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Global Incidence, Prevalence, Years Lived With Disability (Ylds), Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (Dalys), and Healthy Life Expectancy (Hale) for 371 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Ferrari AJ1, 7 ; Santomauro DF1, 7, 18 ; Aali A20, 751 ; Abate YH24 ; Abbafati C25, 181, 258, 438, 585, 774, 775, 817, 818 ; Abbastabar H27 ; Elhafeez SA99 ; Abdelmasseh M7, 59, 254, 263, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785 ; Abdelsalam S189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731 ; Abdollahi A61 ; Abdullahi A74, 77 ; Abegaz KH79, 80 ; Zuniga RAA99 ; Aboagye RG83 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ferrari AJ1, 7
  2. Santomauro DF1, 7, 18
  3. Aali A20, 751
  4. Abate YH24
  5. Abbafati C25, 181, 258, 438, 585, 774, 775, 817, 818
  6. Abbastabar H27
  7. Elhafeez SA99
  8. Abdelmasseh M7, 59, 254, 263, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  9. Abdelsalam S189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731
  10. Abdollahi A61
  11. Abdullahi A74, 77
  12. Abegaz KH79, 80
  13. Zuniga RAA99
  14. Aboagye RG83
  15. Abolhassani H28, 88
  16. Abreu LG92
  17. Abualruz H96
  18. Abugharbieh E97
  19. Aburmeileh NM107
  20. Ackerman IN108
  21. Addo IY109, 119
  22. Addolorato G120, 123, 408, 435, 436, 437, 622
  23. Adebiyi AO124, 130
  24. Adepoju AV133, 134
  25. Adewuyi HO125, 135
  26. Afyouni S137, 189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731
  27. Afzal S142, 143, 144, 189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731
  28. Afzal S142, 143, 144, 189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731
  29. Agodi A166
  30. Ahmad A98, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179
  31. Ahmad D98, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179
  32. Ahmad F98, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179
  33. Ahmad S98, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179, 189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731
  34. Ahmed A180, 181, 182, 186, 189
  35. Ahmed LA180, 181, 182, 186, 189
  36. Ahmed MB180, 181, 182, 186, 189
  37. Ajami M7, 145, 191, 254, 263, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  38. Akinosoglou K192, 193
  39. Akkaif MA194
  40. Hasan SMA196
  41. Alalalmeh SO197
  42. Alaly Z199, 202
  43. Albashtawy M7, 203, 254, 263, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  44. Aldridge RW204
  45. Alemu MD174, 209, 210
  46. Alemu YM174, 209, 210
  47. Alene KA214, 215, 218
  48. Algheethi AAS222, 225
  49. Alharrasi M7, 226, 254, 263, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  50. Alhassan RK84
  51. Ali MU77, 227, 232
  52. Ali R77, 227, 232
  53. Ali SSS77, 227, 232
  54. Alif SM108
  55. Aljunid SM233, 234
  56. Almarwani S189, 190, 235, 236, 266, 490, 717, 731
  57. Almazan JU237
  58. Alomari MA238, 241
  59. Alomari B7, 244
  60. Altaany Z245
  61. Alvisguzman N246, 248
  62. Alviszakzuk NJ247, 249
  63. Alwafi H251
  64. Alwardat MS242
  65. Alworafi YM252, 253
  66. Aly S171, 189, 190, 254, 266, 490, 717, 731
  67. Alzoubi KH99, 243
  68. Amare AT30, 211
  69. Amegbor PM267
  70. Ameyaw EK99
  71. Amin TT269
  72. Amindarolzarbi A137
  73. Amiri S189, 190, 266, 272, 490, 717, 731
  74. Amugsi DA274
  75. Ancuceanu R275
  76. Anderlini D2, 284
  77. Anderson DB285
  78. Andrade PP297, 298
  79. Andrei CL276
  80. Ansari H299
  81. Antony CM99
  82. Anwar S189, 190, 230, 266, 301, 302, 490, 717, 731
  83. Anwar SL230, 301, 302
  84. Anwer R303
  85. Anyanwu PE304
  86. Arab JP306, 307
  87. Arabloo J62
  88. Arafat M7, 254, 263, 310, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  89. Araki DT7, 311
  90. Aravkin AY7, 8, 9
  91. Arkew M7, 254, 263, 501, 655, 656, 657, 757, 782, 784, 785
  92. Armocida B7, 317
  93. Arndt MB7, 10
  94. Arooj M7, 254, 263, 319, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  95. Artamonov AA325
  96. Aruleba RT329
  97. Arumugam A100, 330
  98. Ashbaugh C181, 258, 438, 585, 774, 775, 817, 818
  99. Ashemo MY187, 332
  100. Ashraf M7, 254, 263, 320, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  101. Asika MO335, 757
  102. Askari E336
  103. Astellburt T286
  104. Athari SS337
  105. Atorkey P223, 335, 371
  106. Atout MMW339
  107. Atreya A340
  108. Aujayeb A99
  109. Ausloos M7, 254, 263, 342, 344, 501, 655, 656, 657, 782, 784, 785
  110. Avan A346
  111. Awotidebe AW74, 347
  112. Awuvirynewton K224
  113. Quintanilla BPA349, 352
  114. Ayusomateos JL353, 355
  115. Azadnajafabad S29, 189, 190, 266, 490, 717, 731
  116. Azevedo RMS357
  117. Babu AS240, 360
  118. Badar M341, 368, 442, 564
  119. Badiye AD370
  120. Baghdadi S371
  121. Bagheri N175, 372
  122. Bah S373
  123. Bai R375
  124. Baker JL376
  125. Bakkannavar SM361
  126. Bako AT377
  127. Balakrishnan S378
  128. Bam K379
  129. Banik PC99
  130. Barchitta M166, 341, 442, 564
  131. Bardhan M341, 384, 442, 564
  132. Bardideh E21
  133. Barkercollo SL385
  134. Barqawi HJ99
  135. Barrow A194, 386, 390, 654, 831, 832
  136. Barteit S391
  137. Barua L383
  138. Aliabadi SB392
  139. Basiru A194, 394, 654, 831, 832
  140. Basu S256, 289, 401
  141. Basu S256, 289, 401
  142. Bathini PP402
  143. Batra K404
  144. Baune BT406, 407
  145. Bayileyegn NS188
  146. Behnam B408, 409
  147. Behnoush AH30, 411, 412
  148. Beiranvand M341, 413, 442, 564
  149. Ramirez DFB99
  150. Bell ML416
  151. Bello OO421
  152. Beloukas A194, 423, 424, 654, 831, 832
  153. Bensenor IM426
  154. Berezvai Z429, 430
  155. Bernabe E431
  156. Bernstein RS435, 438
  157. Bettencourt PJG439
  158. Bhagavathula AS440
  159. Bhala N441, 442
  160. Bhandari D380, 444
  161. Bhargava A194, 447, 654, 831, 832
  162. Bhaskar S448, 449
  163. Bhat V99
  164. Bhatti GK451, 453, 455, 456
  165. Bhatti JS451, 453, 455, 456
  166. Bhatti MS451, 453, 455, 456
  167. Bhatti R451, 453, 455, 456
  168. Bhutta ZA457, 460
  169. Bikbov B462
  170. Bishai JD99
  171. Bisignano C7
  172. Bitra VR463
  173. Bjorge T99
  174. Bodolica V467
  175. Bodunrin AO326
  176. Bogale EK212
  177. Hashemi MB146
  178. Bonny A194, 468, 469, 654, 831, 832
  179. Basara BB470
  180. Borhany H147
  181. Boxe C471
  182. Brady OJ472
  183. Bragazzi NL477
  184. Braithwaite D386, 478
  185. Brant LC93
  186. Brauer M7, 341, 442, 479, 564
  187. Breitner S481, 482
  188. Brenner H483
  189. Brown J484, 485
  190. Brugha T343
  191. Bulamu NB488
  192. Buonsenso D121, 491
  193. Burkart K7, 9
  194. Burns RA175
  195. Busse R297
  196. Bustanji Y101, 493
  197. Butt ZA494, 495
  198. Byun J7
  199. Santos FLCD257, 426, 428
  200. Calina D471, 496
  201. Camera LA99
  202. Camposnonato IR499
  203. Cao C501
  204. Capodici A502, 504
  205. Carr S99
  206. Carreras G506
  207. Carugno A507
  208. Carvalho M358, 509, 510
  209. Castaldellimaia JM427
  210. Castanedaorjuela CA99
  211. Castelpietra G516, 517
  212. Catapano AL518, 521
  213. Cattaruzza MS26
  214. Caye A522
  215. Cegolon L525, 526
  216. Cembranel F527
  217. Cenderadewi M529, 530
  218. Cerin E531, 532
  219. Chakraborty PA479
  220. Chan JSK99
  221. Chan RNC99
  222. Chandika RM536
  223. Chandrasekar EK541
  224. Charalampous P543
  225. Chattu VK458, 545
  226. Chatzimavridougrigoriadou V548
  227. Chen AW11, 549, 550
  228. Chen AT11, 549, 550
  229. Chen CS11, 549, 550
  230. Chen H11, 549, 550
  231. Chen NM11, 549, 550
  232. Cheng ETW99
  233. Chimedochir O557
  234. Chimoriya R287, 558
  235. Ching PR560
  236. Cho WCS561
  237. Choi S562
  238. Chong B479, 480, 554
  239. Chong YY554
  240. Choudhari SG569
  241. Chowdhury R570, 571
  242. Christensen SWM574, 575
  243. Chu DT576
  244. Chukwu IS577
  245. Chung E3, 7, 578
  246. Chung E3, 7, 578
  247. Chutiyami M579
  248. Claassens MM581, 582
  249. Cogen RM99
  250. Columbus A138, 791
  251. Conde J583
  252. Cortesi PA584
  253. Cousin E7, 9
  254. Criqui MH585
  255. Cruzmartins N328, 329, 511, 586
  256. Dadras O31
  257. Dai S7, 9, 288, 486, 553, 588
  258. Dai X7, 9, 288, 486, 553, 588
  259. Dai Z7, 9, 288, 486, 553, 588
  260. Dalaba MA85
  261. Damiani G589, 591
  262. Das JK461, 597
  263. Das S461, 597
  264. Dashti M598
  265. Davilacervantes CA99
  266. Davletov K606
  267. Leo DD607
  268. Debele AT313
  269. Debopadhaya S608
  270. Decleene NK99
  271. Deeba F609
  272. Degenhardt L7, 110
  273. Bo CD610
  274. Delgadoenciso I611, 612
  275. Demetriades AK613, 617
  276. Denovagutierrez E99
  277. Dervenis N440, 618, 619, 798
  278. Desai HD621
  279. Desai R621
  280. Deuba K89
  281. Dhama K624
  282. Dharmaratne SD7, 9, 625
  283. Dhingra S626
  284. Silva DDD358, 512, 528
  285. Diaz D81, 308, 387, 628
  286. Diaz LA81, 308, 387, 628
  287. Diaz MJ81, 308, 387, 628
  288. Dima A345
  289. Ding DD386
  290. Dirac MA7, 9, 12
  291. Do THP630
  292. Prado CBD631
  293. Dohare S537
  294. Dominguez RMV7
  295. Dong W633, 634
  296. Dongarwar D99
  297. Doria M525, 635
  298. Dorsey ER542
  299. Doshmangir L599
  300. Dowou RK99
  301. Driscoll TR289
  302. Dsouza HL362, 642
  303. Dsouza V362, 642
  304. Dube J99
  305. Dumith SC644
  306. Duncan BB523
  307. Duraes AR645, 646
  308. Duraisamy S648
  309. Durojaiye OC649
  310. Dzianach PA219
  311. Dziedzic AM652
  312. Eboreime E653, 654, 835
  313. Ebrahimi A655
  314. Edinur HA658
  315. Edvardsson D331, 350
  316. Eikemo TA660
  317. Eini E835
  318. Ekholuenetale M664
  319. Ekundayo TC422
  320. Sayed IE54
  321. Tantawi ME55
  322. Elbarazi I182
  323. Elemam NM102
  324. Elgohary GMT99
  325. Elhadi M289
  326. Elmeligy OAA56, 92
  327. Elnahas G99
  328. Elshaer M681
  329. Elsohaby I684, 685
  330. Bain LE687
  331. Erkhembayar R689
  332. Eshrati B63
  333. Estep K99
  334. Fabin N691
  335. Fagbamigbe AF126, 692
  336. Falzone L167, 695
  337. Fareed M697
  338. Farinha CSES701, 703
  339. Faris MEM103
  340. Faro A705
  341. Farrokhi P710
  342. Fatehizadeh A711
  343. Fauk NK717, 718
  344. Feigin VL7, 719, 721
  345. Feng X111, 722
  346. Fereshtehnejad SM90, 459
  347. Feroze AH259
  348. Ferreira N290, 725
  349. Ferreira PH290, 725
  350. Fischer F182
  351. Flavel J731
  352. Flood D732, 733
  353. Flor LS7, 9
  354. Foigt NA734
  355. Folayan MO735, 736
  356. Force LM7, 9, 13
  357. Fortuna D737
  358. Foschi M738, 740
  359. Franklin RC529
  360. Freitas A513, 741
  361. Fukumoto T742
  362. Furtado JM743
  363. Gaal PA744, 745
  364. Gadanya MA99
  365. Gaidhane AM569
  366. Gaihre S747
  367. Galali Y99
  368. Ganbat M572, 750
  369. Gandhi AP20, 751
  370. Ganesan B752
  371. Ganie MA753, 754
  372. Ganiyani MA178, 755
  373. Gardner WM7
  374. Gebi TG314
  375. Gebregergis MW756
  376. Gebrehiwot M758
  377. Gebremariam TBB759
  378. Gebremeskel TG489, 760
  379. Gela YY761
  380. Georgescu SR277, 764
  381. Obsa AG99
  382. Gething PW216, 219
  383. Getie M766
  384. Ghadiri K768, 769
  385. Ghadirian F148
  386. Ghailan KY537, 773
  387. Ghajar A327
  388. Ghasemi M149, 150
  389. Dabaghi GG30
  390. Ghasemzadeh A598
  391. Ghazy RM57
  392. Gholamrezanezhad A774
  393. Ghorbani M22
  394. Ghotbi E151
  395. Gibson RM775
  396. Gill TK265
  397. Ginindza TG348
  398. Girmay A776
  399. Glasbey JC443
  400. Gobolos L99
  401. Godinho MA779
  402. Goharinezhad S63
  403. Goldust M417
  404. Golechha M780
  405. Goleij P770, 781
  406. Gona PN782
  407. Gorini G505
  408. Goulart AC783
  409. Grada A784
  410. Grivna M183, 786
  411. Guan SY788
  412. Guarducci G789
  413. Gubari MIM790
  414. Gudeta MD315
  415. Guha A593, 791
  416. Guicciardi S502, 792
  417. Gulati S793
  418. Gulisashvili D794
  419. Gunawardane DA796
  420. Guo C533
  421. Gupta AK797, 799, 800, 801
  422. Gupta B797, 799, 800, 801
  423. Gupta I797, 799, 800, 801
  424. Gupta M797, 799, 800, 801
  425. Gupta R797, 799, 800, 801
  426. Gupta VB797, 799, 800, 801
  427. Gupta VK797, 799, 800, 801
  428. Gupta VK797, 799, 800, 801
  429. Gutierrez RA99
  430. Habibzadeh F795
  431. Habibzadeh P795
  432. Haddadi R323
  433. Hadi NR99
  434. Haep N213
  435. Hafezinejad N30, 137
  436. Hafiz A473
  437. Hagins H99
  438. Halboub ES538
  439. Halimi A152
  440. Haller S99
  441. Halwani R97, 98, 323
  442. Hamilton EB7
  443. Hankey GJ99
  444. Hannan MA99
  445. Haque MN99
  446. Harapan H99
  447. Haro JM99
  448. Hartvigsen J99
  449. Hasaballah AI99
  450. Hasan I196
  451. Hasanian M99
  452. Hasnain MS99
  453. Hassan A270
  454. Haubold J99
  455. Havmoeller RJ99
  456. Hay SI99
  457. Hayat K99
  458. Hebert JJ99
  459. Hegazi OE99
  460. Heidari G99
  461. Helfer B99
  462. Hemmati M27
  463. Hendrie D217
  464. Henson CA7
  465. Hezam K27
  466. Hiraike Y27
  467. Hoan NQ27
  468. Holla R323, 363
  469. Hon J27
  470. Hossain MM27
  471. Hosseinzadeh H27
  472. Hosseinzadeh M27
  473. Hostiuc M278, 279
  474. Hostiuc S278, 279
  475. Hsu JM27
  476. Huang J555
  477. Hugo FN524
  478. Hushmandi K273
  479. Hussain J27
  480. Hussein NR27
  481. Huynh CK27
  482. Huynh HH27
  483. Hwang BF27
  484. Iannucci VC27
  485. Ihler AL27
  486. Ikiroma AI27
  487. Ikuta KS7
  488. Ilesanmi OS124, 130
  489. Ilic IM27
  490. Ilic MD27
  491. Imam MT27
  492. Immurana M7, 84, 447, 714, 733
  493. Irham LM27
  494. Islam MR291
  495. Islam SMS291
  496. Islami F27
  497. Ismail F27
  498. Ismail NE27
  499. Isola G168
  500. Iwagami M7, 447, 474, 714, 733
  501. Iwu CCD27
  502. Iyer M7, 447, 714, 733
  503. Jaafari J393
  504. Jacobsen KH27
  505. Jadidiniaragh F600
  506. Jafarinia M27
  507. Jaggi K27
  508. Jahankhani K153
  509. Jahanmehr N154, 155
  510. Jahrami H27
  511. Jain A851
  512. Jain N852
  513. Jairoun AA27
  514. Jaiswal A27
  515. Jakovljevic M27
  516. Jatau AI27
  517. Javadov S27
  518. Javaheri T785
  519. Jayapal SK27
  520. Jayaram S27
  521. Jee SH563
  522. Jeganathan J637
  523. Jeyakumar A136
  524. Jha AK27
  525. Jiang H351
  526. Jin Y27
  527. Jonas JB27
  528. Joo T744
  529. Joseph A638
  530. Joseph N638
  531. Joshua CE27
  532. Jozwiak JJ27
  533. Jurisson M27
  534. Vaishali K360, 753
  535. Kaambwa B489, 490
  536. Kabir A61
  537. Kabir Z61
  538. Kadashetti V27
  539. Kalani R14
  540. Kalankesh LR601
  541. Kaliyadan F27
  542. Kalra S27
  543. Kamenov K27
  544. Kamyari N27
  545. Kanagasabai T27
  546. Kandel H292
  547. Kanmanthareddy AR27
  548. Kanmodi KK27
  549. Kantar RS27
  550. Karaye IM27
  551. Karim A104
  552. Karimi SE30, 602
  553. Karimi Y30, 602
  554. Kasraei H65
  555. Kassel MB27
  556. Kauppila JH91
  557. Kawakami N27
  558. Kayode GA27
  559. Kazemi F139
  560. Kazemian S32, 33
  561. Keikavoosiarani L27
  562. Keller C7
  563. Kempen JH260
  564. Kerr JA27
  565. Keshtkar K27
  566. Kesseguyot E27
  567. Keykhaei M29, 34
  568. Khajuria H27
  569. Khalaji A30, 410
  570. Khalid A539
  571. Khalid N539
  572. Khalilian A27
  573. Khamesipour F35
  574. Khan A4, 184, 369, 537
  575. Khan I4, 184, 369, 537
  576. Khan M4, 184, 369, 537
  577. Khan MA4, 184, 369, 537
  578. Khanmohammadi S30, 411
  579. Khatab K27
  580. Khatami F36
  581. Khatatbeh MM27
  582. Khater AM271
  583. Kashani HRK156
  584. Khidri FF27
  585. Khodadoust E66
  586. Khormali M37
  587. Khorrami Z157
  588. Kifle ZD762
  589. Kim MS27
  590. Kimokoti RW27
  591. Kisa A27
  592. Kisa S27
  593. Knudsen AKS27
  594. Kocarnik JM7
  595. Kochhar S10
  596. Koh HY28
  597. Kolahi AA158
  598. Kompani F38
  599. Koren G28
  600. Korzh O28
  601. Kosen S28
  602. Laxminarayana SLK28
  603. Krishan K28
  604. Krishna V361
  605. Krishnamoorthy V15
  606. Defo BK28
  607. Kuddus MA28
  608. Kuddus M28
  609. Kuitunen I28
  610. Kulkarni V28
  611. Kumar M205, 638
  612. Kumar N205, 638
  613. Kumar R205, 638
  614. Kurmi OP693
  615. Kusuma D28
  616. Kyu HH7, 9
  617. Vecchia CL519
  618. Lacey B28
  619. Ladan MA76
  620. Laflamme L89
  621. Lafranconi A584
  622. Lahariya C29
  623. Lai DTC28
  624. Lal DK28
  625. Lalloo R5
  626. Lallukka T28
  627. Lam J28
  628. Lan Q200
  629. Lan T200
  630. Landires I28
  631. Lanfranchi F178, 384, 389, 413, 476, 478, 570
  632. Langguth B28
  633. Laplantelevesque A28
  634. Larijani B39
  635. Larsson AO28
  636. Lasrado S301
  637. Lauriola P28
  638. Le HH28
  639. Le LKD28
  640. Le NHH28
  641. Le TDT28
  642. Leasher JL28
  643. Ledda C169
  644. Lee M343
  645. Lee PH343
  646. Lee SW849
  647. Lee SW849
  648. Lee WC343
  649. Lee YH343
  650. Legrand KE28
  651. Lenzi J502
  652. Leong E28
  653. Leung J28
  654. Li MC195, 418
  655. Li W195, 418
  656. Li X195, 418
  657. Li Y195, 418
  658. Li Y195, 418
  659. Lim LL7, 9, 556
  660. Lim SS7, 9, 556
  661. Lindstrom M7
  662. Linn S301
  663. Liu G419, 594, 656, 724
  664. Liu R419, 594, 656, 724
  665. Liu S301, 419, 594, 656, 724
  666. Liu W418, 419, 594, 656, 724
  667. Liu X195, 419, 594, 656, 724
  668. Liu X195, 419, 594, 656, 724
  669. Llanaj E28
  670. Lo CH28
  671. Lopezbueno R28
  672. Loreche AM28
  673. Lorenzovici L28
  674. Lozano R7, 9, 629
  675. Lubinda J220
  676. Lucchetti G28
  677. Lunevicius R425
  678. Lusk JB28
  679. Lv H28
  680. Ma ZF28
  681. Machairas N28
  682. Madureiracarvalho AM28
  683. Gomez JAM28
  684. Maghazachi AA97
  685. Maharjan P108
  686. Mahasha PW28
  687. Maheri M28
  688. Mahjoub S28
  689. Mahmoud MA28
  690. Mahmoudi E40
  691. Majeed A397
  692. Makris KC28
  693. Rad EM30, 41
  694. Malhotra K28
  695. Malik AA321, 676
  696. Malik I321, 676
  697. Malta DC94
  698. Manla Y28
  699. Mansour A28
  700. Mansouri P40
  701. Mansournia MA42
  702. Herrera AMM1, 19
  703. Mantovani LG584
  704. Manu E86
  705. Marateb HR28
  706. Mardi P28
  707. Martinez G28
  708. Martinezpiedra R28
  709. Martini D520
  710. Martinsmelo FR28
  711. Martorell M28
  712. Marx W29
  713. Maryam S29
  714. Marzo RR28
  715. Mathangasinghe Y381
  716. Mathieson S293, 294
  717. Mathioudakis AG547
  718. Mattumpuram J29
  719. Maugeri A166
  720. Mayeli M30
  721. Mazidi M432
  722. Mazzotti A502
  723. Mcgrath JJ29
  724. Mckee M29
  725. Mckowen ALW29
  726. Mcphail MA29
  727. Mehrabanizeinabad K713
  728. Nasab EM43
  729. Meto TM29
  730. Mendoza W29
  731. Menezes RG374
  732. Mensah GA29
  733. Mentis AFA29
  734. Meo SA562, 671
  735. Meresa HA316
  736. Meretoja A29
  737. Meretoja TJ29
  738. Mersha AM29
  739. Mestrovic T7
  740. Mettananda KCD29
  741. Mettananda S29
  742. Michalek IM29
  743. Miller PA1, 7, 217
  744. Miller TR1, 7, 217
  745. Mills EJ29
  746. Minh LHN29
  747. Mirijello A29
  748. Mirrakhimov EM29
  749. Mirutse MK29
  750. Mirzaaghazadehattari M29
  751. Mirzaei M44, 67, 771
  752. Mirzaei R44, 67, 771
  753. Misganaw A9
  754. Mishra AK29
  755. Mitchell PB112
  756. Mittal C29
  757. Moazen B391
  758. Moberg ME29
  759. Mohamed J29
  760. Mohamed MFH29
  761. Mohamed NS29
  762. Mohammadi E30, 45, 52
  763. Mohammadi S30, 45, 52
  764. Mohammed H297
  765. Mohammed S297
  766. Mohammed S297
  767. Mohr RM29
  768. Mokdad AH7, 9
  769. Molinaro S29
  770. Momtazmanesh S29, 30
  771. Monasta L29
  772. Mondello S29
  773. Ghalibaf AM29
  774. Moradi M73
  775. Moradi Y73
  776. Moradilakeh M63, 68
  777. Moraga P29
  778. Morawska L29
  779. Moreira RS29
  780. Morovatdar N23
  781. Morrison SD16
  782. Morze J29
  783. Mosapour A29
  784. Mosser JF7
  785. Mossialos E398
  786. Motappa R638
  787. Mougin V29
  788. Mouodi S29
  789. Mrejen M29
  790. Msherghi A674
  791. Mubarik S29
  792. Mueller UO29
  793. Mulita F29
  794. Munjal K29
  795. Murillozamora E29
  796. Murlimanju BV639
  797. Mustafa G171
  798. Muthu S29
  799. Muzaffar M322
  800. Myung W29
  801. Nagarajan AJ29
  802. Naghavi P388
  803. Naik GR489, 559
  804. Nainu F29
  805. Nair S29
  806. Najmuldeen HHR29
  807. Nangia V29
  808. Naqvi AA29
  809. Narayana AI364
  810. Nargus S321
  811. Nascimento GG29
  812. Nashwan AJ29
  813. Nasrollahizadeh A43, 45, 62, 714
  814. Nasrollahizadeh A43, 45, 62, 714
  815. Natto ZS261
  816. Nayak BP361
  817. Nayak VC361
  818. Nduaguba SO29
  819. Negash H757
  820. Negoi I280, 281, 839
  821. Negoi RI280, 281
  822. Nejadghaderi SA30, 411
  823. Nesbit OD29
  824. Netsere HB763
  825. Ng M30, 709
  826. Nguefacktsague G29
  827. Ngunjiri JW29
  828. Nguyen DH657
  829. Nguyen HQ657
  830. Niazi RK29
  831. Nikolouzakis TK29
  832. Nikoobar A29
  833. Nikoomanesh F29
  834. Nikpoor AR29
  835. Nnaji CA29
  836. Nnyanzi LA29
  837. Noman EA295
  838. Nomura S593
  839. Norrving B593
  840. Nriezedi CA593
  841. Ntaios G593
  842. Ntsekhe M30, 709
  843. Nurrika D593
  844. Nzoputam CI593
  845. Nzoputam OJ593
  846. Oancea B593
  847. Odetokun IA395
  848. Odonnell MJ593
  849. Oguntade AS131, 206
  850. Oguta JO650
  851. Okatialiabad H300
  852. Okeke SR109
  853. Okekunle AP127
  854. Okonji OC593
  855. Olagunju AT593
  856. Olasupo OO593
  857. Olatubi MI593
  858. Oliveira GMM593
  859. Olufadewa II128
  860. Olusanya BO593
  861. Olusanya JO593
  862. Omar HA99
  863. Omer GL593
  864. Omonisi AEE593
  865. Onie S113
  866. Onwujekwe OE334
  867. Ordak M196, 200, 201, 202
  868. Orish VN87
  869. Ortegaaltamirano DV593
  870. Ortiz A593
  871. Ortizbrizuela E593
  872. Osman WMS593
  873. Ostroff SM7, 17
  874. Osuagwu UL593
  875. Otoiu A344
  876. Otstavnov N593
  877. Otstavnov SS593
  878. Ouyahia A593
  879. Ouyang G593
  880. Owolabi MO593
  881. Padukudru MP593
  882. Padronmonedero A356
  883. Padubidri JR593
  884. Palicz T744
  885. Palladino C593
  886. Pan F593
  887. Pandiperumal SR698
  888. Pangaribuan HU593
  889. Panos GD573
  890. Panos LD573
  891. Stoian AMP282
  892. Pardhan S593
  893. Parikh RR708
  894. Pashaei A480
  895. Pasovic M7
  896. Passera R593
  897. Patel J614
  898. Patel SK614
  899. Patil S593
  900. Patoulias D7, 9, 620
  901. Patthipati VS593
  902. Pawar S420
  903. Toroudi HP69, 70
  904. Pease SA7
  905. Peden AE114, 529
  906. Pedersini P362
  907. Peng M7
  908. Pensato U119
  909. Pepito VCF181
  910. Peprah EK115, 267
  911. Peprah P115, 267, 362
  912. Perdigao J181
  913. Pereira MO95
  914. Perianayagam A239
  915. Perico N119
  916. Pesudovs K116
  917. Petermannrocha FE181
  918. Petri WA181
  919. Pham HT181
  920. Philip AK181
  921. Phillips MR181
  922. Pigeolet M7, 262
  923. Pigott DM7, 9
  924. Pillay JD593
  925. Piracha ZZ593
  926. Pirouzpanah S603
  927. Plass D7, 9
  928. Plotnikov E593
  929. Poddighe D7, 9, 237
  930. Polinder S543
  931. Postma MJ181
  932. Pourtaheri N181
  933. Prada SI181
  934. Pradhan PMS263, 445
  935. Prakash V181
  936. Prasad M7
  937. Prates EJS94
  938. Priscilla T403
  939. Pritchett N181
  940. Puri P362
  941. Puvvula J181
  942. Qasim NH181
  943. Qattea I595
  944. Qazi AS181
  945. Qian G181
  946. Rad MR30, 41
  947. Radhakrishnan RA364
  948. Radhakrishnan V364
  949. Shahraki HR22
  950. Rafferty Q22
  951. Raggi A22
  952. Raghav PR181
  953. Rahim MJ181
  954. Rahman MM350, 365
  955. Rahman MHU350, 365
  956. Rahman M350, 365
  957. Rahman MA350, 365
  958. Rahmani S29, 30, 34
  959. Rahmanian M160
  960. Rahmawaty S34
  961. Rajaa S34
  962. Ramadan MM105, 682
  963. Ramasamy SK22
  964. Ramasubramani P22
  965. Ramazanu S34, 566
  966. Rana K23
  967. Ranabhat CL23
  968. Rancic N23
  969. Rane A23
  970. Rao CR363, 366
  971. Rao K363, 366
  972. Rao M363, 366
  973. Rao SJ363, 366
  974. Rashidi MM29, 158
  975. Babu GR240, 360
  976. Rauniyar SK23
  977. Rawaf DL397
  978. Rawaf S34, 397
  979. Razo C7
  980. Reddy MMRK640
  981. Redwan EMM23
  982. Reifels L23
  983. Reiner RC23
  984. Remuzzi G23
  985. Renzaho AMN23
  986. Reshmi B367
  987. Reyes LF23
  988. Rezaei N28, 29, 39
  989. Rezaei N28, 29, 39
  990. Rezaei N28, 29, 39
  991. Hachesu PR604
  992. Rezaeian M119
  993. Rickard J709
  994. Rodrigues CF514
  995. Rodriguez JAB24
  996. Roever L24
  997. Ronfani L24
  998. Roshandel G24
  999. Rotimi K24
  1000. Rout HS24
  1001. Roy B24
  1002. Roy N24
  1003. Roy P26
  1004. Rubagotti E26
  1005. Saad AMA686
  1006. Saberayad MM97
  1007. Sabour S161
  1008. Sacco S739
  1009. Sachdev PS487
  1010. Saddik B98
  1011. Saddler A220
  1012. Sadee BA748, 749
  1013. Sadeghi E713
  1014. Sadeghi M7, 713
  1015. Saeb MR119
  1016. Saeed U119
  1017. Safi SZ119
  1018. Sagar R119
  1019. Sagoe D465
  1020. Saif Z26
  1021. Sajid MR119
  1022. Sakshaug JW305
  1023. Salam N229, 653
  1024. Salami AA132
  1025. Salaroli LB632
  1026. Saleh MA98, 683
  1027. Salem MR119
  1028. Salem MZY119
  1029. Sallam M7
  1030. Samadzadeh S14
  1031. Samargandy S678
  1032. Samodra YL593
  1033. Samy AM667, 668
  1034. Sanabria J59, 596
  1035. Sanna F219
  1036. Santos IS257, 426, 428
  1037. Santricmilicevic MM593
  1038. Sarasmita MA593
  1039. Sarikhani Y593
  1040. Sarmientosuarez R26
  1041. Sarode GS593
  1042. Sarode SC6
  1043. Sarveazad A71
  1044. Sathian B26
  1045. Sathyanarayan A53
  1046. Satpathy M7
  1047. Sawhney M7
  1048. Schaarschmidt BM60, 653
  1049. Schmidt MI523
  1050. Schneider IJC75
  1051. Schumacher AE7
  1052. Schwebel DC82
  1053. Schwendicke F82
  1054. Sedighi M7
  1055. Senapati S453
  1056. Senthilkumaran S122
  1057. Sepanlou SG46
  1058. Sethi Y129
  1059. Setoguchi S141
  1060. Seylani A221
  1061. Shadid J1, 7
  1062. Shafie M7, 14
  1063. Shah H250
  1064. Shah NS258
  1065. Shah PA268
  1066. Shahbandi A48
  1067. Shahid S320, 323, 324
  1068. Shahid W320, 323, 324
  1069. Shahwan MJ198
  1070. Shaikh MA309
  1071. Shakeri A162
  1072. Shalash AS669
  1073. Sham S318
  1074. Shamim MA338
  1075. Shamshirgaran MA354
  1076. Shamsi MA198, 230
  1077. Shanawaz M7, 540
  1078. Shankar A354
  1079. Shannawaz M7
  1080. Sharath M7
  1081. Sharifan A49, 50
  1082. Sharifirad J359
  1083. Sharma M7, 117, 405, 453
  1084. Sharma R117, 405, 453
  1085. Sharma S117, 405, 453
  1086. Sharma U117, 405, 453
  1087. Sharma V117, 405, 453
  1088. Shastry RP359
  1089. Shavandi A399
  1090. Shayan AM163
  1091. Shayan M7, 163
  1092. Shehabeldine AME414
  1093. Shetty PH361
  1094. Shibuya K415
  1095. Shifa JE450
  1096. Shiferaw D186
  1097. Shiferaw WS186
  1098. Shigematsu M7
  1099. Shiri R452
  1100. Shitaye NA213
  1101. Shittu A464
  1102. Shivakumar KM466
  1103. Shivarov V475
  1104. Eshkiki ZS663
  1105. Shool S37, 164
  1106. Shrestha S492
  1107. Shuval K497
  1108. Sibhat MM500
  1109. Siddig EE508
  1110. Sigfusdottir ID498
  1111. Silva DAS358, 512, 528
  1112. Silva JP358, 512, 528
  1113. Silva LMLR358, 512, 528
  1114. Silva S358, 512, 528
  1115. Simpson CR609, 615
  1116. Singal A515
  1117. Singh A296
  1118. Singh BB296
  1119. Singh H296
  1120. Singh JA296
  1121. Singh M7, 296
  1122. Singh P296
  1123. Skou ST534
  1124. Sleet DA436
  1125. Slepak ELN535
  1126. Solanki R544
  1127. Soliman SSM106
  1128. Song S416
  1129. Song Y416
  1130. Sorensen RJD7, 10
  1131. Soriano JB551
  1132. Soyiri IN564
  1133. Spartalis M7
  1134. Sreeramareddy CT568
  1135. Stark BA359
  1136. Starodubova AV590
  1137. Stein C7, 9, 358
  1138. Stein DJ7, 9
  1139. Steiner C7, 358, 400, 661
  1140. Steiner TJ7, 400, 661
  1141. Steinmetz JD7
  1142. Steiropoulos P592
  1143. Stockfelt L815
  1144. Stokes MA605
  1145. Subedi NS446
  1146. Subramaniyan V623
  1147. Suemoto CK643
  1148. Suleman M7
  1149. Abdulkader RS647
  1150. Sultana A659
  1151. Sundstrom J662
  1152. Swain CK665
  1153. Szarpak L815
  1154. Damavandi PT666
  1155. Tabaresseisdedos R670
  1156. Malazy OT39
  1157. Tabatabaeizadeh SA804, 805
  1158. Tabatabai S165
  1159. Tabche C397, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420
  1160. Tabish M172
  1161. Tadakamadla SK806
  1162. Abkenar YT807
  1163. Soodejani MT809
  1164. Taherkhani A677
  1165. Taiba J679
  1166. Talaat IM58, 97
  1167. Talukder A810, 811
  1168. Tampa M283, 812
  1169. Tamuzi JL813, 814
  1170. Tan KK567
  1171. Tandukar S680
  1172. Tang H815
  1173. Oliaee RT688
  1174. Tavangar SM51, 700
  1175. Teimoori M816
  1176. Temsah MH672
  1177. Teramoto M817
  1178. Thangaraju P819
  1179. Thankappan KR820
  1180. Thapar R638
  1181. Thayakaran R442, 821
  1182. Thirunavukkarasu S437
  1183. Thomas N822, 823
  1184. Thomas NK822, 823
  1185. Thum CCC824
  1186. Tichopad A825
  1187. Ticoalu JHV826
  1188. Tillawi T827
  1189. Tiruye TY190, 828
  1190. Tobegai R830
  1191. Tonelli M831
  1192. Topormadry R833, 835
  1193. Torre AE7
  1194. Tovanipalone MR699
  1195. Tran JT580, 839, 841
  1196. Tran MTN580, 839, 841
  1197. Tran NM580, 839, 841
  1198. Tran NH580, 839, 841
  1199. Trico D842
  1200. Tromans SJ343, 843
  1201. Truyen TTTT844
  1202. Tsatsakis A26
  1203. Tsegay GM776
  1204. Tsermpini EE653
  1205. Tumurkhuu M328
  1206. Tyrovolas S78, 845
  1207. Udoh A808
  1208. Umair M846, 847
  1209. Umakanthan S848
  1210. Umar TP207
  1211. Undurraga EA675
  1212. Unim B317
  1213. Unnikrishnan B641
  1214. Unsworth CA382, 587
  1215. Upadhyay E312
  1216. Urso D333, 433
  1217. Usman JS74, 77
  1218. Vahabi SM45
  1219. Vaithinathan AG627
  1220. Eynde JVD396, 673
  1221. Varga O396, 673
  1222. Varma RP231
  1223. Vart P690
  1224. Vasankari TJ727, 728
  1225. Vasic M255
  1226. Vaziri S772
  1227. Vellingiri B313, 454
  1228. Venketasubramanian N404, 405
  1229. Veroux M166
  1230. Verras GI616
  1231. Vervoort D140
  1232. Villafane JH694
  1233. Violante FS503, 638
  1234. Vlassov V696
  1235. Vollset SE702
  1236. Volovat SR216, 290
  1237. Vongpradith A704
  1238. Waheed Y387, 562
  1239. Wang CC127, 131, 200, 201, 427, 434, 646, 723
  1240. Wang SF127, 200, 201, 427, 434, 646, 714, 723
  1241. Wang P127, 200, 201, 427, 434, 646, 723
  1242. Wang SP127, 200, 201, 427, 434, 646, 723
  1243. Wang YY127, 200, 201, 427, 434, 646, 723
  1244. Wang YP127, 200, 201, 427, 434, 646, 723
  1245. Ward P716
  1246. Wassie EG829
  1247. Weaver MR7, 9
  1248. Weerakoon KG278
  1249. Weintraub RG706
  1250. Weiss DJ216, 219
  1251. Weldemariam AH777
  1252. Wells KM707
  1253. Wen YF130
  1254. Whisnant JL7
  1255. Whiteford HA1, 7
  1256. Wiangkham T360
  1257. Wickramasinghe DP545
  1258. Wickramasinghe ND545
  1259. Wilandika A715
  1260. Wilkerson C7, 131
  1261. Willeit P260, 571
  1262. Wimo A386
  1263. Woldegebreal DH258, 767
  1264. Wolf AW720
  1265. Wong YJ726
  1266. Woolf AD730
  1267. Wu C131, 289, 485, 714
  1268. Wu F131, 289, 485, 714
  1269. Wu X131, 289, 485, 714
  1270. Wu Z131, 289, 485, 714
  1271. Hanson SW7
  1272. Xia Y7, 285
  1273. Xiao H86, 210
  1274. Xu X7, 486
  1275. Xu YY7, 486
  1276. Yadav L265, 682
  1277. Yadollahpour A651
  1278. Yaghoubi S469
  1279. Yamagishi K276
  1280. Yang L194, 832
  1281. Yano Y410
  1282. Yao Y746
  1283. Yaribeygi H565
  1284. Yazdanpanah MH46
  1285. Ye P118, 723
  1286. Yehualashet SS765
  1287. Yesuf SA159, 264
  1288. Yezli S64
  1289. Yigit A729
  1290. Yigit V729
  1291. Yigzaw ZA212
  1292. Yismaw Y47, 214, 215
  1293. Yon DK778
  1294. Yonemoto N267, 542, 608, 712
  1295. Younis MZ787
  1296. Yu C802
  1297. Yu Y803
  1298. Yusuf H228
  1299. Zahid MH389
  1300. Zakham F834
  1301. Zaki L185
  1302. Zaki N185
  1303. Zaman BA836
  1304. Zamora N837
  1305. Zand R838
  1306. Zandieh GGZ137
  1307. Zar HJ840
  1308. Zarrintan A598, 793
  1309. Zastrozhin MS818
  1310. Zhang H636
  1311. Zhang N154
  1312. Zhang Y156
  1313. Zhao H486
  1314. Zhong C555
  1315. Zhong P555
  1316. Zhou J366
  1317. Zhu Z552
  1318. Ziafati M72
  1319. Zielinska M124
  1320. Zimsen SRM100
  1321. Zoladl M671
  1322. Zumla A208, 793
  1323. Zyoud SH198
  1324. Vos T7, 9
  1325. Murray CJL161

Source: The Lancet Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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