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Gastrointestinal Bleeding Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical Study on Predisposing Factors and Outcomes Publisher



Mahmoodkhani M1 ; Naeimi A2 ; Zohrehvand A3 ; Sabouri M1 ; Heidari M4
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  4. 4. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Source: Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Stress ulcers are common in critically ill patients and can lead to life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). This study investigates the impact of predisposing factors on GIB and outcomes of TBI patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included TBI patients admitted between February 2019 and November 2021. Patients' demographic information and clinical characteristics were collected and divided into Post-TBI GIB and No-GIB groups. During clinical follow-up, the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) and mortality were assessed. The correlation between predisposing factors and GIB was investigated. Results: Out of 164 eligible patients, 66.5% were males, and the mean age was 31.38 ± 13.44 years. There was a higher rate of severe TBIs (p<0.001), intra-axial lesions (P=0.014), hypotension at admission (p<0.001), and concurrent coagulopathies (p<0.001) in the Post-TBI GIB group compared to the No-GIB group. In contrast, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) level upon admission and discharge (p<0.001) and serum hemoglobin level at admission (p<0.001) were lower in the Post-TBI GIB group than in the other group. Moreover, primary GCS (P=0.017) and hypotension at admission (P=0.009), spinal injury (P=0.028), and intra-axial brain injury (P=0.018) were independently associated with GIB in TBI patients. Conclusion: Primary GCS and hypotension at admission, spinal injury, and intra-axial brain injury are independent predictors for GIB in TBI patients. The presence of GIB in TBI patients is associated with worse neurological outcomes as assessed by GOS at approximately 18 months. © 2024 Babol University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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