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Worldwide Trends in Body-Mass Index, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity From 1975 to 2016: A Pooled Analysis of 2416 Population-Based Measurement Studies in 128·9 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults Publisher Pubmed



Bentham J1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973 ; Di Cesare M3 ; Bilano V2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973 ; Bixby H2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973 ; Zhou B2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973 ; Stevens GA7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141 ; Riley LM7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141 ; Taddei C2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973 ; Hajifathalian K10 ; Lu Y11 ; Savin S7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141 ; Cowan MJ7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141 ; Paciorek CJ14 ; Chiritaemandi A15, 185, 296, 753 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Bentham J1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  2. Di Cesare M3
  3. Bilano V2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  4. Bixby H2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  5. Zhou B2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  6. Stevens GA7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141
  7. Riley LM7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141
  8. Taddei C2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  9. Hajifathalian K10
  10. Lu Y11
  11. Savin S7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141
  12. Cowan MJ7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141
  13. Paciorek CJ14
  14. Chiritaemandi A15, 185, 296, 753
  15. Hayes AJ16, 99, 203, 301, 363, 905
  16. Katz J17, 442
  17. Kelishadi R18, 450
  18. Kengne AP19, 453, 716, 832
  19. Khang YH20, 459
  20. Laxmaiah A21, 72, 82, 85, 360, 510, 554, 590, 592, 749
  21. Li Y22, 31, 212, 520, 930, 945, 953
  22. Ma J23, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1041
  23. Miranda JJ24, 105, 602, 613
  24. Mostafa A25, 609, 631
  25. Neovius M26, 165, 657, 855, 916, 942
  26. Padez C27, 543, 633, 637, 697, 784
  27. Rampal L28, 548, 769
  28. Zhu A2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  29. Bennett JE2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  30. Danaei G22, 31, 212, 520, 930, 945, 953
  31. Bhutta ZA32, 33, 111, 112, 113, 405
  32. Ezzati M2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  33. Abarcagomez L35, 1009
  34. Abdeen ZA36, 755
  35. Hamid ZA37
  36. Aburmeileh NM38, 392
  37. Acostacazares B39, 265, 319, 771, 797
  38. Acuin C40
  39. Adams RJ41, 311, 914
  40. Aekplakorn W42, 789, 898, 1021
  41. Afsana K43, 760
  42. Aguilarsalinas CA44
  43. Agyemang C45, 145, 891
  44. Ahmadvand A46, 307
  45. Ahrens W47, 729, 738
  46. Ajlouni K48, 460
  47. Akhtaeva N49, 98, 217, 1049
  48. Alhazzaa HM50
  49. Alothman AR51, 413
  50. Alraddadi R52
  51. Albuhairan F53, 54
  52. Aldhukair S53, 54
  53. Ali MM7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141
  54. Ali O56
  55. Alkerwi A57
  56. Alvarezpedrerol M58, 897, 982
  57. Aly E59, 286
  58. Amarapurkar DN60
  59. Amouyel P61
  60. Amuzu A62, 578, 859
  61. Andersen LB63
  62. Anderssen SA64, 257, 472, 881
  63. Andrade DS65, 242
  64. Angquist LH66, 1050
  65. Anjana RM67, 226, 612, 748
  66. Aounallahskhiri H68
  67. Araujo J69, 368, 538
  68. Ariansen I70, 116, 324, 587
  69. Aris T71, 614, 682, 1031
  70. Arlappa N21, 72, 85, 360, 554, 592
  71. Arveiler D73
  72. Aryal KK74, 118, 440
  73. Aspelund T75, 339
  74. Assah FK76, 575, 863
  75. Assuncao MCF77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  76. Aung MS78
  77. Avdicova M79, 648
  78. Azevedo A80, 767
  79. Azizi F81, 354, 458, 619
  80. Babu BV82, 510, 590, 749
  81. Bahijri S83
  82. Baker JL84
  83. Balakrishna N21, 72, 85, 360, 554, 592
  84. Bamoshmoosh M86
  85. Banach M87, 253, 857
  86. Bandosz P88, 799, 1039
  87. Banegas JR89, 336, 518, 785
  88. Barbagallo CM90, 670
  89. Barcelo A91, 686
  90. Barkat A92
  91. Barros AJD77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  92. Barros MVG94, 989
  93. Bata I95, 328
  94. Batieha AM96, 411, 457
  95. Batista RL97, 849
  96. Batyrbek A49, 98, 217, 1049
  97. Baur LA16, 99, 203, 301, 363, 905
  98. Beaglehole R100, 409
  99. Romdhane HB101, 802
  100. Benedics J102, 996
  101. Benet M103
  102. Bernabeortiz A24, 105, 602, 613
  103. Bernotiene G106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  104. Bettiol H107, 164, 534, 572
  105. Bhagyalaxmi A108
  106. Bharadwaj S109
  107. Bhargava SK110
  108. Bhatti Z33, 111, 113, 405
  109. Bi H114, 1017
  110. Bi Y115, 663
  111. Biehl A70, 116, 324, 587
  112. Bikbov M117, 446
  113. Bista B74, 118, 440
  114. Bjelica DJ119, 740
  115. Bjerregaard P120, 121, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  116. Bjertness E122, 123, 594
  117. Bjertness MB122, 123, 594
  118. Bjorkelund C124, 255, 528, 792, 854
  119. Blokstra A125, 149, 968, 971, 1003
  120. Bo S126, 148, 332
  121. Bobak M127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  122. Boddy LM128
  123. Boehm BO129
  124. Boeing H130
  125. Boggia JG131, 667
  126. Boissonnet CP132
  127. Bonaccio M133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 310, 397
  128. Bongard V134, 278
  129. Bovet P135, 136, 977
  130. Braeckevelt L137
  131. Braeckman L138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  132. Bragt MCE139, 462
  133. Brajkovich I140
  134. Branca F7, 8, 12, 13, 55, 141
  135. Breckenkamp J142
  136. Breda J143, 151
  137. Brenner H144, 434, 821
  138. Brewster LM45, 145, 891
  139. Brian GR146
  140. Brinduse L147, 193, 244, 912
  141. Bruno G126, 148, 332
  142. Buenodemesquita HB125, 149, 968, 971, 1003
  143. Bugge A120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  144. Buoncristiano M143, 151
  145. Burazeri G152, 396
  146. Burns C153, 200
  147. De Leon AC154
  148. Cacciottolo J155
  149. Cai H156, 1044
  150. Cama T157
  151. Cameron C158, 204
  152. Camolas J159
  153. Can G160, 683
  154. Candido APC161
  155. Capanzana M162, 249
  156. Capuano V163, 399
  157. Cardoso VC107, 164, 534, 572
  158. Carlsson AC26, 165, 657, 855, 916, 942
  159. Carvalho MJ166, 532, 632, 817
  160. Casanueva FF167
  161. Casas JP127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  162. Caserta CA169
  163. Chamukuttan S170, 765, 851
  164. Chan AW171, 180, 412, 553, 1012
  165. Chan Q2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  166. Chaturvedi HK173, 705
  167. Chaturvedi N127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  168. Chen CJ175, 703
  169. Chen F176, 595
  170. Chen H177, 1040
  171. Chen S178, 1018
  172. Chen Z179, 456, 860, 1015
  173. Cheng CY171, 180, 412, 553, 1012
  174. Chetrit A181, 213, 437
  175. Chikovaiscener E182, 250
  176. Chiolero A183
  177. Chiou ST184, 993
  178. Chirlaque MD186
  179. Cho B187
  180. Cho Y188, 676
  181. Christensen K120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  182. Christofaro DG190, 273
  183. Chudek J191, 1002
  184. Cifkova R192
  185. Cinteza E147, 193, 244, 912
  186. Claessens F194, 960
  187. Clays E138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  188. Concin H196, 282, 305, 743
  189. Confortin SC197, 208, 562, 685
  190. Cooper C198, 268, 782
  191. Cooper R127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  192. Coppinger TC153, 200
  193. Costanzo S133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 310, 397
  194. Cottel D202, 209
  195. Cowell C16, 99, 203, 301, 363, 905
  196. Craig CL158, 204
  197. Crujeiras AB205, 790
  198. Cucu A206, 390
  199. Darrigo G207
  200. Dorsi E197, 208, 562, 685
  201. Dallongeville J202, 209
  202. Damasceno A210
  203. Damsgaard CT211, 596, 615, 628, 869
  204. Dankner R181, 213, 437
  205. Dantoft TM214, 427, 527, 616, 856, 919
  206. Dastgiri S215
  207. Dauchet L216, 312
  208. Davletov K49, 98, 217, 1049
  209. De Backer G138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  210. De Bacquer D138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  211. De Curtis A133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 310, 397
  212. De Gaetano G133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 310, 397
  213. De Henauw S138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  214. De Oliveira PD77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  215. De Ridder K224
  216. De Smedt D138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  217. Deepa M67, 226, 612, 748
  218. Deev AD227, 839
  219. Dehghan A228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  220. Delisle H229
  221. Delpeuch F230, 549, 565, 823, 929
  222. Deschamps V231, 803
  223. Dhana K228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  224. Di Castelnuovo AF133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 310, 397
  225. Diasdacosta JS234
  226. Diaz A235
  227. Dika Z236, 433, 550, 605, 643, 870
  228. Djalalinia S237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  229. Do HTP238, 393, 511, 512
  230. Dobson AJ239
  231. Donati MB133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 310, 397
  232. Donfrancesco C241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  233. Donoso SP65, 242
  234. Doring A243, 588, 639, 723, 886, 887
  235. Dorobantu M147, 193, 244, 912
  236. Dorosty AR237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  237. Doua K246
  238. Drygas W247, 494, 735
  239. Duan JL248
  240. Duante C162, 249
  241. Duleva V182, 250
  242. Dulskiene V106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  243. Dzerve V252, 698
  244. Dziankowskazaborszczyk E87, 253, 857
  245. Egbagbe EE254
  246. Eggertsen R124, 255, 528, 792, 854
  247. Eiben G256
  248. Ekelund U64, 257, 472, 881
  249. El Ati J258
  250. Elliott P2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  251. Englestone R260
  252. Erasmus RT261
  253. Erem C262, 923
  254. Eriksen L120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  255. Eriksson JG264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  256. La Pena JE39, 265, 319, 771, 797
  257. Evans A266, 672
  258. Faeh D267, 353, 482, 796, 879
  259. Fall CH198, 268, 782
  260. Santangelo VF269
  261. Farzadfar F237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  262. Felixredondo FJ271
  263. Ferguson TS272, 287, 576, 937, 1004, 1030
  264. Fernandes RA190, 273
  265. Fernandezberges D274
  266. Ferrante D275
  267. Ferrari M276
  268. Ferreccio C277, 559, 601, 658, 951
  269. Ferrieres J134, 278
  270. Finn JD279, 1016
  271. Fischer K280, 593, 598, 903
  272. Flores EM281, 621, 781, 788
  273. Foger B196, 282, 305, 743
  274. Foo LH283, 406, 987
  275. Forslund AS284, 864
  276. Forsner M285
  277. Fouad HM59, 286
  278. Francis DK272, 287, 576, 937, 1004, 1030
  279. Franco MDC288, 892
  280. Franco OH228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  281. Frontera G290
  282. Fuchs FD291
  283. Fuchs SC292, 624
  284. Fujita Y293, 477
  285. Furusawa T294
  286. Gaciong Z295
  287. Gafencu M15, 185, 296, 753
  288. Galeone D297
  289. Galvano F298, 314, 569, 606
  290. Garciadelahera M299, 303, 389, 400, 654
  291. Gareta D300, 907
  292. Garnett SP16, 99, 203, 301, 363, 905
  293. Gaspoz JM302, 341
  294. Gasull M299, 303, 389, 400, 654
  295. Gates L304
  296. Geiger H196, 282, 305, 743
  297. Geleijnse JM306
  298. Ghasemian A46, 307
  299. Giampaoli S241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  300. Gianfagna F133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 309, 310, 397, 398, 967
  301. Gill TK41, 311, 914
  302. Giovannelli J216, 312
  303. Giwercman A313, 867, 888
  304. Godos J298, 314, 569, 606
  305. Gogen S315, 1024
  306. Goldsmith RA316
  307. Goltzman D317
  308. Goncalves H77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  309. Gonzalezleon M39, 265, 319, 771, 797
  310. Gonzalezrivas JP320
  311. Gonzalezgross M321
  312. Gottrand F322
  313. Graca AP323
  314. Graffiversen S70, 116, 324, 587
  315. Grafnetter D325, 505
  316. Grajda A326, 351, 491, 529
  317. Grammatikopoulou MG327, 744, 917, 935
  318. Gregor RD95, 328
  319. Grodzicki T329, 417, 656, 699, 924
  320. Grontved A120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  321. Grosso G331
  322. Gruden G126, 148, 332
  323. Grujic V333, 691, 758
  324. Gu D334
  325. Gualdirusso E335, 1033
  326. Guallarcastillon P89, 336, 518, 785
  327. Guan OP337, 800, 844, 847, 1045
  328. Gudmundsson EF338, 344, 678
  329. Gudnason V75, 339
  330. Guerrero R340
  331. Guessous I302, 341
  332. Guimaraes AL342
  333. Gulliford MC343
  334. Gunnlaugsdottir J338, 344, 678
  335. Gunter M345, 394, 425, 640
  336. Guo X346, 347, 992, 1020, 1029
  337. Guo Y346, 347, 992, 1020, 1029
  338. Gupta PC348, 652, 715
  339. Gupta R349
  340. Gureje O350
  341. Gurzkowska B326, 351, 491, 529
  342. Gutierrez L352, 404, 795
  343. Gutzwiller F267, 353, 482, 796, 879
  344. Hadaegh F81, 354, 458, 619
  345. Hadjigeorgiou CA355, 822, 926
  346. Siramlee K356, 684, 1010
  347. Halkjaer J357, 920
  348. Hambleton IR358, 384
  349. Hardy R127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  350. Kumar RH21, 72, 85, 360, 554, 592
  351. Hassapidou M361
  352. Hata J362, 664
  353. He J364
  354. Heidingerfelso R365, 618
  355. Heinen M366, 451, 582
  356. Hendriks ME367, 831
  357. Henriques A69, 368, 538
  358. Cadena LH369, 804
  359. Herrala S370, 449
  360. Herrera VM371
  361. Herteraeberli I372
  362. Heshmat R373
  363. Hihtaniemi IT2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  364. Ho SY375, 503
  365. Ho SC376, 862, 896, 1013
  366. Hobbs M377
  367. Hofman A228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  368. Hopman WM379
  369. Horimoto ARVR380, 720
  370. Hormiga CM381, 693
  371. Horta BL77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  372. Houti L383, 584
  373. Howitt C358, 384
  374. Htay TT385
  375. Htet AS386, 387, 834
  376. Htike MMT386, 387, 834
  377. Hu Y23, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1041
  378. Huerta JM299, 303, 389, 400, 654
  379. Petrescu CH206, 390
  380. Huisman M391
  381. Husseini A38, 392
  382. Huu CN238, 393, 511, 512
  383. Huybrechts I345, 394, 425, 640
  384. Hwalla N395, 848
  385. Hyska J152, 396
  386. Iacoviello L133, 201, 220, 221, 233, 240, 309, 310, 397, 398, 967
  387. Iannone AG163, 399
  388. Ibarluzea JM299, 303, 389, 400, 654
  389. Ibrahim MM401
  390. Ikeda N402
  391. Ikram MA228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  392. Irazola VE352, 404, 795
  393. Islam M33, 111, 113, 405
  394. Ismail AAS283, 406, 987
  395. Ivkovic V407, 418, 475, 714
  396. Iwasaki M408, 1028
  397. Jackson RT100, 409
  398. Jacobs JM410, 885
  399. Jaddou H96, 411, 457
  400. Jafar T171, 180, 412, 553, 1012
  401. Jamil KM51, 413
  402. Jamrozik K414
  403. Janszky I415, 484, 508, 835, 962
  404. Jarani J416
  405. Jasienska G329, 417, 656, 699, 924
  406. Jelakovic A407, 418, 475, 714
  407. Jelakovic B419, 713
  408. Jennings G420, 880
  409. Jeong SL421, 467
  410. Jiang CQ422
  411. Jimenezacosta SM423, 893
  412. Joffres M424
  413. Johansson M345, 394, 425, 640
  414. Jonas JB426, 704
  415. Jorgensen T214, 427, 527, 616, 856, 919
  416. Joshi P428
  417. Jovic DP429
  418. Jozwiak J430
  419. Juolevi A264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  420. Jurak G432, 877
  421. Juresa V236, 433, 550, 605, 643, 870
  422. Kaaks R144, 434, 821
  423. Kafatos A435
  424. Kajantie EO264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  425. Kalterleibovici O181, 213, 437
  426. Kamaruddin NA438, 737, 1011
  427. Kapantais E439, 943
  428. Karki KB74, 118, 440
  429. Kasaeian A237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  430. Kauhanen J443, 641, 791, 939, 975, 981
  431. Kaur P444, 764
  432. Kavousi M228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  433. Kazakbaeva G117, 446
  434. Keil U447
  435. Boker LK448
  436. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S370, 449
  437. Kelleher C366, 451, 582
  438. Kemper HCG452
  439. Kerimkulova A454, 604
  440. Kersting M455
  441. Key T179, 456, 860, 1015
  442. Khader YS96, 411, 457
  443. Khalili D81, 354, 458, 619
  444. Khateeb M48, 460
  445. Khaw KT461, 995
  446. Khouw IMSL139, 462
  447. Kiechlkohlendorfer U463, 464, 470, 948, 1005, 1006
  448. Kiechl S463, 464, 470, 948, 1005, 1006
  449. Killewo J465
  450. Kim J466, 516
  451. Kim YY421, 467
  452. Klimont J468
  453. Klumbiene J106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  454. Knoflach M463, 464, 470, 948, 1005, 1006
  455. Koirala B471, 840
  456. Kolle E64, 257, 472, 881
  457. Kolsteren P473
  458. Korrovits P474, 754
  459. Kos J407, 418, 475, 714
  460. Koskinen S264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  461. Kouda K293, 477
  462. Kovacs VA478
  463. Kowlessur S479
  464. Koziel S480
  465. Kratzer W481
  466. Kriemler S267, 353, 482, 796, 879
  467. Kristensen PL120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  468. Krokstad S415, 484, 508, 835, 962
  469. Kromhout D485
  470. Kruger HS486, 833
  471. Kubinova R487
  472. Kuciene R106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  473. Kuh D127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  474. Kujala UM490
  475. Kulaga Z326, 351, 491, 529
  476. Kumar RK492, 763
  477. Kunesova M493, 913, 1038
  478. Kurjata P247, 494, 735
  479. Kusuma YS495
  480. Kuulasmaa K264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  481. Kyobutungi C497
  482. La QN498, 956
  483. Laamiri FZ499
  484. Laatikainen T264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  485. Lachat C138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  486. Laid Y502
  487. Lam TH375, 503
  488. Landrove O504
  489. Lanska V325, 505
  490. Lappas G506
  491. Larijani B507
  492. Laugsand LE415, 484, 508, 835, 962
  493. Lauria L241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  494. Bao KLN238, 393, 511, 512
  495. Le TD238, 393, 511, 512
  496. Lebanan MAO513
  497. Leclercq C514
  498. Lee J515, 522, 649, 902
  499. Lee J515, 522, 649, 902
  500. Lehtimaki T517
  501. Leonmunoz LM89, 336, 518, 785
  502. Levitt NS519
  503. Lilly CL521, 655
  504. Lim WY515, 522, 649, 902
  505. Limacosta MF523, 718
  506. Lin HH524
  507. Lin X525, 1025
  508. Lind L526, 895, 1027
  509. Linneberg A214, 427, 527, 616, 856, 919
  510. Lissner L124, 255, 528, 792, 854
  511. Litwin M326, 351, 491, 529
  512. Liu J530, 1042
  513. Loit HM531, 964
  514. Lopes L166, 532, 632, 817
  515. Lorbeer R533, 980
  516. Lotufo PA107, 164, 534, 572
  517. Lozano JE535, 963
  518. Luksiene D106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  519. Lundqvist A264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  520. Lunet N69, 368, 538
  521. Lytsy P539
  522. Ma G23, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1041
  523. Machadocoelho GLL542
  524. Machadorodrigues AM27, 543, 633, 637, 697, 784
  525. Machi S544
  526. Maggi S545, 666
  527. Magliano DJ546, 841
  528. Magriplis E547, 1037
  529. Mahaletchumy A28, 548, 769
  530. Maire B230, 549, 565, 823, 929
  531. Majer M236, 433, 550, 605, 643, 870
  532. Makdisse M551, 780
  533. Malekzadeh R552
  534. Malhotra R171, 180, 412, 553, 1012
  535. Rao KM21, 72, 85, 360, 554, 592
  536. Malyutina S555
  537. Manios Y556, 629
  538. Mann JI557, 580, 599, 709
  539. Manzato E558, 1036
  540. Margozzini P277, 559, 601, 658, 951
  541. Markaki A560, 1034
  542. Markey O561
  543. Marques LP197, 208, 562, 685
  544. Marquesvidal P563, 979
  545. Marrugat J564, 741
  546. Martinprevel Y230, 549, 565, 823, 929
  547. Martin R566, 642
  548. Martorell R567, 883
  549. Martos E568
  550. Marventano S298, 314, 569, 606
  551. Masoodi SR570
  552. Mathiesen EB571, 1007
  553. Matijasevich A107, 164, 534, 572
  554. Matsha TE573
  555. Mazur A574
  556. Mbanya JCN76, 575, 863
  557. Mcfarlane SR272, 287, 576, 937, 1004, 1030
  558. Mcgarvey ST577
  559. Mckee M62, 578, 859
  560. Mclachlan S579, 750
  561. Mclean RM557, 580, 599, 709
  562. Mclean SB581, 794
  563. Mcnulty BA366, 451, 582
  564. Yusof SM583
  565. Medienebenchekor S383, 584
  566. Medzioniene J106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  567. Meirhaeghe A586
  568. Meisfjord J70, 116, 324, 587
  569. Meisinger C243, 588, 639, 723, 886, 887
  570. Menezes AMB77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  571. Menon GR82, 510, 590, 749
  572. Mensink GBM591, 825, 827
  573. Meshram II21, 72, 85, 360, 554, 592
  574. Metspalu A280, 593, 598, 903
  575. Meyer HE122, 123, 594
  576. Mi J176, 595
  577. Michaelsen KF211, 596, 615, 628, 869
  578. Michels N138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  579. Mikkel K280, 593, 598, 903
  580. Miller JC557, 580, 599, 709
  581. Minderico CS600
  582. Miquel JF277, 559, 601, 658, 951
  583. Mirkopoulou D603
  584. Mirrakhimov E454, 604
  585. Misigojdurakovic M236, 433, 550, 605, 643, 870
  586. Mistretta A298, 314, 569, 606
  587. Mocanu V607
  588. Modesti PA608
  589. Mohamed MK25, 609, 631
  590. Mohammad K237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  591. Mohammadifard N611
  592. Mohan V67, 226, 612, 748
  593. Mohanna S24, 105, 602, 613
  594. Yusoff MFM71, 614, 646, 682, 1031, 1032
  595. Molbo D211, 596, 615, 628, 869
  596. Mollehave LT214, 427, 527, 616, 856, 919
  597. Moller NC120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  598. Molnar D365, 618
  599. Momenan A81, 354, 458, 619
  600. Mondo CK620
  601. Monterrubio EA281, 621, 781, 788
  602. Monyeki KDK622
  603. Moon JS623
  604. Moreira LB292, 624
  605. Morejon A625
  606. Moreno LA626
  607. Morgan K627
  608. Mortensen EL211, 596, 615, 628, 869
  609. Moschonis G556, 629
  610. Mossakowska M630, 858
  611. Mota J166, 532, 632, 817
  612. Motapinto A27, 543, 633, 637, 697, 784
  613. Motlagh ME634
  614. Motta J635, 1051
  615. Mu TT636
  616. Muc M27, 543, 633, 637, 697, 784
  617. Muiesan ML638, 808
  618. Mullernurasyid M243, 588, 639, 723, 886, 887
  619. Murphy N345, 394, 425, 640
  620. Mursu J443, 641, 791, 939, 975, 981
  621. Murtagh EM566, 642
  622. Musil V236, 433, 550, 605, 643, 870
  623. Nabipour I644, 692
  624. Nagel G645
  625. Naidu BM646, 1032
  626. Nakamura H647, 677
  627. Namesna J79, 648
  628. Nang EEK515, 522, 649, 902
  629. Nangia VB650
  630. Nankap M651
  631. Narake S348, 652, 715
  632. Nardone P241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  633. Navarretemunoz EM299, 303, 389, 400, 654
  634. Neal WA521, 655
  635. Nenko I329, 417, 656, 699, 924
  636. Nervi F277, 559, 601, 658, 951
  637. Nguyen CT659
  638. Nguyen ND660, 932
  639. Nguyen QN661
  640. Nietomartinez RE662
  641. Ning G115, 663
  642. Ninomiya T362, 664
  643. Nishtar S665
  644. Noale M545, 666
  645. Noboa OA131, 667
  646. Norat T2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  647. Norie S669, 936
  648. Noto D90, 670
  649. Nsour MA671
  650. Oreilly D266, 672
  651. Obreja G673
  652. Oda E674
  653. Oehlers G675
  654. Oh K188, 676
  655. Ohara K647, 677
  656. Olafsson O338, 344, 678
  657. Olinto MTA679
  658. Oliveira IO77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  659. Oltarzewski M681, 901
  660. Omar MA71, 614, 682, 1031
  661. Onat A160, 683
  662. Ong SK356, 684, 1010
  663. Ono LM197, 208, 562, 685
  664. Ordunez P91, 686
  665. Ornelas R687
  666. Ortiz AP688
  667. Osler M689
  668. Osmond C690
  669. Ostojic SM333, 691, 758
  670. Ostovar A644, 692
  671. Otero JA381, 693
  672. Overvad K694
  673. Owusudabo E695
  674. Paccaud FM696
  675. Pahomova E252, 698
  676. Pajak A329, 417, 656, 699, 924
  677. Palli D700
  678. Palloni A701
  679. Palmieri L241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  680. Pan WH175, 703
  681. Pandajonas S426, 704
  682. Pandey A173, 705
  683. Panza F706
  684. Papandreou D707
  685. Park SW708
  686. Parnell WR557, 580, 599, 709
  687. Parsaeian M237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  688. Pascanu IM711, 739
  689. Patel ND712
  690. Pecin I407, 418, 419, 475, 713, 714
  691. Pednekar MS348, 652, 715
  692. Peer N19, 453, 716, 832
  693. Peeters PH717, 957
  694. Peixoto SV523, 718
  695. Peltonen M264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  696. Pereira AC380, 720
  697. Perezfarinos N721
  698. Perez CM722
  699. Peters A243, 588, 639, 723, 886, 887
  700. Petkeviciene J106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  701. Petrauskiene A106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  702. Peykari N726
  703. Pham ST727
  704. Pierannunzio D241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  705. Pigeot I47, 729, 738
  706. Pikhart H127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  707. Pilav A731
  708. Pilotto L732, 961
  709. Pistelli F733
  710. Pitakaka F734
  711. Piwonska A247, 494, 735
  712. Plansrubio P736
  713. Poh BK438, 737, 1011
  714. Pohlabeln H47, 729, 738
  715. Pop RM711, 739
  716. Popovic SR119, 740
  717. Porta M564, 741
  718. Portegies MLP228, 232, 289, 378, 403, 445, 742
  719. Posch G196, 282, 305, 743
  720. Poulimeneas D327, 744, 917, 935
  721. Pouraram H237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  722. Pourshams A746
  723. Poustchi H747
  724. Pradeepa R67, 226, 612, 748
  725. Prashant M82, 510, 590, 749
  726. Price JF579, 750
  727. Puder JJ751
  728. Pudule I752, 966
  729. Puiu M15, 185, 296, 753
  730. Punab M474, 754
  731. Qasrawi RF36, 755
  732. Qorbani M756
  733. Bao TQ757
  734. Radic I333, 691, 758
  735. Radisauskas R106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  736. Rahman M43, 760
  737. Rahman M43, 760
  738. Raitakari O762
  739. Raj M492, 763
  740. Rao SR444, 764
  741. Ramachandran A170, 765, 851
  742. Ramke J766, 853, 1014
  743. Ramos E80, 767
  744. Ramos R768
  745. Rampal S770
  746. Rasconpacheco RA39, 265, 319, 771, 797
  747. Redon J772
  748. Reganit PFM773, 900
  749. Ribasbarba L774
  750. Ribeiro R775
  751. Riboli E2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  752. Rigo F777
  753. De Wit TFR778
  754. Rito A779
  755. Rittidias RM551, 780
  756. Rivera JA281, 621, 781, 788
  757. Robinson SM198, 268, 782
  758. Robitaille C783, 990
  759. Rodrigues D27, 543, 633, 637, 697, 784
  760. Rodriguezartalejo F89, 336, 518, 785
  761. Rodriguezperez MC786
  762. Rodriguezvillamizar LA787
  763. Rojasmartinez R281, 621, 781, 788
  764. Rojroongwasinkul N42, 789, 898, 1021
  765. Romaguera D205, 790
  766. Ronkainen K443, 641, 791, 939, 975, 981
  767. Rosengren A124, 255, 528, 792, 854
  768. Rouse I793
  769. Roy JGR581, 794
  770. Rubinstein A352, 404, 795
  771. Ruhli FJ267, 353, 482, 796, 879
  772. Ruizbetancourt BS39, 265, 319, 771, 797
  773. Russo P798, 846
  774. Rutkowski M88, 799, 1039
  775. Sabanayagam C337, 800, 844, 847, 1045
  776. Sachdev HS801
  777. Saidi O101, 802
  778. Salanave B231, 803
  779. Martinez ES369, 804
  780. Salmeron D805
  781. Salomaa V264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  782. Salonen JT807
  783. Salvetti M638, 808
  784. Sanchezabanto J809, 911
  785. Sans S811
  786. Marina LS812
  787. Santos DA813, 819
  788. Santos IS77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  789. Santos O815
  790. Dos Santos RN816, 824
  791. Santos R166, 532, 632, 817
  792. Saramies JL818
  793. Sardinha LB813, 819
  794. Sarrafzadegan N820
  795. Saum KU144, 434, 821
  796. Savva S355, 822, 926
  797. Savy M230, 549, 565, 823, 929
  798. Scazufca M816, 824
  799. Rosario AS591, 825, 827
  800. Schargrodsky H826
  801. Schienkiewitz A591, 825, 827
  802. Schipf S828, 829
  803. Schmidt CO828, 829
  804. Schmidt IM830
  805. Schultsz C367, 831
  806. Schutte AE19, 453, 486, 716, 832, 833
  807. Sein AA386, 387, 834
  808. Sen A415, 484, 508, 835, 962
  809. Senbanjo IO836
  810. Sepanlou SG237, 245, 270, 441, 610, 710, 745, 837
  811. Serramajem L838
  812. Shalnova SA227, 839
  813. Sharma SK471, 840
  814. Shaw JE546, 841
  815. Shibuya K842
  816. Shin DW843
  817. Shin Y337, 800, 844, 847, 1045
  818. Shiri R845, 972
  819. Siani A798, 846
  820. Siantar R337, 800, 844, 847, 1045
  821. Sibai AM395, 848
  822. Silva AM97, 849
  823. Silva DAS850
  824. Simon M170, 765, 851
  825. Simons J852
  826. Simons LA766, 853, 1014
  827. Sjoberg A124, 255, 528, 792, 854
  828. Sjostrom M26, 165, 657, 855, 916, 942
  829. Skovbjerg S214, 427, 527, 616, 856, 919
  830. Slowikowskahilczer J87, 253, 857
  831. Slusarczyk P630, 858
  832. Smeeth L62, 578, 859
  833. Smith MC179, 456, 860, 1015
  834. Snijder MB861, 959
  835. So HK376, 862, 896, 1013
  836. Sobngwi E76, 575, 863
  837. Soderberg S284, 864
  838. Soekatri MYE865
  839. Solfrizzi V866
  840. Sonestedt E313, 867, 888
  841. Song Y23, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1041
  842. Sorensen TIA211, 596, 615, 628, 869
  843. Soric M236, 433, 550, 605, 643, 870
  844. Jerome CS871
  845. Soumare A872, 944
  846. Spinelli A241, 308, 509, 653, 702, 728, 873
  847. Spiroski I874
  848. Staessen JA875, 918
  849. Stamm H876
  850. Starc G432, 877
  851. Stathopoulou MG878, 976
  852. Staub K267, 353, 482, 796, 879
  853. Stavreski B420, 880
  854. Steenejohannessen J64, 257, 472, 881
  855. Stehle P882
  856. Stein AD567, 883
  857. Stergiou GS884
  858. Stessman J410, 885
  859. Stieber J243, 588, 639, 723, 886, 887
  860. Stockl D243, 588, 639, 723, 886, 887
  861. Stocks T313, 867, 888
  862. Stokwiszewski J889, 1008
  863. Stratton G890
  864. Stronks K45, 145, 891
  865. Strufaldi MW288, 892
  866. Suarezmedina R423, 893
  867. Sun CA894
  868. Sundstrom J526, 895, 1027
  869. Sung YT376, 862, 896, 1013
  870. Sunyer J58, 897, 982
  871. Suriyawongpaisal P42, 789, 898, 1021
  872. Swinburn BA899
  873. Sy RG773, 900
  874. Szponar L681, 901
  875. Tai ES515, 522, 649, 902
  876. Tammesoo ML280, 593, 598, 903
  877. Tamosiunas A106, 251, 469, 488, 536, 585, 724, 725, 759, 904
  878. Tan EJ16, 99, 203, 301, 363, 905
  879. Tang X23, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1041
  880. Tanser F300, 907
  881. Tao Y23, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1041
  882. Tarawneh MR909
  883. Tarp J120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  884. Tarquimamani CB809, 911
  885. Tautu OF147, 193, 244, 912
  886. Braunerova RT493, 913, 1038
  887. Taylor A41, 311, 914
  888. Tchibindat F915
  889. Theobald H26, 165, 657, 855, 916, 942
  890. Theodoridis X327, 744, 917, 935
  891. Thijs L875, 918
  892. Thuesen BH214, 427, 527, 616, 856, 919
  893. Tjonneland A357, 920
  894. Tolonen HK264, 431, 436, 476, 496, 500, 537, 719, 806, 921
  895. Tolstrup JS120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  896. Topbas M262, 923
  897. Topormadry R329, 417, 656, 699, 924
  898. Tormo MJ925
  899. Tornaritis MJ355, 822, 926
  900. Torrent M927
  901. Toselli S928
  902. Traissac P230, 549, 565, 823, 929
  903. Trichopoulos D22, 31, 212, 520, 930, 945, 953
  904. Trichopoulou A931
  905. Trinh OTH660, 932
  906. Trivedi A933
  907. Tshepo L934
  908. Tsigga M327, 744, 917, 935
  909. Tsugane S669, 936
  910. Tullochreid MK272, 287, 576, 937, 1004, 1030
  911. Tullu F938
  912. Tuomainen TP443, 641, 791, 939, 975, 981
  913. Tuomilehto J940
  914. Turley ML941, 998
  915. Tynelius P26, 165, 657, 855, 916, 942
  916. Tzotzas T439, 943
  917. Tzourio C872, 944
  918. Ueda P22, 31, 212, 520, 930, 945, 953
  919. Ugel EE946
  920. Ukoli FAM947
  921. Ulmer H463, 464, 470, 948, 1005, 1006
  922. Unal B949
  923. Uusitalo HMT950
  924. Valdivia G277, 559, 601, 658, 951
  925. Vale S952
  926. Valvi D22, 31, 212, 520, 930, 945, 953
  927. Van Der Schouw YT954
  928. Van Herck K138, 195, 218, 219, 222, 225, 501, 597, 955
  929. Van Minh H498, 956
  930. Van Rossem L717, 957
  931. Van Schoor NM958
  932. Van Valkengoed IGM861, 959
  933. Vanderschueren D194, 960
  934. Vanuzzo D732, 961
  935. Vatten L415, 484, 508, 835, 962
  936. Vega T535, 963
  937. Veidebaum T531, 964
  938. Velasquezmelendez G965
  939. Velika B752, 966
  940. Veronesi G309, 398, 967
  941. Verschuren WMM125, 149, 968, 971, 1003
  942. Victora CG77, 93, 223, 318, 382, 589, 680, 814, 969
  943. Viegi G970
  944. Viet L125, 149, 968, 971, 1003
  945. Viikarijuntura E845, 972
  946. Vineis P2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 104, 172, 259, 374, 668, 776, 973
  947. Vioque J974
  948. Virtanen JK443, 641, 791, 939, 975, 981
  949. Visvikissiest S878, 976
  950. Viswanathan B135, 977
  951. Vlasoff T978
  952. Vollenweider P563, 979
  953. Volzke H533, 980
  954. Voutilainen S443, 641, 791, 939, 975, 981
  955. Vrijheid M58, 897, 982
  956. Wade AN983
  957. Wagner A984
  958. Waldhor T985, 1000
  959. Walton J986
  960. Wan Bebakar WM283, 406, 987
  961. Wan Mohamud WN988
  962. Wang MD783, 990
  963. Wang Q991
  964. Wang YX346, 347, 992, 1020, 1029
  965. Wang YW184, 993
  966. Wannamethee SG127, 168, 174, 199, 359, 489, 730, 994
  967. Wareham N461, 995
  968. Weber A102, 996
  969. Wedderkopp N120, 150, 189, 263, 330, 483, 617, 910, 922, 997
  970. Weerasekera D941, 998
  971. Whincup PH999
  972. Widhalm K985, 1000
  973. Widyahening IS1001
  974. Wiecek A191, 1002
  975. Wijga AH125, 149, 968, 971, 1003
  976. Wilks RJ272, 287, 576, 937, 1004, 1030
  977. Willeit J463, 464, 470, 948, 1005, 1006
  978. Willeit P463, 464, 470, 948, 1005, 1006
  979. Wilsgaard T571, 1007
  980. Wojtyniak B889, 1008
  981. Wongmcclure RA35, 1009
  982. Wong JYY356, 684, 1010
  983. Wong JE438, 737, 1011
  984. Wong TY171, 180, 412, 553, 1012
  985. Woo J376, 862, 896, 1013
  986. Woodward M179, 456, 766, 853, 860, 1014, 1015
  987. Wu FC279, 1016
  988. Wu J114, 1017
  989. Wu S178, 1018
  990. Xu H1019
  991. Xu L346, 347, 992, 1020, 1029
  992. Yamborisut U42, 789, 898, 1021
  993. Yan W1022
  994. Yang X1023, 1043, 1047
  995. Yardim N315, 1024
  996. Ye X525, 1025
  997. Yiallouros PK1026
  998. Yngve A526, 895, 1027
  999. Yoshihara A408, 1028
  1000. You QS346, 347, 992, 1020, 1029
  1001. Youngercoleman NO272, 287, 576, 937, 1004, 1030
  1002. Yusoff F71, 614, 682, 1031
  1003. Zaccagni L335, 1033
  1004. Zafiropulos V560, 1034
  1005. Zainuddin AA1035
  1006. Zambon S558, 1036
  1007. Zampelas A547, 1037
  1008. Zamrazilova H493, 913, 1038
  1009. Zdrojewski T88, 799, 1039
  1010. Zeng Y23, 177, 388, 540, 541, 868, 906, 908, 1040, 1041
  1011. Zhao D530, 1042
  1012. Zhao W1023, 1043, 1047
  1013. Zheng W156, 1044
  1014. Zheng Y337, 800, 844, 847, 1045
  1015. Zholdin B1046
  1016. Zhou M1023, 1043, 1047
  1017. Zhu D1048
  1018. Zhussupov B49, 98, 217, 1049
  1019. Zimmermann E66, 1050
  1020. Cisneros JZ635, 1051

Source: The Lancet Published:2017


Abstract

Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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