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Rising Rural Body-Mass Index Is the Main Driver of the Global Obesity Epidemic in Adults Publisher Pubmed



Bixby H1 ; Bentham J2 ; Zhou B1 ; Di Cesare M3 ; Paciorek CJ4 ; Bennett JE1 ; Taddei C1 ; Stevens GA5 ; Rodriguezmartinez A1 ; Carrillolarco RM1 ; Khang YH6 ; Soric M7 ; Gregg EW8 ; Miranda JJ9 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Bixby H1
  2. Bentham J2
  3. Zhou B1
  4. Di Cesare M3
  5. Paciorek CJ4
  6. Bennett JE1
  7. Taddei C1
  8. Stevens GA5
  9. Rodriguezmartinez A1
  10. Carrillolarco RM1
  11. Khang YH6
  12. Soric M7
  13. Gregg EW8
  14. Miranda JJ9
  15. Bhutta ZA10, 11
  16. Savin S5
  17. Sophiea MK1
  18. Iurilli MLC1
  19. Solomon BD1
  20. Cowan MJ5
  21. Riley LM5
  22. Danaei G12
  23. Bovet P13, 14
  24. Chiritaemandi A15
  25. Hambleton IR16
  26. Hayes AJ17
  27. Ikeda N18
  28. Kengne AP19
  29. Laxmaiah A20
  30. Li Y12
  31. Mcgarvey ST21
  32. Mostafa A22
  33. Neovius M23
  34. Starc G24
  35. Zainuddin AA25
  36. Abarcagomez L26
  37. Abdeen ZA27
  38. Abdrakhmanova S28
  39. Abdulghaffar S25
  40. Abdulhamid Z29
  41. Abubakargarba J30
  42. Aburmeileh NM31
  43. Acostacazares B32
  44. Adams RJ33
  45. Aekplakorn W34
  46. Afsana K35
  47. Agdeppa IA36
  48. Aguilarsalinas CA37
  49. Agyemang C38
  50. Ahmad MH25
  51. Ahmad NA25
  52. Ahmadi N39
  53. Ahmadvand A40
  54. Ahrens W41
  55. Ajlouni K42
  56. Albuhairan F43
  57. Aldhukair S44
  58. Alhazzaa HM45
  59. Ali MM5
  60. Ali O46
  61. Alkerwi A47
  62. Alothman AR48
  63. Alraddadi R49
  64. Alvarezpedrerol M50
  65. Aly E51
  66. Amarapurkar DN52
  67. Amouyel P53, 54
  68. Amuzu A55
  69. Andersen LB56
  70. Anderssen SA57
  71. Angquist LH58
  72. Anjana RM59
  73. Ansarimoghaddam A60
  74. Aounallahskhiri H61
  75. Araujo J62
  76. Ariansen I63
  77. Aris T25
  78. Arku RE64
  79. Aryal KK65
  80. Aspelund T66
  81. Assah FK67
  82. Assuncao MCF68
  83. Aung MS69
  84. Auvinen J70
  85. Avdicova M71
  86. Azevedo A72
  87. Azizi F73
  88. Azmin M40
  89. Babu BV74
  90. Baharudin A25
  91. Bahijri S49
  92. Baker JL75
  93. Bamoshmoosh M76
  94. Banach M77
  95. Bandosz P78
  96. Banegas JR79
  97. Barbagallo CM80
  98. Barcelo A81
  99. Barkat A82
  100. Barros AJD68
  101. Barros MVG83
  102. Bata I84
  103. Batieha AM85
  104. Batista RL86
  105. Battakova Z28
  106. Batyrbek A87
  107. Baur LA17
  108. Beaglehole R88
  109. Belserrat S89
  110. Ben Romdhane H90
  111. Benedics J91
  112. Benet M92
  113. Berkinbayev S87
  114. Bernabeortiz A9
  115. Bernotiene G93
  116. Bettiol H94
  117. Bhagyalaxmi A95
  118. Bharadwaj S96
  119. Bhargava SK97
  120. Bi H98
  121. Bi Y99
  122. Biehl A63
  123. Bikalele EC100
  124. Bikbov M101
  125. Bista B102
  126. Bjelica DJ103
  127. Bjerregaard P104, 105
  128. Bjertness E106
  129. Bjertness MB106
  130. Bjorkelund C107
  131. Blokstra A108
  132. Bo S109
  133. Bobak M110
  134. Boddy LM111
  135. Boehm BO112
  136. Boeing H113
  137. Boggia JG114
  138. Boissonnet CP115
  139. Bonaccio M116
  140. Bongard V117
  141. Bopp M118
  142. Borchini R119
  143. Borghs H120
  144. Braeckevelt L121
  145. Braeckman L122
  146. Bragt MCE123
  147. Brajkovich I124
  148. Branca F5
  149. Breckenkamp J125
  150. Breda J126
  151. Brenner H127
  152. Brewster LM38
  153. Brian GR128
  154. Brinduse L129
  155. Bruno G109
  156. Buenodemesquita HB108
  157. Bugge A130
  158. Buoncristiano M126
  159. Burazeri G131
  160. Burns C132
  161. Cabrerade Leon A133
  162. Cacciottolo J134
  163. Cai H135
  164. Cama T136
  165. Cameron C137
  166. Camolas J138
  167. Can G139
  168. Can G139
  169. Candido APC141
  170. Canete F142
  171. Capanzana MV36
  172. Capuano E143
  173. Capuano V143
  174. Cardoso VC94
  175. Carlsson AC144
  176. Carmuega E145
  177. Carvalho MJ146
  178. Casanueva FF147
  179. Casas JP110
  180. Caserta CA148
  181. Celikcan E149
  182. Censi L150
  183. Cesar JA151
  184. Chamukuttan S152
  185. Chan AW153
  186. Chan Q1
  187. Chaturvedi HK154
  188. Chaturvedi N110
  189. Che Abdulrahim N25
  190. Chen CJ155
  191. Chen F156
  192. Chen H157
  193. Chen S158
  194. Chen Z159
  195. Cheng CY153
  196. Cheng YJ8
  197. Chetrit A160
  198. Chikovaiscener E161
  199. Chiolero A162
  200. Chiou ST163
  201. Chirlaque MD164
  202. Cho B165
  203. Cho Y166
  204. Christensen K105
  205. Christofaro DG167
  206. Chudek J168
  207. Cifkova R169, 170
  208. Cilia M171
  209. Cinteza E172
  210. Claessens F173
  211. Clarke J174
  212. Clays E122
  213. Concin H175
  214. Confortin SC176
  215. Cooper C177
  216. Coppinger TC132
  217. Costanzo S116
  218. Cottel D178
  219. Cowell C17
  220. Craig CL137
  221. Crampin AC179
  222. Crujeiras AB180
  223. Cruz JJ79
  224. Cucu A181
  225. Cui L158
  226. Dallongeville J178
  227. Damasceno A182
  228. Damsgaard CT58
  229. Dankner R160
  230. Dantoft TM75
  231. Darrigo G183
  232. Dasgupta P184
  233. Dastgiri S185
  234. Dauchet L54
  235. Davletov K87
  236. De Backer G122
  237. De Bacquer D122
  238. De Curtis A116
  239. De Gaetano G116
  240. De Henauw S122
  241. De Oliveira PD68
  242. De Ridder K186
  243. De Rooij SR187
  244. De Smedt D122
  245. Deepa M59
  246. Deev AD188
  247. Dehghan A189
  248. Delisle H190
  249. Delpeuch F191
  250. Dennison E177
  251. Deschamps V192
  252. Dhana K189
  253. Dhimal M102
  254. Di Castelnuovo AF193
  255. Diasdacosta JS194
  256. Diaz A195
  257. Dika Z7
  258. Djalalinia S196
  259. Do HTP197
  260. Dobson AJ198
  261. Donati MB116
  262. Donfrancesco C199
  263. Donoso SP200
  264. Doring A201
  265. Dorobantu M172
  266. Dorosty AR39
  267. Dorsi E176
  268. Doua K202
  269. Drygas W203
  270. Duan JL204
  271. Duante CA36
  272. Duda RB205
  273. Duleva V161
  274. Dulskiene V93
  275. Dumith SC151
  276. Dzerve V206
  277. Dziankowskazaborszczyk E77
  278. Eddie R207
  279. Egbagbe EE208
  280. Eggertsen R107
  281. Eiben G209
  282. Ekelund U57
  283. El Ati J210
  284. Eldemireshearer D211
  285. Eliasen M75
  286. Elliott P1
  287. Englestone R212
  288. Erasmus RT213
  289. Erem C139
  290. Eriksen L105
  291. Eriksson JG214
  292. Escobedode La Pena J32
  293. Evans A215
  294. Faeh D118
  295. Fall CH177
  296. Farrugiasantangelo V171
  297. Farzadfar F39
  298. Fattahi MR216
  299. Felixredondo FJ217
  300. Ferguson TS211
  301. Fernandes RA167
  302. Fernandezberges D218
  303. Ferrante D219
  304. Ferrari M220
  305. Ferreccio C221
  306. Ferrer E36
  307. Ferrieres J117
  308. Fijalkowska A222
  309. Fink G223, 224
  310. Fischer K225
  311. Flores EM226
  312. Foger B175
  313. Foo LH227
  314. Forslund AS228
  315. Forsner M228
  316. Fouad HM51
  317. Francis DK229
  318. Franco MC230
  319. Franco OH189
  320. Frontera G231
  321. Fuchs FD232
  322. Fuchs SC233
  323. Fujita Y234
  324. Furusawa T235
  325. Gaciong Z236
  326. Gafencu M15
  327. Galeone D237
  328. Galvano F238
  329. Gao J158
  330. Garciadelahera M239
  331. Gareta D240
  332. Garnett SP17
  333. Gaspoz JM241
  334. Gasull M242
  335. Gates L243
  336. Gazzinelli A244
  337. Geiger H175
  338. Geleijnse JM245
  339. Ghanbari A39
  340. Ghasemi E39
  341. Ghasemian A40
  342. Gheorghefronea OF172
  343. Giampaoli S199
  344. Gianfagna F193, 246
  345. Gill TK247
  346. Giovannelli J54
  347. Gironella G36
  348. Giwercman A248
  349. Godos J238
  350. Gogen S149
  351. Goldsmith RA249
  352. Goltzman D250
  353. Goncalves H68
  354. Gonzalez AR251
  355. Gonzalezchica DA247
  356. Gonzalezgross M252
  357. Gonzalezleon M32
  358. Gonzalezrivas JP253
  359. Gonzalezvillalpando ME254
  360. Gottrand F53
  361. Graca AP255
  362. Graffiversen S63
  363. Grafnetter D256
  364. Grajda A257
  365. Grammatikopoulou MG258
  366. Gregor RD84
  367. Grodzicki T259
  368. Grontved A105
  369. Grosso G238
  370. Gruden G109
  371. Gu D260
  372. Gualdirusso E261
  373. Gudmundsson EF262
  374. Gudnason V66
  375. Guerrero R263
  376. Guessous I241
  377. Guimaraes AL264
  378. Gulliford MC265
  379. Gunnlaugsdottir J262
  380. Gunter M266
  381. Guo X267
  382. Guo Y267
  383. Gupta PC268
  384. Gupta R269
  385. Gureje O270
  386. Gurzkowska B257
  387. Gutierrez L271
  388. Gutzwiller F118
  389. Hadaegh F73
  390. Hadjigeorgiou CA272
  391. Haghshenas R40
  392. Halkjaer J273
  393. Hardy R110
  394. Hassapidou M274
  395. Hata J275
  396. Haugsgjerd T276
  397. He J277
  398. He Y278
  399. Heidingerfelso R279
  400. Heinen M89
  401. Hejgaard T280
  402. Hendriks ME281
  403. Henriques A62
  404. Hernandezcadena L226
  405. Herrala S282
  406. Herrera VM283
  407. Herteraeberli I284
  408. Heshmat R285
  409. Hill AG177
  410. Ho SY286
  411. Ho SC287
  412. Hobbs M288
  413. Hofman A189
  414. Hopman WM289
  415. Horimoto ARVR290
  416. Hormiga CM291
  417. Horta BL68
  418. Houti L292
  419. Howitt C16
  420. Htay TT293
  421. Htet AS294
  422. Htike MMT294
  423. Hu Y295
  424. Huerta JM296
  425. Huhtaniemi IT1
  426. Huidumacpetrescu C181
  427. Huisman M297, 298
  428. Husseini A31
  429. Huu CN197
  430. Huybrechts I266
  431. Hwalla N299
  432. Hyska J131
  433. Iacoviello L116, 246
  434. Ibarluzea JM300
  435. Ibrahim MM301
  436. Ibrahimwong N25
  437. Ikram MA189
  438. Irazola VE271
  439. Ishida T302
  440. Islam M10
  441. Ismail AS227
  442. Ivkovic V303
  443. Iwasaki M304
  444. Jaaskelainen T214
  445. Jackson RT88
  446. Jacobs JM305
  447. Jaddou H85
  448. Jafar T153
  449. James K211
  450. Jamil KM48
  451. Jamrozik K247
  452. Janszky I306
  453. Janus E307
  454. Jarani J308
  455. Jarvelin MR1, 70
  456. Jasienska G259
  457. Jelakovic A303
  458. Jelakovic B309
  459. Jennings G310
  460. Jeong SL311
  461. Jiang CQ312
  462. Jimenez RO313
  463. Joffres M314
  464. Johansson M266
  465. Jokelainen JJ282
  466. Jonas JB315
  467. Jorgensen T75
  468. Joshi P316
  469. Jovic DP317
  470. Jozwiak J318
  471. Juolevi A214
  472. Jurak G24
  473. Juresa V7
  474. Kaaks R127
  475. Kafatos A319
  476. Kajantie EO214
  477. Kalterleibovici O160
  478. Kamaruddin NA320
  479. Kameli Y191
  480. Kapantais E321
  481. Karki KB322
  482. Kasaeian A39
  483. Katibeh M323
  484. Katz J324
  485. Katzmarzyk PT325
  486. Kauhanen J326
  487. Kaur P327
  488. Kavousi M189
  489. Kazakbaeva G101
  490. Keil U328
  491. Keinanboker L249
  492. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S282
  493. Kelishadi R329
  494. Kelleher C89
  495. Kemper HCG330
  496. Kerimkulova A331
  497. Kersting M332
  498. Key T159
  499. Khader YS85
  500. Khalili D73
  501. Khateeb M42
  502. Khaw KT333
  503. Kheiri B73
  504. Khosravi A334
  505. Khouw IMSL123
  506. Kiechl S335
  507. Kiechlkohlendorfer U335
  508. Killewo J336
  509. Kim J337
  510. Kim YY311
  511. Klimont J338
  512. Klumbiene J93
  513. Knoflach M335
  514. Koirala B339
  515. Kolle E57
  516. Kolsteren P122
  517. Konig J340
  518. Korpelainen R70, 341
  519. Korrovits P342
  520. Korzycka M222
  521. Koskinen S214
  522. Kouda K343
  523. Kovacs VA344
  524. Kowlessur S345
  525. Koziel S346
  526. Kratzer W347
  527. Kriemler S118
  528. Kristensen PL105
  529. Krokstad S306
  530. Kromhout D348
  531. Kruger HS349
  532. Kubinova R350
  533. Kuciene R93
  534. Kuh D110
  535. Kujala UM351
  536. Kujundzic E352
  537. Kulaga Z257
  538. Kumar RK353
  539. Kunesova M354
  540. Kurjata P203
  541. Kusuma YS355
  542. Kuulasmaa K214
  543. Kyobutungi C356
  544. La QN357
  545. Laamiri FZ358
  546. Laatikainen T214
  547. Lachat C122
  548. Laid Y359
  549. Lam TH286
  550. Langmorovic M360
  551. Lanska V256
  552. Lappas G361
  553. Larijani B362
  554. Latt TS363
  555. Laugsand LE306
  556. Lauria L199
  557. Lazoporras M9
  558. Le Nguyen Bao K197
  559. Le Port A364
  560. Le TD197
  561. Lee J365
  562. Lee J365
  563. Lee PH366
  564. Lehtimaki T367
  565. Lemogoum D368
  566. Levitt NS369
  567. Lilly CL370
  568. Lim WY365
  569. Limacosta MF371
  570. Lin HH372
  571. Lin X373
  572. Lind L374
  573. Linneberg A75
  574. Lissner L107
  575. Litwin M257
  576. Liu J375
  577. Loit HM376
  578. Lopes L146
  579. Lopez T377
  580. Lopezgarcia E79
  581. Lorbeer R378
  582. Lotufo PA94
  583. Lozano JE379
  584. Luksiene D93
  585. Lundqvist A214
  586. Lundqvist R380
  587. Lunet N146
  588. Lytsy P381
  589. Ma G295
  590. Ma J295
  591. Machadocoelho GLL382
  592. Machadorodrigues AM383
  593. Machi S384
  594. Maggi S385
  595. Magliano DJ386
  596. Magriplis E387
  597. Maire B191
  598. Majer M7
  599. Makdisse M388
  600. Malekzadeh F216
  601. Malekzadeh R216
  602. Malhotra R153
  603. Malyutina S389
  604. Maniego LV36
  605. Manios Y390
  606. Mann JI391
  607. Manzato E392
  608. Margozzini P221
  609. Markaki A393
  610. Markey O394
  611. Markidouioannidou E395
  612. Marques LP176
  613. Marquesvidal P396
  614. Marrugat J397
  615. Martin R398
  616. Martinprevel Y191
  617. Martorell R399
  618. Martos E400
  619. Marventano S238
  620. Masoodi SR401
  621. Mathiesen EB402
  622. Mathur P403
  623. Matijasevich A94
  624. Matsha TE404
  625. Mazur A405
  626. Mbanya JCN67
  627. Mcfarlane SR211
  628. Mckee M55
  629. Mclachlan S406
  630. Mclean RM391
  631. Mclean SB174
  632. Mcnulty BA89
  633. Mdyusof S407
  634. Medienebenchekor S292
  635. Medzioniene J93
  636. Mehdipour P39
  637. Meirhaeghe A408
  638. Meisfjord J63
  639. Meisinger C201
  640. Menezes AMB68
  641. Menon GR74
  642. Mensink GBM409
  643. Mereke A87
  644. Metspalu A225
  645. Meyer HE106
  646. Mi J156
  647. Michaelsen KF58
  648. Michels N122
  649. Mikkel K225
  650. Miller JC391
  651. Minderico CS410
  652. Miquel JF221
  653. Mirkopoulou D411
  654. Mirrakhimov E331
  655. Misigojdurakovic M7
  656. Mistretta A238
  657. Mocanu V412
  658. Modesti PA413
  659. Moghaddam SS39
  660. Mohajer B39
  661. Mohamed MK22
  662. Mohammad K39
  663. Mohammadifard N414
  664. Mohan V59
  665. Mohanna S9
  666. Mohdyusoff MF25
  667. Mohebi F39
  668. Moitry M415, 416
  669. Molbo D58
  670. Mollehave LT75
  671. Moller NC105
  672. Molnar D279
  673. Momenan A73
  674. Mondo CK417
  675. Monterrubio EA418
  676. Monyeki KDK419
  677. Moon JS420
  678. Moreira LB233
  679. Morejon A421
  680. Moreno LA422
  681. Morgan K423
  682. Morin S250
  683. Mortensen EL58
  684. Moschonis G424
  685. Mossakowska M425
  686. Mota J146
  687. Motapinto A383
  688. Motlagh ME426
  689. Motta J427
  690. Msyamboza KP428
  691. Mu TT429
  692. Muc M383
  693. Mugosa B352
  694. Muiesan ML430
  695. Mukhtorova P431
  696. Mullernurasyid M201
  697. Murphy N266
  698. Mursu J326
  699. Murtagh EM398
  700. Milanovic SM7, 360
  701. Musil V7
  702. Nabipour I432
  703. Naderimagham S39
  704. Nagel G433
  705. Naidu BM25
  706. Nakamura H434
  707. Namesna J71
  708. Nang EEK365
  709. Nangia VB435
  710. Nankap M436
  711. Narake S268
  712. Nardone P199
  713. Nauck M378
  714. Navarretemunoz EM239
  715. Neal WA370
  716. Nelis K376
  717. Nelis L376
  718. Nenko I259
  719. Nervi F221
  720. Nguyen CT437
  721. Nguyen ND438
  722. Nguyen QN439
  723. Nietomartinez RE440
  724. Ning G99
  725. Ninomiya T275
  726. Nishtar S441
  727. Noale M385
  728. Noboa OA114
  729. Norat T1
  730. Norie S442
  731. Noto D80
  732. Nsour MA443
  733. Nurk E376
  734. Nyirenda M55
  735. Obreja G444
  736. Ochoaaviles AM200
  737. Oda E445
  738. Oh K166
  739. Ohara K234
  740. Ohtsuka R446
  741. Olafsson O262
  742. Olinto MTA447
  743. Oliveira IO68
  744. Oltarzewski M448
  745. Omar MA25
  746. Onat A140
  747. Oneill TW449
  748. Ong SK450
  749. Ono LM176
  750. Ordunez P81
  751. Oreilly D215
  752. Ornelas R451
  753. Ortiz AP452
  754. Ortiz PJ9
  755. Osler M453
  756. Osmond C454
  757. Ostojic SM455
  758. Ostovar A39
  759. Otero JA291
  760. Overvad K323
  761. Owusudabo E456
  762. Paccaud FM457
  763. Padez C383
  764. Pagkalos I274
  765. Pahomova E206
  766. Pajak A259
  767. Palli D458
  768. Palloni A459
  769. Palmieri L199
  770. Pan WH155
  771. Pandajonas S315
  772. Pandey A154
  773. Panza F460
  774. Papandreou D461
  775. Park SW462
  776. Parnell WR391
  777. Parsaeian M39
  778. Pascanu IM463
  779. Patel ND464
  780. Pecin I303, 309
  781. Pednekar MS268
  782. Peer N465
  783. Peixoto SV371
  784. Peltonen M214
  785. Pereira AC290
  786. Perez CM452
  787. Perezfarinos N466
  788. Peters A201
  789. Petersmann A378
  790. Petkeviciene J93
  791. Petrauskiene A93
  792. Peykari N196
  793. Pham ST467
  794. Pierannunzio D199
  795. Pigeot I468
  796. Pikhart H110
  797. Pilav A469
  798. Pilotto L470
  799. Pistelli F471
  800. Pitakaka F472
  801. Piwonska A203
  802. Plansrubio P473
  803. Poh BK320
  804. Pohlabeln H468
  805. Pop RM463
  806. Popovic SR103
  807. Porta M474
  808. Portegies MLP189
  809. Posch G175
  810. Poulimeneas D274
  811. Pouraram H39
  812. Pourshams A475
  813. Poustchi H476
  814. Pradeepa R59
  815. Price AJ55
  816. Price JF406
  817. Puder JJ396
  818. Pudule I477
  819. Puhakka SE70, 341
  820. Puiu M15
  821. Punab M342
  822. Qasrawi RF27
  823. Qorbani M478
  824. Quocbao T479
  825. Radic I455
  826. Radisauskas R93
  827. Rahman M480
  828. Rahman M480
  829. Raitakari O482
  830. Raj M353
  831. Rakhmatulloev S431
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  833. Ramachandran A152
  834. Ramke J88
  835. Ramos E72
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  837. Rampal L484
  838. Rampal S485
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  843. Regecova V489
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  845. Ribasbarba L490
  846. Ribeiro R491
  847. Riboli E1
  848. Rigo F492
  849. Rinaldo N261
  850. Rinkede Wit TF493
  851. Rito A494
  852. Rittidias RM495
  853. Rivera JA226
  854. Robitaille C496
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  857. Rodriguezperez MC497
  858. Rodriguezvillamizar LA498
  859. Rojasmartinez R418
  860. Rojroongwasinkul N34
  861. Romaguera D180
  862. Rosengren A107, 499
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  864. Roy JGR174
  865. Rubinstein A271
  866. Ruhli FJ118
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  868. Ruizmoreno E501
  869. Ruizbetancourt BS32
  870. Russo P502
  871. Rust P340
  872. Rutkowski M78
  873. Sabanayagam C503
  874. Sachdev HS504
  875. Safiri S505
  876. Saidi O90
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  881. Salonen JT506
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  910. Selamat R25
  911. Sember V24
  912. Sen A306
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  914. Sepanlou SG39
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  917. Servais J174
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  921. Shengelia L520
  922. Shibuya K302
  923. Shimizufurusawa H521
  924. Shin DW522
  925. Shin Y503
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  927. Siantar R503
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  950. Sossajerome C528
  951. Soumare A529
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  954. Staessen JA531
  955. Stamm H532
  956. Stathopoulou MG533
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  959. Steenejohannessen J57
  960. Stehle P534
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  967. Stratton G537
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  969. Strufaldi MW230
  970. Sturua L520
  971. Suarezmedina R254
  972. Sun CA538
  973. Sundstrom J374
  974. Sung YT287
  975. Sunyer J50
  976. Suriyawongpaisal P34
  977. Swinburn BA88
  978. Sy RG488
  979. Sylva RC539
  980. Szponar L448
  981. Tai ES365
  982. Tammesoo ML225
  983. Tamosiunas A93
  984. Tan EJ17
  985. Tang X295
  986. Tanser F540
  987. Tao Y295
  988. Tarawneh MR541
  989. Tarp J57
  990. Tarquimamani CB507
  991. Taxovabraunerova R354
  992. Taylor A247
  993. Tchibindat F436
  994. Tebar WR167
  995. Tell G276
  996. Tello T9
  997. Theobald H144
  998. Theodoridis X258
  999. Thijs L531
  1000. Thuesen BH75
  1001. Ticha L542
  1002. Timmermans EJ330
  1003. Tjonneland A273
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  1017. Tsao YH372
  1018. Tshepo L548
  1019. Tsigga M274
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  1021. Tullochreid MK211
  1022. Tullu F549
  1023. Tuomainen TP326
  1024. Tuomilehto J550
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  1027. Tzotzas T321
  1028. Tzourio C529
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Source: Nature Published:2019


Abstract

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities1,2. This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity3–6. Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017—and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions—was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing—and in some countries reversal—of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s).
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