Associations of Whole and Refined Grain Intake With Colorectal Cancer Risk: Dose–Response and Isocaloric Substitution Analyses in a Multi-Center Population-Based Case–Control Study Publisher Pubmed

Summary: Could grain choice relate to colon cancer? A case-control study linked whole grains to lower cancer odds, refined grains to higher odds. #Nutrition #CancerResearch

Dehghanpour Farashah F ; Zeydi M ; Mohammadi M A ; Hadi B ; Hemati N ; Zargar H ; Ravankhah Z ; Sadeghi O
Source: Nutrition and Cancer Published:2026

Abstract

The associations between dietary factors, whole and refined grains, and colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear, particularly in Middle Eastern populations. This multicenter, population-based case–control study assessed the associations between whole and refined grain intake and CRC risk in adults across three provinces in Iran. A total of 402 CRC patients and 825 controls were included. CRC was confirmed by colonoscopy, and dietary intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Individuals in the highest tertile of whole-grain consumption had a 52% lower risk of CRC compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.32–0.74), whereas individuals in the highest tertile of refined grain intake had 2.62 times higher odds of CRC (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.62–4.24). Dose–response analyses indicated a non-linear inverse association for whole grains, with the greatest risk reduction observed between 50 and 100 g/day. Substitution analyses showed that replacing refined grains with whole grains was associated with a modest reduction in CRC risk (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85–0.97). These findings suggest that higher whole-grain intake significantly reduces CRC risk, whereas refined-grain consumption substantially increases it, supporting dietary strategies that promote whole-grain intake for CRC prevention. © 2026 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.