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Impact of Walnut Consumption on Glycemic Control and Anthropometric Indices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Publisher



Hadi A1 ; Khosroshahi MZ2 ; Zwamel AH3, 4, 5 ; Asbaghi O6, 7 ; Naeini F8 ; Miraghajani M9 ; Nouri M10, 11 ; Ghaedi E12
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  3. 3. Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
  4. 4. Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
  5. 5. Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
  6. 6. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  11. 11. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Published:2025


Abstract

Objectives: Previous studies have led to conflicting results regarding the effect of walnut consumption on glycemic control, and anthropometric indices. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of walnut consumption on serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), weight and body mass index (BMI) through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane databases were searched up to February 2023. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was analyzed using random effects models to assess the overall effect. Results: A total of thirty-two RCTs were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Walnut supplementation was found to significantly reduce HOMA-IR (WMD = -0.29; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.01, P = 0.04), and body weight (WMD = -0.14 kg; 95% CI: -0.24, -0.04; P = 0.008). However, the meta-analysis showed that walnut supplementation did not have a significant effect on FBS (WMD = 0.62 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.66, 1.91; P = 0.34), insulin levels (WMD = 1.27 mIU/ml; 95% CI: -0.59, 3.14; P = 0.18), HbA1C (WMD = 0.00%; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.10; P = 0.95), and BMI (WMD = -0.10 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.40, 0.20; P = 0.50). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study found a significant reduction in HOMA-IR levels and body weight with walnut supplementation, while other glycemic markers, and obesity-related indices did not change significantly. Future well-designed trials are needed to confirm these results. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2025.
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