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Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 84 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Publisher Pubmed



Stanaway JD1, 2 ; Afshin A1, 2 ; Gakidou E1, 2 ; Lim SS1, 2 ; Abate D20 ; Abate KH21 ; Abbafati C26 ; Abbasi N6, 27, 49 ; Abbastabar H28 ; Abdallah F51, 158 ; Abdela J14 ; Abdelalim A53 ; Abdollahpour I54 ; Abdulkader RS57 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Stanaway JD1, 2
  2. Afshin A1, 2
  3. Gakidou E1, 2
  4. Lim SS1, 2
  5. Abate D20
  6. Abate KH21
  7. Abbafati C26
  8. Abbasi N6, 27, 49
  9. Abbastabar H28
  10. Abdallah F51, 158
  11. Abdela J14
  12. Abdelalim A53
  13. Abdollahpour I54
  14. Abdulkader RS57
  15. Abebe M58
  16. Abebe Z59
  17. Abera SF63
  18. Abil OZ75, 77
  19. Abraha HN65
  20. Abrham AR15
  21. Aburaddad LJ78
  22. Aburmeileh NME79
  23. Accrombessi MMK3, 80, 81
  24. Acharya D83, 84
  25. Acharya P85
  26. Adamu AA86, 89
  27. Adane AA60, 92
  28. Adebayo OM98
  29. Adedoyin RA99
  30. Adekanmbi V100
  31. Ademi Z101
  32. Adetokunboh OO86, 89
  33. Adib MG105
  34. Admasie A106
  35. Adsuar JC108
  36. Afanvi KA110, 111
  37. Afarideh M29
  38. Agarwal G112
  39. Aggarwal A3, 80
  40. Aghayan SA114, 115
  41. Agrawal A116, 117, 118
  42. Agrawal S120, 121
  43. Ahmadi A122
  44. Ahmadi M137
  45. Ahmadieh H143, 148
  46. Ahmed MB22
  47. Aichour AN151
  48. Aichour I151
  49. Aichour MTE152
  50. Akbari ME144
  51. Akinyemiju T153
  52. Akseer N155
  53. Alaly Z51, 158
  54. Aleyadhy A162
  55. Almekhlafi HM165, 167
  56. Alahdab F168, 169
  57. Alam K170
  58. Alam S172
  59. Alam T1
  60. Alashi A174
  61. Alavian SM175
  62. Alene KA60, 177
  63. Ali K1
  64. Ali SM180
  65. Alijanzadeh M182
  66. Alizadehnavaei R183
  67. Aljunid SM193
  68. Alkerwi A194, 195
  69. Alla F197
  70. Alsharif U199
  71. Altirkawi K164
  72. Alvisguzman N196, 200, 201
  73. Amare AT202
  74. Ammar W204, 206, 207
  75. Anber NH210, 211
  76. Anderson JA1
  77. Andrei CL216
  78. Androudi S217
  79. Animut MD219
  80. Anjomshoa M30, 220
  81. Ansha MG221
  82. Anto JM224, 225
  83. Antonio CAT226, 228
  84. Anwari P231
  85. Appiah LT232, 233
  86. Appiah SCY234, 235
  87. Arabloo J236
  88. Aremu O245, 246
  89. Arnlov J250
  90. Artaman A251
  91. Aryal KK252
  92. Asayesh H253
  93. Ataro Z16
  94. Ausloos M254
  95. Avokpaho EFGA82, 256
  96. Awasthi A120, 257
  97. Quintanilla BPA258
  98. Ayer R264
  99. Ayuk TB268
  100. Azzopardi PS203, 271
  101. Babazadeh A272
  102. Badali H184
  103. Badawi A156, 273
  104. Balakrishnan K276
  105. Bali AG17
  106. Ball K277
  107. Ballew SH280
  108. Banach M287, 288
  109. Banoub JAM289, 290
  110. Barac A291, 292
  111. Barkercollo SL295
  112. Barnighausen TW297, 301
  113. Barrero LH309
  114. Basu S310
  115. Baune BT312
  116. Bazarganhejazi S313, 314
  117. Bedi N166, 315
  118. Beghi E316
  119. Behzadifar M236, 321
  120. Behzadifar M236, 321
  121. Bejot Y323, 324
  122. Bekele BB60, 325
  123. Bekru ET107
  124. Belay E73
  125. Belay YA328
  126. Bell ML332
  127. Bello AK334
  128. Bennett DA335
  129. Bensenor IM341
  130. Bergeron G349
  131. Berhane A350
  132. Bernabe E354
  133. Bernstein RS358, 359
  134. Beuran M212
  135. Beyranvand T244
  136. Bhala N360, 361
  137. Bhalla A362
  138. Bhattarai S368, 369
  139. Bhutta ZA157, 370
  140. Biadgo B58
  141. Bijani A372
  142. Bikbov B317
  143. Bilano V382
  144. Bililign N385
  145. Sayeed MSB179, 386
  146. Bisanzio D387, 388
  147. Biswas T390
  148. Bjorge T391, 394
  149. Blacker BF1
  150. Bleyer A395, 396
  151. Borschmann R398, 401
  152. Bouorm IR408
  153. Boufous S409
  154. Bourne R414
  155. Brady OJ364
  156. Brauer M1, 415
  157. Brazinova A418
  158. Breitborde NJK419, 421
  159. Brenner H422
  160. Briko AN423
  161. Britton G424, 426
  162. Brugha T255
  163. Buchbinder R102, 427
  164. Burnett RT2, 428
  165. Busse R197
  166. Butt ZA415, 429
  167. Cahill LE172, 302
  168. Cahuanahurtado L430
  169. Camposnonato IR435
  170. Cardenas R436
  171. Carreras G437
  172. Carrero JJ247
  173. Carvalho F438, 443
  174. Castanedaorjuela CA445, 448
  175. Rivas JC450, 451
  176. Castro F425
  177. Catalalopez F452
  178. Causey K1
  179. Cercy KM1
  180. Cerin E453, 456
  181. Chaiah Y459
  182. Chang HY460
  183. Chang JC461
  184. Chang KL462
  185. Charlson FJ4, 92
  186. Chattopadhyay A463
  187. Chattu VK467, 469
  188. Chee ML470
  189. Cheng CY471, 472
  190. Chew A1
  191. Chiang PPC473
  192. Chimedochir O474
  193. Chin KL102
  194. Chitheer A481
  195. Choi JYJ482
  196. Chowdhury R483
  197. Christensen H484, 488
  198. Christopher DJ486, 490
  199. Chung SC491, 494
  200. Cicuttini FM101
  201. Cirillo M495
  202. Cohen AJ1, 496
  203. Colladomateo D109, 497
  204. Cooper C499, 500
  205. Cooper OR501, 504
  206. Coresh J281
  207. Cornaby L1
  208. Cortesi PA502
  209. Cortinovis M318
  210. Costa M503, 505
  211. Cousin E506
  212. Criqui MH508
  213. Cromwell EA1, 2
  214. Cundiff DK511
  215. Daba AK512
  216. Dachew BA60, 92
  217. Dadi AF60, 514
  218. Damasceno AAM515
  219. Dandona L1
  220. Dandona R120
  221. Darby SC335
  222. Dargan PI355, 516
  223. Daryani A185
  224. Gupta RD518
  225. Neves JD439, 444
  226. Dasa TT18
  227. Dash AP520
  228. Davitoiu DV213, 521
  229. Davletov K522
  230. De La Cruzgongora V431
  231. La Hoz FPD449
  232. Leo DD523
  233. Neve JWD297
  234. Degenhardt L1, 410
  235. Deiparine S1
  236. Dellavalle RP525, 526, 527
  237. Demoz GT353, 528, 538
  238. Denovagutierrez E432
  239. Deribe K350, 530
  240. Dervenis N531, 532
  241. Deshpande A1
  242. Jarlais DCD533
  243. Dessie GA329
  244. Deveber GA154
  245. Dey S534
  246. Dharmaratne SD1, 535
  247. Dhimal M536
  248. Dinberu MT222
  249. Ding EL302
  250. Diro HD19
  251. Do HP540
  252. Dokova K541
  253. Doku DT542, 543
  254. Doyle KE545
  255. Driscoll TR546, 585
  256. Dubey M551
  257. Dubljanin E292
  258. Duken EE23, 76
  259. Duncan BB506
  260. Duraes AR552, 553
  261. Ebert N197
  262. Ebrahimi H27, 31
  263. Ebrahimpour S272
  264. Edvardsson D259, 554
  265. Effiong A555
  266. Eggen AE556
  267. Bcheraoui CE1
  268. Elkhatib Z248
  269. Elyazar IR557
  270. Enayati A186
  271. Endries AY558
  272. Er B481
  273. Erskine HE92, 561
  274. Eskandarieh S32
  275. Esteghamati A29
  276. Estep K1
  277. Fakhim H562
  278. Faramarzi M381
  279. Fareed M563
  280. Farid TA565
  281. Farinha CSE566
  282. Farioli A567
  283. Faro A568
  284. Farvid MS302
  285. Farzaei MH123, 135
  286. Fatima B371
  287. Fay KA1
  288. Fazaeli AA569
  289. Feigin VL1, 572
  290. Feigl AB301, 573
  291. Fereshtehnejad SM50, 249
  292. Fernandes E440
  293. Fernandes JC574
  294. Ferrara G1
  295. Ferrari AJ92, 561
  296. Ferreira ML547
  297. Filip I389, 575
  298. Finger JD576
  299. Fischer F577
  300. Foigt NA578
  301. Foreman KJ1
  302. Fukumoto T579, 580
  303. Fullman N1
  304. Furst T581, 583
  305. Furtado JM342
  306. Futran ND5
  307. Gall S103, 584
  308. Gallus S319
  309. Gamkrelidze A586
  310. Ganji M29
  311. Garciabasteiro AL223, 587
  312. Gardner WM1
  313. Gebre AK66
  314. Gebremedhin AT21, 588
  315. Gebremichael TG66
  316. Gelano TF20
  317. Geleijnse JM589
  318. Geramo YCD218
  319. Gething PW336
  320. Gezae KE67
  321. Ghadimi R373
  322. Ghadiri K136
  323. Falavarjani KG237
  324. Ghasemikasman M373
  325. Ghimire M590
  326. Ghosh R591
  327. Ghoshal AG593, 594
  328. Giampaoli S595, 597
  329. Gill PS598
  330. Gill TK600
  331. Gillum RF602, 603
  332. Ginawi IA604
  333. Giussani G316
  334. Gnedovskaya EV605
  335. Godwin WW4
  336. Goli S466, 606
  337. Gomezdantes H430
  338. Gona PN607
  339. Gopalani SV608, 609
  340. Goulart AC343, 348
  341. Grada A610
  342. Grams ME282, 283
  343. Grosso G612
  344. Gugnani HC613, 614
  345. Guo Y101
  346. Gupta R615, 616
  347. Gupta R615, 616
  348. Gupta T619, 622
  349. Gutierrez RA623
  350. Gutierreztorres DS433, 537
  351. Haagsma JA624
  352. Habtewold TD625
  353. Hachinski V627
  354. Hafezinejad N33, 284
  355. Hagos TB68
  356. Hailegiyorgis TT20, 722
  357. Hailu GB69
  358. Hajmirzaian A34, 145, 284
  359. Hajmirzaian A34, 145, 284
  360. Hamadeh RR631
  361. Hamidi S632
  362. Handal AJ633
  363. Hankey GJ171, 634
  364. Hao Y635, 636
  365. Harb HL406
  366. Harikrishnan S637
  367. Haro JM639, 640
  368. Hassankhani H643
  369. Hassen HY325, 645
  370. Havmoeller R646
  371. Hawley CN1
  372. Hay SI1, 2
  373. Hedayatizadehomran A192
  374. Heibati B238
  375. Heidari B647
  376. Heidari M648
  377. Hendrie D588
  378. Henok A327
  379. Herediapi I430
  380. Herteliu C649
  381. Heydarpour F124
  382. Heydarpour S136
  383. Hibstu DT513
  384. Higazi TB650
  385. Hilawe EH651
  386. Hoek HW626, 652
  387. Hoffman HJ446, 654
  388. Hole MK656
  389. Rad EH657, 658
  390. Hoogar P659
  391. Hosgood HD621
  392. Hosseini SM35
  393. Hosseinzadeh M660, 661
  394. Hostiuc M213, 662
  395. Hostiuc S214, 663
  396. Hoy DG550
  397. Hsairi M664
  398. Hsiao T1
  399. Hu G665
  400. Hu H475
  401. Huang JJ333
  402. Hussen MA24
  403. Huynh CK1
  404. Iburg KM666
  405. Ikeda N668
  406. Ilesanmi OS670, 671
  407. Iqbal U672
  408. Irvani SSN27, 145
  409. Irvine CMS1
  410. Islam SMS548
  411. Islami F674
  412. Jackson MD468
  413. Jacobsen KH675
  414. Jahangiry L642
  415. Jahanmehr N146, 149
  416. Jain SK676
  417. Jakovljevic M677
  418. James SL1
  419. Jassal SK161, 509
  420. Jayatilleke AU678, 679
  421. Jeemon P638
  422. Jha RP680
  423. Jha V340, 682
  424. Ji JS683
  425. Jonas JB298, 685
  426. Jonnagaddala J411, 686
  427. Shushtari ZJ687
  428. Joshi A688
  429. Jozwiak JJ695, 696
  430. Jurisson M697
  431. Kabir Z698
  432. Kahsay A70
  433. Kalani R7
  434. Kanchan T689
  435. Kant S699
  436. Kar C700
  437. Karami M570
  438. Matin BK125
  439. Karch A701
  440. Karema C582, 702
  441. Karimi N187, 190
  442. Karimi SM703
  443. Kasaeian A36, 47
  444. Kassa DH329
  445. Kassa GM330
  446. Kassa TD65
  447. Kassebaum NJ1, 704
  448. Katikireddi SV705
  449. Kaul A706, 707
  450. Kawakami N265
  451. Kazemi Z539
  452. Karyani AK125
  453. Kefale AT326
  454. Keiyoro PN708
  455. Kemp GR1, 710
  456. Kengne AP711, 714
  457. Keren A716, 717
  458. Kesavachandran CN718
  459. Khader YS719
  460. Khafaei B720
  461. Khafaie MA138
  462. Khajavi A147
  463. Khalid N721
  464. Khalil IA1
  465. Khan G723
  466. Khan MS723, 724
  467. Khan MA728, 730
  468. Khang YH731, 732
  469. Khater MM53
  470. Khazaei M571
  471. Khazaie H126
  472. Khoja AT285, 564
  473. Khosravi A539
  474. Khosravi MH176, 733
  475. Kiadaliri AA734
  476. Kiirithio DN736, 737
  477. Kim CI738
  478. Kim D739
  479. Kim YE740
  480. Kim YJ742
  481. Kimokoti RW743
  482. Kinfu Y400, 744
  483. Kisa A745, 747
  484. Kissimovaskarbek K748
  485. Kivimaki M492, 750
  486. Knibbs LD92
  487. Knudsen AKS392, 752
  488. Kochhar S4, 624
  489. Kokubo Y755
  490. Kolola T221
  491. Kopec JA417, 756
  492. Kosen S757
  493. Koul PA758, 770
  494. Koyanagi A639
  495. Kravchenko MA605
  496. Krishan K759
  497. Krohn KJ1
  498. Kromhout H760
  499. Defo BK761, 762
  500. Bicer BK763, 764
  501. Kumar GA120
  502. Kumar M493, 709
  503. Kuzin I13
  504. Kyu HH1
  505. Lachat C765
  506. Lad DP362
  507. Lad SD363
  508. Lafranconi A502
  509. Lalloo R93
  510. Lallukka T750, 766
  511. Lami FH768, 791, 793
  512. Lang JJ274
  513. Lansingh VC469, 769
  514. Larson SL1
  515. Latifi A771
  516. Lazarus JV224
  517. Lee PH230
  518. Leigh J549
  519. Leili M571
  520. Leshargie CT328
  521. Leung J2, 97
  522. Levi M773, 774
  523. Lewycka S337, 775
  524. Li S101
  525. Li Y776
  526. Liang J777, 778
  527. Liang X780
  528. Liao Y636, 781
  529. Liben ML782
  530. Lim LL783, 784
  531. Linn S785
  532. Liu S786
  533. Lodha R690
  534. Logroscino G787, 788
  535. Lopez AD1, 405
  536. Lorkowski S789
  537. Lotufo PA344
  538. Lozano R1, 2
  539. Lucas TCD338
  540. Lunevicius R795
  541. Ma S476
  542. Macarayan ERK227, 303
  543. Machado IE798
  544. Madotto F502
  545. Mai HT540
  546. Majdan M802
  547. Majdzadeh R37, 48
  548. Majeed A383
  549. Malekzadeh R38, 803
  550. Malta DC799
  551. Mamun AA94
  552. Manda AL804
  553. Manguerra H1
  554. Mansournia MA35
  555. Mantovani LG502
  556. Maravilla JC94
  557. Marcenes W356
  558. Marks A1
  559. Martin RV173
  560. Martins SCO507, 805
  561. Martinsmelo FR806
  562. Marz W299, 807
  563. Marzan MB808
  564. Massenburg BB8
  565. Mathur MR118, 492
  566. Mathur P809
  567. Matsushita K284
  568. Maulik PK412, 682
  569. Mazidi M812
  570. Mcalinden C813
  571. Mcgrath JJ95, 667
  572. Mckee M365
  573. Mehrotra R814
  574. Mehta KM592
  575. Mehta V815
  576. Meier T790, 816
  577. Mekonnen FA61
  578. Melaku YA60, 600
  579. Melese A818
  580. Melku M60
  581. Memiah PTN820, 821
  582. Memish ZA459, 477
  583. Mendoza W822
  584. Mengistu DT71
  585. Mensah GA655, 714
  586. Mensink GBM576
  587. Mereta ST25
  588. Meretoja A402, 823
  589. Meretoja TJ751, 824
  590. Mestrovic T825, 827
  591. Mezgebe HB828
  592. Miazgowski B831, 832
  593. Miazgowski T829
  594. Millear AI1
  595. Miller TR833
  596. Millerpetrie MK1
  597. Mini GK638
  598. Mirarefin M834
  599. Mirica A649, 835
  600. Mirrakhimov EM836, 837
  601. Misganaw AT1, 2
  602. Mitiku H16, 20
  603. Moazen B297, 838
  604. Mohajer B27, 32
  605. Mohammad KA839, 840
  606. Mohammadi M188
  607. Mohammadifard N841
  608. Mohammadniaafrouzi M374
  609. Mohammed S297, 842
  610. Mohebi F27, 39
  611. Mokdad AH1, 2
  612. Molokhia M355
  613. Momeniha F244
  614. Monasta L844
  615. Moodley Y845
  616. Moradi G846, 847
  617. Moradilakeh M239
  618. Moradinazar M127
  619. Moraga P848
  620. Morawska L849
  621. Morgadodacosta J852
  622. Morrison SD9
  623. Moschos MM853, 854
  624. Mouodi S381
  625. Mousavi SM30
  626. Mozaffarian D855, 863
  627. Mruts KB221
  628. Muche AA60
  629. Muchie KF60
  630. Mueller UO858, 859
  631. Muhammed OS351
  632. Mukhopadhyay S860
  633. Muller K1
  634. Musa KI861
  635. Mustafa G862
  636. Nabhan AF864
  637. Naghavi M1, 2
  638. Naheed A866, 899
  639. Nahvijou A40
  640. Naik G725
  641. Naik N691
  642. Najafi F128
  643. Nangia V869
  644. Nansseu JR407, 870
  645. Nascimento BR800
  646. Neal B412, 681
  647. Neamati N375
  648. Negoi I212
  649. Negoi RI215, 871
  650. Neupane S544
  651. Newton CRJ339, 872
  652. Ngunjiri JW873
  653. Nguyen AQ874, 958
  654. Nguyen G1
  655. Nguyen HT875
  656. Nguyen HLT540
  657. Nguyen HT875
  658. Nguyen M1
  659. Nguyen NB218, 362
  660. Nichols E1
  661. Nie J877
  662. Ningrum DNA673, 878
  663. Nirayo YL65
  664. Nishi N669
  665. Nixon MR1
  666. Nojomi M239
  667. Nomura S266, 879
  668. Norheim OF301, 391
  669. Noroozi M687
  670. Norrving B735
  671. Noubiap JJ714
  672. Nouri HR376
  673. Shiadeh MN192
  674. Nowroozi MR41
  675. Nsoesie EO1, 10
  676. Nyasulu PS87
  677. Obermeyer CM208, 880
  678. Odell CM1
  679. Oforiasenso R104, 881
  680. Ogbo FA883
  681. Oh IH884
  682. Oladimeji O885, 886
  683. Olagunju AT601, 887
  684. Olagunju TO113
  685. Olivares PR498
  686. Olsen HE1
  687. Olusanya BO888
  688. Olusanya JO888
  689. Ong KL1
  690. Ong SK478, 889
  691. Oren E13, 890
  692. Orpana HM275, 891
  693. Ortiz A892, 894
  694. Ota E895
  695. Otstavnov SS896, 897
  696. Overland S392, 753
  697. Owolabi MO898
  698. Mahesh P899
  699. Pacella R850, 900
  700. Pakhare AP688
  701. Pakpour AH181
  702. Pana A649, 901
  703. Pandajonas S300
  704. Park EK902
  705. Parry CDH88, 712
  706. Parsian H375
  707. Patel S903
  708. Pati S810
  709. Patil ST904
  710. Patle A464, 905
  711. Patton GC399, 403
  712. Paudel D235, 906
  713. Paulson KR1
  714. Ballesteros WCP433
  715. Pearce N366
  716. Pereira A304, 345
  717. Pereira DM440, 907
  718. Perico N317
  719. Pesudovs K908
  720. Petzold M909, 910
  721. Pham HQ540
  722. Phillips MR911
  723. Pillay JD912
  724. Piradov MA605
  725. Pirsaheb M136
  726. Pischon T913
  727. Pishgar F27, 41
  728. Planaripoll O667
  729. Plass D914
  730. Polinder S624
  731. Polkinghorne KR103
  732. Postma MJ916
  733. Poulton R917
  734. Pourshams A38
  735. Poustchi H38
  736. Prabhakaran D120, 367
  737. Prakash S918
  738. Prasad N918
  739. Purcell CA1
  740. Purwar MB919
  741. Qorbani M920
  742. Radfar A390, 921
  743. Rafay A922
  744. Rafiei A189, 191
  745. Rahim F139
  746. Rahimi Z129
  747. Rahimimovaghar A42
  748. Rahimimovaghar V43
  749. Rahman M260, 278
  750. Rahman MHU465
  751. Rahman MA519
  752. Rai RK923, 924
  753. Rajati F130
  754. Rajsic S925
  755. Raju SB926
  756. Ram U465
  757. Ranabhat CL927
  758. Ranjan P726
  759. Rath GK692
  760. Rawaf DL384, 928
  761. Rawaf S383, 929, 930
  762. Reddy KS120
  763. Rehm CD620
  764. Reiner RC1, 2
  765. Reitsma MB1
  766. Remuzzi G320
  767. Renzaho AMN882
  768. Resnikoff S931, 932
  769. Reynalesshigematsu LM433
  770. Rezaei S131
  771. Ribeiro ALP800
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  773. Roba KT18
  774. Rodriguezramirez S432
  775. Roever L933
  776. Ronfani L844
  777. Roshandel G38, 934
  778. Rostami A377
  779. Roth GA1, 11
  780. Rothenbacher D935
  781. Roy A691
  782. Rubagotti E936, 937
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  784. Sabanayagam C471
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  786. Saddik B939
  787. Sadeghi E132
  788. Moghaddam SS27
  789. Safari H140
  790. Safari Y136
  791. Safarifaramani R125
  792. Safdarian M43, 240
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  794. Safiri S772
  795. Sagar R693
  796. Sahebkar A940
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  798. Sajadi HS39
  799. Salam N941
  800. Salamati P43, 942
  801. Saleem Z943
  802. Salimi Y128
  803. Salimzadeh H38
  804. Salomon JA311
  805. Salvi DD611
  806. Salz I479
  807. Samy AM865
  808. Sanabria J944, 945
  809. Sancheznino MD946
  810. Sanchezpimienta TG435
  811. Sanders T454
  812. Sang Y280
  813. Santomauro DF92, 559
  814. Santos IS341
  815. Santos JV441, 947
  816. Milicevic MMS293
  817. Jose BPS801
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  819. Sarker AR867
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  823. Sarvi S185
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  827. Sawhney M955
  828. Saylan M956
  829. Sayyah M141
  830. Schaeffner E197
  831. Schmidt MI506
  832. Schneider IJC957
  833. Schottker B422
  834. Schutte AE90, 959
  835. Schwebel DC727
  836. Schwendicke F198
  837. Scott JG92, 560
  838. Seedat S88
  839. Sekerija M960, 961
  840. Sepanlou SG38, 803
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  844. Shabaninejad H241
  845. Shaddick G963
  846. Shafieesabet A964
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  848. Shaheen AA966
  849. Shaikh MA691
  850. Levy TS596
  851. Shamsbeyranvand M27
  852. Shamsi M133
  853. Sharafi H545
  854. Sharafi K136
  855. Sharif M285, 732
  856. Sharifalhoseini M43
  857. Sharifi H690
  858. Sharma J480
  859. Sharma M811
  860. Sharma R652
  861. She J529
  862. Sheikh A305, 441
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  864. Shibuya K266
  865. Shiferaw MS14
  866. Shigematsu M843
  867. Shin MJ741
  868. Shiri R767
  869. Shirkoohi R40, 45
  870. Shiue I817
  871. Shokraneh F388
  872. Shoman H384
  873. Shrime MG308
  874. Shupler MS416
  875. Si S101
  876. Siabani S134, 438
  877. Sibai AM209
  878. Siddiqi TJ724
  879. Sigfusdottir ID653, 749
  880. Sigurvinsdottir R749
  881. Silva DAS957
  882. Silva JP442
  883. Silveira DGA205, 279
  884. Singh JA725, 726
  885. Singh NP419
  886. Singh V493
  887. Sinha DN380, 727
  888. Skiadaresi E813
  889. Skirbekk V754
  890. Smith DL1, 2
  891. Smith M1
  892. Sobaih BH163, 380
  893. Sobhani S46
  894. Somayaji R12, 375
  895. Soofi M131
  896. Sorensen RJD1, 4
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  898. Soyiri IN441
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  900. Sposato LA629
  901. Sreeramareddy CT161
  902. Srinivasan V1
  903. Starodubov VI509
  904. Steckling N316, 319
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  906. Stein MB510
  907. Stevanovic G291, 292
  908. Stockfelt L909
  909. Stokes MA279
  910. Sturua L298
  911. Subart ML1
  912. Sudaryanto A259
  913. Sufiyan MB843
  914. Sulo G754
  915. Sunguya BF255, 389
  916. Sur PJ1, 187
  917. Sykes BL485
  918. Szoeke CEI402, 455
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  920. Tabuchi T328
  921. Tadakamadla SK524
  922. Takahashi K449, 550
  923. Tandon N694
  924. Tassew SG73
  925. Tavakkoli M564
  926. Taveira N666, 771
  927. Tehranibanihashemi A239, 242
  928. Tekalign TG20
  929. Tekelemedhin SW73
  930. Tekle MG17
  931. Temesgen H331
  932. Temsah MH163, 459, 460
  933. Temsah O459, 460
  934. Terkawi AS171
  935. Tessema B62
  936. Teweldemedhin M529
  937. Thankappan KR638
  938. Theis A1
  939. Thirunavukkarasu S610
  940. Thomas HJ96, 561
  941. Thomas ML892
  942. Thomas N487
  943. Thurston GD965
  944. Tilahun B60
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  946. To QG851
  947. Tobollik M915
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  955. Tran BX396
  956. Tran KB296, 729
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  960. Car LT278, 412
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  962. Tymeson HD1
  963. Tyrovolas S639, 641
  964. Ukwaja KN144
  965. Ullah I126, 339
  966. Updike RL1
  967. Usman MS724
  968. Uthman OA599
  969. Vaduganathan M306
  970. Vaezi A184
  971. Valdez PR347, 510
  972. Van Donkelaar A173
  973. Varavikova E341
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  977. Venketasubramanian N693, 797
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  979. Violante FS92, 567
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  981. Vlassov V149
  982. Vollset SE1, 2
  983. Vos T1, 2
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  985. Vu GT826
  986. Vujcic IS294
  987. Wagnew FS329
  988. Waheed Y186
  989. Waller SG350
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  991. Wang Y347, 777
  992. Wang Y347, 777
  993. Wang YP778, 796
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  995. Weintraub RG400, 611
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  998. Werkneh AA72
  999. West JJ962
  1000. Westerman R857
  1001. Whiteford HA1, 97
  1002. Widecka J830
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  1005. Wiyeh AB713
  1006. Wiysonge CS86, 713
  1007. Wolfe CDA357, 517
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  1009. Wu S404
  1010. Xavier D640
  1011. Xu G726
  1012. Yadgir S1
  1013. Yadollahpour A142
  1014. Jabbari SHY138
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  1016. Yan LL684
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  1021. Yimer EM66
  1022. Yip P457, 458
  1023. Yisma E352
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  1025. Yoon SJ740
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  1031. Zaman SB868
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Source: The Lancet Published:2018


Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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