, Ethiopia
  13. 13. School of Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Harar, Ethiopia
  15. 15. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  16. 16. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  17. 17. Department of Reproductive Health and Health Service Management, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  18. 18. School of Alaide Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  20. 20. Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  21. 21. Department of Public Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  22. 22. Office of the Undersecretary of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  23. 23. Human Nutrition, Gondar, Ethiopia
  24. 24. Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia
  25. 25. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  26. 26. Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  27. 27. Institute of Epidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
  28. 28. Nepal Development Society, Nepal
  29. 29. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  30. 30. Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  31. 31. Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  32. 32. Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Cape Town, South Africa
  33. 33. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  34. 34. Nepal Health Research Environment, Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, Nepal
  35. 35. Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  36. 36. National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  37. 37. Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  38. 38. Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Spain
  39. 39. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
  48. 48. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran, Iran
  49. 49. Community-Based Participatory-Research Center (CBPR), Tehran, Iran
  50. 50. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  51. 51. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  52. 52. Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  53. 53. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  54. 54. Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  55. 55. Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
  56. 56. Research Group of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Yerevan, Armenia
  57. 57. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India
  58. 58. Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Gurugram, India
  59. 59. Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India
  60. 60. Department of Midwifery, Lexington, KY, United States
  61. 61. Department of Public Health, Lexington, KY, United States
  62. 62. Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  63. 63. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, United States
  64. 64. Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  65. 65. Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  66. 66. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  67. 67. Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
  68. 68. VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Saint Louis, MO, United States
  69. 69. Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  70. 70. Research Committee, Education Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, Washington, DC, United States
  71. 71. School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  72. 72. Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  73. 73. Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, Iraq
  74. 74. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  75. 75. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  76. 76. Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  77. 77. University of London, Pakistan
  78. 78. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  79. 79. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  80. 80. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  81. 81. Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  82. 82. Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden
  83. 83. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  84. 84. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
  85. 85. Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  86. 86. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  87. 87. Psychiatry, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  88. 88. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  89. 89. School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  90. 90. School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  91. 91. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  92. 92. Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  93. 93. Department of Diseases and Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  94. 94. Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  95. 95. Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  96. 96. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  97. 97. Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  98. 98. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  99. 99. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  100. 100. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Bucharest, Romania
  101. 101. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  102. 102. School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  103. 103. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  104. 104. Development and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  105. 105. School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  106. 106. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  107. 107. Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  108. 108. DFID Nepal Health Sector Programme 3, Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, ABT Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
  109. 109. Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  111. 111. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  112. 112. Center for Health Systems Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  113. 113. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  114. 114. Deworm3 Project, Benin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Calavi, Benin
  115. 115. Control of Infectious Diseases Project, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health (LERAS), Porto-Novo, Benin
  116. 116. Non-Communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health (LERAS), Porto-Novo, Benin
  117. 117. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  118. 118. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  119. 119. Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  120. 120. Department of Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  121. 121. Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  122. 122. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  123. 123. Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Plant Medicinal Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
  124. 124. Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
  125. 125. Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal and Child Health Program, Discipline of International Development, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  126. 126. Department of Medical Mycology, Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  127. 127. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  128. 128. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  129. 129. Department of Pediatrics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  130. 130. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  131. 131. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  132. 132. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  133. 133. Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  134. 134. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  135. 135. Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
  136. 136. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  137. 137. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  138. 138. University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
  139. 139. Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  140. 140. Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  141. 141. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  142. 142. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  143. 143. Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
  144. 144. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  145. 145. Dijon Stroke Registry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  146. 146. School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  147. 147. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  148. 148. Biomedical Sciences Division, School of Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  149. 149. Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  150. 150. Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  151. 151. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  152. 152. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  153. 153. Dr. Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  154. 154. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  155. 155. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  156. 156. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  157. 157. Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  158. 158. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  160. 160. Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  161. 161. School of Public Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  162. 162. Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  163. 163. Community Medicine Department, Tehran, Iran
  164. 164. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  165. 165. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  166. 166. Research, New Delhi, India
  167. 167. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  168. 168. Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  169. 169. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol, Iran
  170. 170. Health Research Institute, Babol, Iran
  171. 171. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol, Iran
  172. 172. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol, Iran
  173. 173. Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran
  174. 174. Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  175. 175. Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  176. 176. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
  177. 177. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  178. 178. GBS/CIDP Foundation International, Conshohocken, PA, United States
  179. 179. UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  180. 180. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  181. 181. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  182. 182. Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Gaborone, Botswana
  183. 183. Public Health, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  184. 184. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  185. 185. Department of Research, Oslo, Norway
  186. 186. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  187. 187. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, Mexico
  188. 188. Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
  189. 189. Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
  190. 190. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  191. 191. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  192. 192. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  193. 193. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  194. 194. University of Genoa, Italy
  195. 195. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  196. 196. School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  197. 197. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  198. 198. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  199. 199. School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  200. 200. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
  201. 201. Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  202. 202. Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  203. 203. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  204. 204. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  205. 205. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  206. 206. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  207. 207. Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica
  208. 208. School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  209. 209. Department of Health Planning and Economics, National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  210. 210. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  211. 211. Department of Development Studies, Mumbai, India
  212. 212. Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, Mumbai, India
  213. 213. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  214. 214. Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  215. 215. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
  216. 216. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vellore, India
  217. 217. Department of Community Health, Vellore, India
  218. 218. Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  219. 219. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  220. 220. School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  221. 221. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  222. 222. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  223. 223. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  224. 224. School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  225. 225. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  226. 226. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  227. 227. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  228. 228. Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  229. 229. Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  230. 230. Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  231. 231. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  232. 232. Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  233. 233. Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  234. 234. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  235. 235. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  236. 236. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  237. 237. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  238. 238. Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India
  239. 239. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  240. 240. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  241. 241. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  242. 242. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  243. 243. School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  244. 244. School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  245. 245. United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  246. 246. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
  247. 247. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  248. 248. Laboratory for Socio-Economic Issues of Human Development and Quality of Life, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  249. 249. Department of Medical Statistics and Documentary, Moscow, Russian Federation
  250. 250. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation
  251. 251. Policy and Epidemiology Group, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  252. 252. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  253. 253. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  254. 254. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  255. 255. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  256. 256. Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  257. 257. School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
  258. 258. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  259. 259. Department of Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ, United States
  260. 260. A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  261. 261. Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  262. 262. Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  263. 263. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  264. 264. Neurosurgery Department, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
  265. 265. Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  266. 266. Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  267. 267. Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  268. 268. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  269. 269. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  270. 270. College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  271. 271. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  272. 272. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  273. 273. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  274. 274. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  275. 275. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  276. 276. Health Improvement Directorate, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  277. 277. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  278. 278. Integrated Tumor Registry, University-Hospital Polyclinic Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
  279. 279. Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  280. 280. Department of Health Policy Management and Leadership, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  281. 281. Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India
  282. 282. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  283. 283. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  284. 284. Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
  285. 285. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  286. 286. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  287. 287. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  288. 288. Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  289. 289. Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  290. 290. Department of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  291. 291. Cardiology Department, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  292. 292. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  293. 293. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  294. 294. Department of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
  295. 295. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  296. 296. Public Health Department, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  297. 297. Pharmacy Department, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  298. 298. Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  299. 299. Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
  300. 300. Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
  301. 301. Subdirectorate of Regulations, Guidelines and Technical Procedures, Secretary of Health, National Commission Against Addiction, Mexico City, Mexico
  302. 302. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest, Romania
  303. 303. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  304. 304. Department of Reproductive Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  305. 305. Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India
  306. 306. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  307. 307. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  308. 308. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  309. 309. Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  310. 310. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  311. 311. Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  312. 312. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
  313. 313. Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  314. 314. Infectious Diseases Department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
  315. 315. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
  316. 316. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  317. 317. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
  318. 318. National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
  319. 319. Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
  320. 320. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  321. 321. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  322. 322. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  323. 323. Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  324. 324. Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
  325. 325. Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  326. 326. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  327. 327. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  328. 328. Department of Health Policy, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  329. 329. A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi, India
  330. 330. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  331. 331. Midwifery Program, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  332. 332. Odel Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  333. 333. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  334. 334. Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  335. 335. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  336. 336. Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  337. 337. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  338. 338. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Alramtha, Jordan
  339. 339. Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  340. 340. Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  341. 341. Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  342. 342. Institute of Health Policy and Management, SNU Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  343. 343. Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  344. 344. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  345. 345. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  346. 346. Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-Si, South Korea
  347. 347. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  348. 348. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  349. 349. Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  350. 350. Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  351. 351. Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  352. 352. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  353. 353. Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
  354. 354. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  355. 355. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  356. 356. Erasmus University Medical Center, Netherlands
  357. 357. International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
  358. 358. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  359. 359. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  360. 360. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  361. 361. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  362. 362. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  363. 363. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
  364. 364. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  365. 365. Arkansas State University, United States
  366. 366. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  367. 367. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  368. 368. Australian Institute of Muscular Skeletal Sciences, Department of Medicine and Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  369. 369. Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore, India
  370. 370. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  371. 371. Population and Work Ability Program, Helsinki, Finland
  372. 372. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  373. 373. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  374. 374. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
  375. 375. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  376. 376. Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  377. 377. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  378. 378. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
  379. 379. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  380. 380. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  381. 381. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  382. 382. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  383. 383. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  384. 384. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  385. 385. Scohost, Sodertorn University, Huddinge, Sweden
  386. 386. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  387. 387. CERIMP, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
  388. 388. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  389. 389. Department of Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Shenzen Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shenzhen, China
  390. 390. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  391. 391. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
  392. 392. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  393. 393. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, China
  394. 394. National Institute of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies (INER), Quito, Ecuador
  395. 395. Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
  396. 396. Opthamology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  397. 397. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  398. 398. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  399. 399. Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  400. 400. Psychiatry Department, Doctor Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
  401. 401. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  402. 402. Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
  403. 403. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  404. 404. Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  405. 405. Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India
  406. 406. Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  407. 407. Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  408. 408. Innovation Office Nutricard, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Halle, Germany
  409. 409. College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  410. 410. Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  411. 411. Peru Country Office of the UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  412. 412. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  413. 413. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  414. 414. Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  415. 415. Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  416. 416. Zdroje Hospital, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  417. 417. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  418. 418. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  419. 419. Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
  420. 420. President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania
  421. 421. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  422. 422. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  423. 423. Department of Health and Social Work, Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
  424. 424. Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  425. 425. ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq
  426. 426. Nutrition and Cohort Studies Department, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  427. 427. Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  428. 428. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  429. 429. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  430. 430. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  431. 431. Lancaster University, United Kingdom
  432. 432. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  433. 433. St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  434. 434. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, Kolkata, India
  435. 435. School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  436. 436. Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  437. 437. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  438. 438. Epidemiology Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  439. 439. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  440. 440. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  441. 441. Department of Public Heath, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
  442. 442. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
  443. 443. International School of Public Health, Mohammed Vi University of Health Science, Casablanca, Morocco
  444. 444. Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
  445. 445. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  446. 446. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  447. 447. Public Health Department, Semarang State University, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  448. 448. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  449. 449. Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, Accra, Ghana
  450. 450. School of Social Sciences and Psychology Department, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  451. 451. Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  452. 452. Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, South Korea
  453. 453. HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB (HAST) Programme, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Durban, South Africa
  454. 454. School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia
  455. 455. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  456. 456. Autonomous University of Chile, Chile
  457. 457. Ikoyi, Nigeria
  458. 458. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria
  459. 459. Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
  460. 460. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  461. 461. Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  462. 462. Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-Ku, Japan
  463. 463. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  464. 464. Agricultural Economics Group, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
  465. 465. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
  466. 466. Department of TB and Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  467. 467. Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  468. 468. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  469. 469. Population Health Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  470. 470. Health, Nutrition and HIV AIDS Program, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
  471. 471. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  472. 472. Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  473. 473. School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  474. 474. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  475. 475. Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  476. 476. Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  477. 477. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  478. 478. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  479. 479. Medichem, Spain
  480. 480. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  481. 481. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  482. 482. Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
  483. 483. Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
  484. 484. Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
  485. 485. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  486. 486. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  487. 487. Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
  488. 488. Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
  489. 489. Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  490. 490. Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Nepal
  491. 491. University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
  492. 492. Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
  493. 493. Department of Clinical Research, University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  494. 494. Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
  495. 495. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  496. 496. Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
  497. 497. National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
  498. 498. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  499. 499. Punjab University, College of Pharmacy, Pakistan
  500. 500. Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  501. 501. Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India
  502. 502. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  503. 503. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  504. 504. Nephrology Group, LIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  505. 505. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  506. 506. Health Economics and Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  507. 507. Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
  508. 508. Department of Public Health Medicine, Howard College Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  509. 509. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  510. 510. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  511. 511. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  512. 512. Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
  513. 513. Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  514. 514. Health Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  515. 515. Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charity University Medical Center - Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  516. 516. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  517. 517. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  518. 518. Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  519. 519. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  520. 520. Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  521. 521. Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  522. 522. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  523. 523. Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
  524. 524. Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
  525. 525. Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  526. 526. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  527. 527. Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal
  528. 528. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  529. 529. School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  530. 530. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  531. 531. Pneumology Service, Research Institute of the University Hospital of the Princess (IISP), Madrid, Spain
  532. 532. Pneumology Service, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  533. 533. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  534. 534. Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
  535. 535. Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall I.T., Austria
  536. 536. Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  537. 537. Carlos III Health Institute, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
  538. 538. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  539. 539. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  540. 540. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  541. 541. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  542. 542. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  543. 543. Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  544. 544. Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  545. 545. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  546. 546. Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  547. 547. Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB Unit, TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  548. 548. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  549. 549. Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Velez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  550. 550. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  551. 551. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  552. 552. Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  553. 553. Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  554. 554. Center for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  555. 555. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia
  556. 556. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  557. 557. Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  558. 558. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  559. 559. Independent Consultant, Satufenberg, Germany
  560. 560. Information Services Division, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  561. 561. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  562. 562. School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
  563. 563. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
  564. 564. Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  565. 565. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  566. 566. University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
  567. 567. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  568. 568. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  569. 569. College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  570. 570. School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
  571. 571. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  572. 572. Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  573. 573. Department of Cardiology, Mother Hospital, Thrissur, India
  574. 574. University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States

Source: The Lancet Published:2018


Abstract

Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-3·0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6·8% (5·8-8·0) of agestandardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3·8% (95% UI 3·2-4·3) of female deaths and 12·2% (10·8-13·6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2·3% (95% UI 2·0-2·6) and male attributable DALYs were 8·9% (7·8-9·9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1·4% [95% UI 1·0-1·7] of total deaths), road injuries (1·2% [0·7-1·9]), and self-harm (1·1% [0·6-1·5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27·1% (95% UI 21·2-33·3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18·9% (15·3-22·6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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