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Exposure Assessment of Metal(Loids) in Indoor Air and Biomonitoring in Six Urban Residential Areas in Iran Publisher Pubmed



Soleimani Z1, 2 ; Azimi P3 ; Haghshenas R2 ; Farzi Y2 ; Taherkhani A4 ; Naddafi K1, 4 ; Yunesian M4, 5 ; Naserinjad M2 ; Behnoush AH2 ; Parizad M6 ; Keyvani M7 ; Hajebi A2 ; Gorgani F2 ; Mirzaei S8 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Soleimani Z1, 2
  2. Azimi P3
  3. Haghshenas R2
  4. Farzi Y2
  5. Taherkhani A4
  6. Naddafi K1, 4
  7. Yunesian M4, 5
  8. Naserinjad M2
  9. Behnoush AH2
  10. Parizad M6
  11. Keyvani M7
  12. Hajebi A2
  13. Gorgani F2
  14. Mirzaei S8
  15. Handy RD9
  16. Mesdaghinia A4, 5
  17. Farzadfar F2, 10
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Health and work environment group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  7. 7. Environmental Health Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  8. 8. Institute of methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council Potenza, Italy
  9. 9. School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
  10. 10. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Science of the Total Environment Published:2024


Abstract

Exposure to metal(loid)s can cause adverse health effects. This study evaluated the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead in particulate matter <10 μm (PM10) and in the urine of 100 participants from urban residential areas in Iran. A total of 100 residential buildings (one adult from each household) in six cities across Iran were recruited for this study. The levels of metal(loid)s in PM10 and the urine of participants were measured using acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average (±SE) PM10 concentration in the buildings was 51.7 ± 3.46 μg/m3. Aluminum and cadmium had the highest and lowest concentrations among the metal(loid)s, averaging 3.74 ± 1.26 μg/m3 and 0.01 ± 0.001 μg/m3, respectively. In 85 % of the samples, the concentration of metal(loid)s in indoor air exceeded WHO air quality standards. Cadmium and lead had the highest and lowest numbers of indoor air samples exceeding the recommended standards, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the concentration of metal(loid)s in urine samples and indoor PM10 levels, as well as the wealth index of participants. There was also a significant direct relationship between the concentrations of nickel, arsenic, lead, and mercury in urine and the age of participants. Factors such as building location, type of cooling systems, use of printers at home, and natural ventilation influenced the concentration and types of metal(loid)s in the indoor air. © 2024
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