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Causes of Blindness and Vision Impairment in 2020 and Trends Over 30 Years, and Prevalence of Avoidable Blindness in Relation to Vision 2020: The Right to Sight: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Publisher Pubmed



Bourne RRA1 ; Steinmetz JD3 ; Saylan M184 ; Mersha AM185 ; Weldemariam AH186 ; Wondmeneh TG131, 187, 231 ; Sreeramareddy CT188 ; Pinheiro M189 ; Yaseri M190 ; Yu C191 ; Zastrozhin MS192 ; Zastrozhina A193 ; Zhang ZJ194 ; Zimsen SRM3 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Bourne RRA1
  2. Steinmetz JD3
  3. Saylan M184
  4. Mersha AM185
  5. Weldemariam AH186
  6. Wondmeneh TG131, 187, 231
  7. Sreeramareddy CT188
  8. Pinheiro M189
  9. Yaseri M190
  10. Yu C191
  11. Zastrozhin MS192
  12. Zastrozhina A193
  13. Zhang ZJ194
  14. Zimsen SRM3
  15. Yonemoto N195
  16. Tsegaye GW196
  17. Vu GT197
  18. Vongpradith A3
  19. Renzaho AMN198
  20. Sorrie MB199
  21. Shaheen AA185
  22. Shiferaw WS200
  23. Skryabin VY201
  24. Skryabina AA202
  25. Saya GK203
  26. Rahimimovaghar V204
  27. Shigematsu M205
  28. Sahraian MA206
  29. Naderifar H207
  30. Sabour S208
  31. Rathi P209
  32. Sathian B210
  33. Miller TR211
  34. Rezapour A27
  35. Rawal L212
  36. Pham HQ141
  37. Parekh U213
  38. Podder V214
  39. Onwujekwe OE215
  40. Pasovic M3
  41. Otstavnov N216
  42. Negash H217
  43. Pawar S218
  44. Naimzada MD216
  45. Al Montasir A22, 219
  46. Ogbo FA220
  47. Owolabi MO221
  48. Pakshir K222
  49. Mohammad Y223
  50. Moni MA224
  51. Nunezsamudio V225
  52. Mulaw GF226
  53. Naveed M227
  54. Maleki S138
  55. Michalek IM228
  56. Misra S229
  57. Swamy SN230
  58. Mohammed JA131
  59. Flaxman S7
  60. Park EC5, 235
  61. Briant PS3
  62. Meles GG232
  63. Hayat K233
  64. Landires I234
  65. Kim GR235
  66. Liu X21
  67. Legrand KE3
  68. Taylor HR10
  69. Kunjathur SM236
  70. Khoja TAM237
  71. Bicer BK238
  72. Khalilov R239
  73. Hashi A240
  74. Kayode GA241
  75. Carneiro VLA242
  76. Kavetskyy T243
  77. Kosen S244
  78. Kulkarni V245
  79. Holla R209
  80. Kalhor R20, 246
  81. Jayaram S247
  82. Islam SMS248
  83. Gilani SA249
  84. Eskandarieh S206
  85. Molla MD250
  86. Itumalla R251
  87. Farzadfar F252
  88. Congdon NG144
  89. Elhabashy HR253
  90. Elayedath R254
  91. Couto RAS255
  92. Dervenis N256
  93. Cromwell EA3
  94. Dahlawi SMA257
  95. Resnikoff S11, 12
  96. Casson RJ13
  97. Abdoli A14
  98. Choi JYJ2
  99. Dos Santos FLC180
  100. Abrha WA186
  101. Nagaraja SB181
  102. Abualhasan A169
  103. Adal TG165
  104. Aregawi BB134
  105. Beheshti M135
  106. Abugharbieh E15
  107. Afshin A3, 4
  108. Ahmadieh H16, 17
  109. Alemzadeh SA128
  110. Arrigo A107
  111. Atnafu DD79
  112. Ashbaugh C3
  113. Ashrafi E79, 87
  114. Alemayehu W23, 24
  115. Alfaar AS25, 26
  116. Alipour V27, 28
  117. Anbesu EW31
  118. Androudi S32
  119. Arabloo J27
  120. Arditi A33
  121. Bagli E35, 36
  122. Baig AA37
  123. Barnighausen TW38, 40
  124. Parodi MB42
  125. Bhagavathula AS43, 44
  126. Bhardwaj N45
  127. Bhardwaj P46, 47
  128. Bhattacharyya K48, 49
  129. Bijani A50
  130. Bikbov M51
  131. Bottone M7, 52
  132. Braithwaite T53, 54
  133. Bron AM55, 56
  134. Butt ZA57, 58
  135. Cheng CY59, 60
  136. Chu DT61
  137. Cicinelli MV62
  138. Coelho JM63
  139. Dai X3
  140. Dana R41
  141. Dandona L3, 64, 65
  142. Dandona R3, 4, 64
  143. Del Monte MA66
  144. Deva JP68
  145. Diaz D69, 70
  146. Djalalinia S71
  147. Dreer LE72
  148. Ehrlich JR66, 67
  149. Ellwein LB74
  150. Emamian MH75
  151. Fernandes AG76
  152. Fischer F77
  153. Friedman DS41
  154. Furtado JM78
  155. Gaidhane S82
  156. Gazzard G83
  157. Gebremichael B84, 94
  158. George R85
  159. Ghashghaee A27, 29
  160. Golechha M86
  161. Hamidi S88
  162. Hammond BR89
  163. Hartnett MER90
  164. Hartono RK91
  165. Hay SI3, 4
  166. Heidari G92
  167. Ho HC93
  168. Househ M95
  169. Ibitoye SE96
  170. Ilic IM97
  171. Huang JJ34
  172. Ilic MD98
  173. Ingram AD99
  174. Irvani SSN18
  175. Jha RP100, 101
  176. Kahloun R102
  177. Kandel H103, 104
  178. Kasa AS105
  179. Kempen JH41, 106
  180. Khairallah M109
  181. Khan EA110
  182. Khanna RC11, 111
  183. Khatib MN80
  184. Kim JE112
  185. Kim YJ113
  186. Kisa A114, 115
  187. Kisa S116
  188. Koyanagi A117, 118
  189. Kurmi OP119, 121
  190. Lansingh VC122, 123
  191. Leasher JL124
  192. Leveziel N125, 126
  193. Limburg H127
  194. Manafi N30, 129
  195. Mansouri K130, 131
  196. Mcalinden C132
  197. Mohammadi SF87, 133
  198. Mokdad AH3, 4
  199. Morse AR136, 137
  200. Naderi M138
  201. Naidoo KS11, 139
  202. Nangia V140
  203. Nguyen HLT141
  204. Ogundimu K142
  205. Olagunju AT120, 121, 143
  206. Pandajonas S39
  207. Pesudovs K11
  208. Peto T144
  209. Ur Rahman MH145
  210. Ramulu PY146
  211. Rawaf DL8, 148
  212. Rawaf S9, 149
  213. Reinig N3
  214. Robin AL147, 150
  215. Rossetti L151
  216. Safi S16, 19
  217. Sahebkar A108, 152
  218. Samy AM153
  219. Serle JB154
  220. Shaikh MA155
  221. Shen TT6
  222. Shibuya K156
  223. Shin JI157
  224. Silva JC158
  225. Silvester A2, 159
  226. Singh JA73, 160
  227. Singhal D81, 161
  228. Sitorus RS162, 163
  229. Skiadaresi E164
  230. Soheili A166
  231. Sousa RARC167
  232. Stambolian D168
  233. Tadesse EG170
  234. Tahhan N11
  235. Tareque MDI171
  236. Topouzis F172
  237. Tran BX173
  238. Tsilimbaris MK174
  239. Varma R175
  240. Virgili G144, 176
  241. Wang N177
  242. Wang YX178
  243. West SK146
  244. Wong TY1, 179, 183
  245. Jonas JB178, 182
  246. Vos T3, 4

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2021


Abstract

Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation: Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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