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Assessing the Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Risks of Metals in the Drinking Water of Isfahan, Iran Publisher Pubmed



Moradnia M1, 3 ; Attar HM1 ; Hajizadeh Y1, 2 ; Lundh T3 ; Salari M4, 5 ; Darvishmotevalli M6, 7
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  3. 3. Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  4. 4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
  5. 5. Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
  6. 6. Research Center for Health, Safety, and Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

Source: Scientific Reports Published:2024


Abstract

Metals are significant contributors to water pollution, posing serious threats to human health. This study aims to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with metals in Isfahan drinking water. Eighty water samples were randomly collected from the city's distribution network between January and March 2020–2021. Inductively coupled plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to measure toxic metals, namely Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, and As concentrations. Results revealed that the mean concentration of Ni (70.03 µg/L) exceeded the WHO reference value (70 µg/L), while the other metals were below the standard values. The average chronic daily intake order of toxic metals was Ni > Cr > Pb > As > Cd. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment through hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) demonstrated that both THI for adults (HQingestion + HQdermal = 4.02E−03) and THI for children (HIingestion + HIdermal = 3.83E−03) were below the acceptable limit (less than 1). This indicated no non-carcinogenic risk to residents through water ingestion or dermal exposure. However, findings indicated that the ingestion route was the primary exposure pathway, with HQ values for ingestion exceeding HQ values for dermal adsorption. Carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the risk associated with As metal exceeded the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6). Therefore, implementing treatment improvement programs and appropriate control measures is essential to safeguard the health of Isfahan City residents. © The Author(s) 2024.
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