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Alzheimer’S Disease and Infectious Agents: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenic Mechanisms and Microrna Roles Publisher



Hosseininasab SSM1 ; Ebrahimi R2 ; Yaghoobpoor S2 ; Kazemi K3 ; Khakpour Y2 ; Hajibeygi R3 ; Mohamadkhani A4 ; Fathi M2 ; Vakili K2 ; Tavasol A2 ; Tutunchian Z2 ; Fazel T5 ; Fathi M2 ; Hajiesmaeili M1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Student Research Committee, School of International Campus, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Frontiers in Neuroscience Published:2024


Abstract

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia and is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. There are various theories concerning the causes of AD, but the connection between viral and bacterial infections and their potential role in the pathogenesis of AD has become a fascinating area of research for the field. Various viruses such as Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza viruses, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Helicobacter pylori (HP), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Spirochetes and eukaryotic unicellular parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii), have been linked to AD due to their ability to activate the immune system, induce inflammation and increase oxidative stress, thereby leading to cognitive decline and AD. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs) might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis mechanisms of these pathogens since they are utilized to target various protein-coding genes, allowing for immune evasion, maintaining latency, and suppressing cellular signaling molecules. Also, they can regulate gene expression in human cells. This article provides an overview of the association between AD and various infectious agents, with a focus on the mechanisms by which these pathogens may be related to the pathogenesis of AD. These findings suggest important areas for further research to be explored in future studies. Copyright © 2025 Hosseininasab, Ebrahimi, Yaghoobpoor, Kazemi, Khakpour, Hajibeygi, Mohamadkhani, Fathi, Vakili, Tavasol, Tutunchian, Fazel, Fathi and Hajiesmaeili.
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