Opium Tincture Versus Methadone for Opioid Agonist Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Publisher Pubmed



Nikoo M¹ ; Kianpoor K¹ ; Nikoo N² ; Javidanbardan S² ; Kazemi A¹ ; Choi F¹ ; Vogel M^{3, 4} ; Gholami A⁵ ; Tavakoli S⁶ ; Wong JSH^{1, 7} ; Moazenzadeh E⁸ ; Givaki R⁹ ; Jazani M¹⁰ ; Mohammadian F¹⁰ Show All Authors
Source: Addiction Published:2023

Abstract

Aim: To test if opium tincture (OT) was non-inferior to methadone in retaining participants in opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Design: A Phase III, multi-centre, parallel-group, non-inferiority, double-blind randomized controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Participants were provided treatment and followed for a period of 85 days. Setting: Four OAT clinics in Iran. Participants: Two hundred and four participants with opioid use disorder [mean age (standard deviation) = 37.4 (9.3); female 11.3%] recruited between July 2017 and January 2018. Interventions: Participants were assigned to either OT (102) or methadone (102) using a patient-centred flexible dosing strategy. Measurements: Treatment retention over 85 days was the primary outcome. Self-reported opioid use outside treatment and occurrence of adverse events (AEs) were the secondary outcomes. Findings: Remaining in treatment at the end of the follow-up were 68.6% in the methadone arm and 59.8% in the OT arm. The relative retention rate of methadone to OT was 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) in both intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses; non-inferiority was not supported statistically, as the upper bound of the confidence interval exceeded our pre-specified non-inferiority margin (1.25). Opioid use outside treatment was reported by 30.3% of OT (n = 152) and 49.4% of methadone (n = 168) patients, a difference in proportions of −19%: 90% confidence interval (−28%, −10%). The total count of AEs in the OT arm (22 among nine individuals) was significantly higher (P = 0.04) than that in the methadone arm (three among two individuals). Nausea was the most common side effect. Conclusion: While this study could not conclude the non-inferiority of opium tincture (OT) to methadone for retaining patients in opioid agonist treatment, OT retained 60% of participants to end of follow-up (85 days) and was superior to methadone in reducing self-reported opioid use outside treatment. © 2022 Society for the Study of Addiction.