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National and Provincial Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Iran; a Systematic Analysis of 12 Years of Steps Experience Publisher Pubmed



Shahmohamadi E1 ; Yousefi M1 ; Mohammadi E1 ; Ghanbari A1 ; Shaker E1 ; Azadnajafabad S1 ; Abbasikangevari M1 ; Rashidi MM1 ; Rezaei N1, 2 ; Fateh SM2 ; Mehr EF1, 2 ; Pharm SR1 ; Effatpanah M3 ; Jamshidi H4 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Shahmohamadi E1
  2. Yousefi M1
  3. Mohammadi E1
  4. Ghanbari A1
  5. Shaker E1
  6. Azadnajafabad S1
  7. Abbasikangevari M1
  8. Rashidi MM1
  9. Rezaei N1, 2
  10. Fateh SM2
  11. Mehr EF1, 2
  12. Pharm SR1
  13. Effatpanah M3
  14. Jamshidi H4
  15. Farzadfar F1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. National Center for Health Insurance Research, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death. Despite the great burden, there is lack of data regarding the trend of cigarette smoking in Iran. We described the national and provincial prevalence of cigarette smoking and its 12-year time trend utilizing six rounds of Iranian stepwise approach for surveillance of non-communicable disease (STEPS) surveys. Methods: We gathered data from six STEPS surveys done in 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2016 in Iran. To estimate the data of missing years, we used two separate statistical models including the mixed model and spatio-temporal analysis. Results: The overall prevalence rate of cigarette smoking was 14.65% (12.81‒16.59) in 2005 and 10.63% (9.00‒12.57) in 2016 in Iran. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in 2005 and 2016 was 25.15% (23.18‒27.11) and 19.95% (17.93%‒21.97%) for men and 4.13% (2.43‒6.05) and 1.31% (0.06-3.18) for women, respectively. The prevalence of smoking in different provinces of Iran ranged from 20.73% (19.09‒22.47) to 9.67% (8.24‒11.34) in 2005 and from 15.34% (13.68‒17.12) to 6.41% (5.31‒7.94) in 2016. The overall trend of smoking was downward, which was true for both sexes and all 31 provinces. The declining annual percent change (APC) of the prevalence trend was -2.87% in total population, -9.91% in women, and -2.08% in men from 2005 to 2016. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of smoking had a decreasing trend in Iran, this trend showed disparities among sexes and provinces and this epidemiological data can be used to modify smoking prevention programs. © 2023 Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran. All rights reserved.
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