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Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries Over 25 Years Publisher Pubmed



Afshin A1 ; Forouzanfar MH1 ; Reitsma MB1 ; Sur P1 ; Estep K1 ; Lee A1 ; Marczak L1 ; Mokdad AH1 ; Moradilakeh M1, 34 ; Naghavi M1 ; Salama JS1 ; Vos T1 ; Abate KH2 ; Abbafati C14 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Afshin A1
  2. Forouzanfar MH1
  3. Reitsma MB1
  4. Sur P1
  5. Estep K1
  6. Lee A1
  7. Marczak L1
  8. Mokdad AH1
  9. Moradilakeh M1, 34
  10. Naghavi M1
  11. Salama JS1
  12. Vos T1
  13. Abate KH2
  14. Abbafati C14
  15. Ahmed MB2
  16. Alaly Z16
  17. Alkerwi A17
  18. Alraddadi R18
  19. Amare AT13, 20
  20. Amberbir A41
  21. Amegah AK27
  22. Amini E28, 32
  23. Amrock SM42
  24. Anjana RM43, 44
  25. Arnlov J50, 52
  26. Asayesh H35
  27. Banerjee A55
  28. Barac A67
  29. Baye E3, 26
  30. Bennett DA59
  31. Beyene AS4
  32. Biadgilign S5
  33. Biryukov S1
  34. Bjertness E69
  35. Boneya DJ9
  36. Camposnonato I73, 85
  37. Carrero JJ51
  38. Cecilio P74, 76
  39. Cercy K1
  40. Ciobanu LG20
  41. Cornaby L1
  42. Damtew SA6, 7
  43. Dandona L1, 45
  44. Dandona R1, 45
  45. Dharmaratne SD77
  46. Duncan BB78
  47. Eshrati B36
  48. Esteghamati A30
  49. Feigin VL1, 82
  50. Fernandes JC75
  51. Furst T57, 139
  52. Gebrehiwot TT2
  53. Gold A1
  54. Gona PN83
  55. Goto A87
  56. Habtewold TD12, 89
  57. Hadush KT8
  58. Hafezinejad N30
  59. Hay SI1, 60
  60. Horino M68
  61. Islami F91
  62. Kamal R47
  63. Kasaeian A29, 33
  64. Katikireddi SV61
  65. Kengne AP92, 94
  66. Kesavachandran CN47
  67. Khader YS97
  68. Khang YH98, 99
  69. Khubchandani J102
  70. Kim D84
  71. Kim YJ103
  72. Kinfu Y21
  73. Kosen S104
  74. Ku T1
  75. Defo BK105
  76. Kumar GA45
  77. Larson HJ1, 58
  78. Leinsalu M53, 140
  79. Liang X110
  80. Lim SS1
  81. Liu P1
  82. Lopez AD22
  83. Lozano R73
  84. Majeed A56
  85. Malekzadeh R31, 37
  86. Malta DC79
  87. Mazidi M109
  88. Mcalinden C62, 63
  89. Mcgarvey ST111
  90. Mengistu DT10
  91. Mensah GA112
  92. Mensink GB113
  93. Mezgebe HB10
  94. Mirrakhimov EM115
  95. Mueller UO114
  96. Noubiap JJ93
  97. Obermeyer CM116
  98. Ogbo FA24
  99. Owolabi MO117
  100. Patton GC23
  101. Pourmalek F106
  102. Qorbani M38
  103. Rafay A119
  104. Rai RK48
  105. Ranabhat CL101, 141
  106. Reinig N1
  107. Safiri S39
  108. Salomon JA86
  109. Sanabria JR120, 123
  110. Santos IS80
  111. Sartorius B92, 96
  112. Sawhney M121, 122
  113. Schmidhuber J15
  114. Schutte AE92, 95
  115. Schmidt MI78
  116. Sepanlou SG31
  117. Shamsizadeh M40
  118. Sheikhbahaei S30
  119. Shin MJ100
  120. Shiri R124
  121. Shiue I64, 65
  122. Roba HS4
  123. Silva DA81
  124. Silverberg JI127
  125. Singh JA129
  126. Stranges S17, 107
  127. Swaminathan S46
  128. Tabaresseisdedos R130
  129. Tadese F3
  130. Tedla BA11, 25
  131. Tegegne BS4, 90
  132. Terkawi AS19, 121, 132
  133. Thakur JS49
  134. Tonelli M108
  135. Topormadry R133, 134
  136. Tyrovolas S131
  137. Ukwaja KN118
  138. Uthman OA66
  139. Vaezghasemi M54
  140. Vasankari T126
  141. Vlassov VV135
  142. Vollset SE1, 71
  143. Weiderpass E51, 70, 72, 125
  144. Werdecker A114
  145. Wesana J136
  146. Westerman R114
  147. Yano Y128
  148. Yonemoto N88
  149. Yonga G137
  150. Zaidi Z138
  151. Zenebe ZM10
  152. Zipkin B1
  153. Murray CJL1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  3. 3. Wollo University, Department of Public Health, Dessie, Ethiopia
  4. 4. Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia
  5. 5. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  6. 6. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  7. 7. Wolaita Sodo University, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita, Ethiopia
  8. 8. Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  9. 9. Debre Markos University, Department of Public Health, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  10. 10. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  11. 11. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  12. 12. Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  13. 13. Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  15. 15. Food and Agriculture Organization, Global Perspective Studies Unit, Rome, Italy
  16. 16. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
  17. 17. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  18. 18. Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  19. 19. King Fahad Medical City, Department of Anesthesiology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  20. 20. University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  21. 21. University of Canberra, Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  22. 22. University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  23. 23. University of Melbourne, Department of Pediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  24. 24. Western Sydney University, Centre for Health Research–School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  25. 25. James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
  26. 26. Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  27. 27. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  28. 28. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Endrocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Preventative Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Qom University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Emergency, Qom, Iran
  36. 36. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  37. 37. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, NonCommunicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz, Iran
  38. 38. Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Karaj, Iran
  39. 39. Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh, Iran
  40. 40. Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan, Iran
  41. 41. Dignitas International, Zomba, Malawi
  42. 42. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  43. 43. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  44. 44. Dr. Mohans Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
  45. 45. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  46. 46. Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  47. 47. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Epidemiology Division, Lucknow, India
  48. 48. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  49. 49. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India
  50. 50. Dalarna University, School of Health and Social Sciences, Falun, Sweden
  51. 51. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
  52. 52. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stockholm, Sweden
  53. 53. Sodertorn University, Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change, Huddinge, Sweden
  54. 54. Umea University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea, Sweden
  55. 55. University College London, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, London, United Kingdom
  56. 56. Imperial College London, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, London, United Kingdom
  57. 57. Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom
  58. 58. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom
  59. 59. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
  60. 60. University of Oxford, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
  61. 61. University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  62. 62. University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
  63. 63. Public Health Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
  64. 64. Northumbria University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  65. 65. University of Edinburgh, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  66. 66. University of Warwick, Warwick Centre for Applied Health Research and Delivery, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School Coventry, United Kingdom
  67. 67. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
  68. 68. Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Bureau of Child, Family and Community Wellness, Carson City, NV, United States
  69. 69. University of Oslo, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Oslo, Norway
  70. 70. Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  71. 71. Norwegian Institute of Public Health and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  72. 72. University of Tromso, Arctic University of Norway, Department of Community Medicine, Tromso, Norway
  73. 73. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  74. 74. Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Porto, Portugal
  75. 75. Catholic University of Portugal, Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry–Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
  76. 76. Independent Collaborator, Porto, Portugal
  77. 77. University of Peradeniya, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  78. 78. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  79. 79. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  80. 80. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  81. 81. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  82. 82. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  83. 83. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
  84. 84. Northeastern University, Department of Health Sciences, Boston, United States
  85. 85. Harvard University, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
  86. 86. Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, United States
  87. 87. National Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
  88. 88. Kyoto University, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
  89. 89. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  90. 90. University Medical Centrum Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  91. 91. American Cancer Society, Surveillance and Health Services Research, Atlanta, United States
  92. 92. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  93. 93. Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  94. 94. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  95. 95. North-West University, Hypertension in Africa Research Team, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  96. 96. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, Durban, South Africa
  97. 97. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
  98. 98. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul, South Korea
  99. 99. Seoul National University Medical Center, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul, South Korea
  100. 100. Korea University, Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
  101. 101. Yonsei University, Department of Preventative Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
  102. 102. Ball State University, Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Muncie, IN, United States
  103. 103. Southern University College, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Johor, Malaysia
  104. 104. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  105. 105. University of Montreal, Departments of Social and Preventive Medicine, and Demography and the Public Health Research Institute, School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
  106. 106. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  107. 107. Western University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada
  108. 108. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
  109. 109. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
  110. 110. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  111. 111. Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
  112. 112. National Institutes of Health, Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  113. 113. Robert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany
  114. 114. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  115. 115. National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease and Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  116. 116. American University of Beirut, Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
  117. 117. University of Ibadan, Department of Medicine, Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
  118. 118. Federal Teaching Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  119. 119. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  120. 120. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, United States
  121. 121. Cleveland Clinic, Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, United States
  122. 122. Department of Public Health, Huntington, WV, United States
  123. 123. Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  124. 124. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  125. 125. Folkhal-san Research Center, Genetic Epidemiology Group, Helsinki, Finland
  126. 126. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  127. 127. Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
  128. 128. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
  129. 129. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
  130. 130. University of Valencia, Department of Medicine, Valencia, Spain
  131. 131. Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
  132. 132. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
  133. 133. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Krakow, Poland
  134. 134. Wroclaw Medical University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
  135. 135. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  136. 136. Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium
  137. 137. Aga Khan University, East Africa, NCD Research to Policy Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
  138. 138. University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
  139. 139. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  140. 140. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  141. 141. Health Science Foundation and Study Center, Kathmandu, Nepal

Source: New England Journal of Medicine Published:2017


Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.) Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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