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Causes of Blindness and Vision Impairment in 2020 and Trends Over 30 Years, and Prevalence of Avoidable Blindness in Relation to Vision 2020: The Right to Sight: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Publisher Pubmed



Bourne RRA1 ; Steinmetz JD3 ; Saylan M184 ; Mersha AM185 ; Weldemariam AH186 ; Wondmeneh TG131, 187, 231 ; Sreeramareddy CT188 ; Pinheiro M189 ; Yaseri M190 ; Yu C191 ; Zastrozhin MS192 ; Zastrozhina A193 ; Zhang ZJ194 ; Zimsen SRM3 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Bourne RRA1
  2. Steinmetz JD3
  3. Saylan M184
  4. Mersha AM185
  5. Weldemariam AH186
  6. Wondmeneh TG131, 187, 231
  7. Sreeramareddy CT188
  8. Pinheiro M189
  9. Yaseri M190
  10. Yu C191
  11. Zastrozhin MS192
  12. Zastrozhina A193
  13. Zhang ZJ194
  14. Zimsen SRM3
  15. Yonemoto N195
  16. Tsegaye GW196
  17. Vu GT197
  18. Vongpradith A3
  19. Renzaho AMN198
  20. Sorrie MB199
  21. Shaheen AA185
  22. Shiferaw WS200
  23. Skryabin VY201
  24. Skryabina AA202
  25. Saya GK203
  26. Rahimimovaghar V204
  27. Shigematsu M205
  28. Sahraian MA206
  29. Naderifar H207
  30. Sabour S208
  31. Rathi P209
  32. Sathian B210
  33. Miller TR211
  34. Rezapour A27
  35. Rawal L212
  36. Pham HQ141
  37. Parekh U213
  38. Podder V214
  39. Onwujekwe OE215
  40. Pasovic M3
  41. Otstavnov N216
  42. Negash H217
  43. Pawar S218
  44. Naimzada MD216
  45. Al Montasir A22, 219
  46. Ogbo FA220
  47. Owolabi MO221
  48. Pakshir K222
  49. Mohammad Y223
  50. Moni MA224
  51. Nunezsamudio V225
  52. Mulaw GF226
  53. Naveed M227
  54. Maleki S138
  55. Michalek IM228
  56. Misra S229
  57. Swamy SN230
  58. Mohammed JA131
  59. Flaxman S7
  60. Park EC5, 235
  61. Briant PS3
  62. Meles GG232
  63. Hayat K233
  64. Landires I234
  65. Kim GR235
  66. Liu X21
  67. Legrand KE3
  68. Taylor HR10
  69. Kunjathur SM236
  70. Khoja TAM237
  71. Bicer BK238
  72. Khalilov R239
  73. Hashi A240
  74. Kayode GA241
  75. Carneiro VLA242
  76. Kavetskyy T243
  77. Kosen S244
  78. Kulkarni V245
  79. Holla R209
  80. Kalhor R20, 246
  81. Jayaram S247
  82. Islam SMS248
  83. Gilani SA249
  84. Eskandarieh S206
  85. Molla MD250
  86. Itumalla R251
  87. Farzadfar F252
  88. Congdon NG144
  89. Elhabashy HR253
  90. Elayedath R254
  91. Couto RAS255
  92. Dervenis N256
  93. Cromwell EA3
  94. Dahlawi SMA257
  95. Resnikoff S11, 12
  96. Casson RJ13
  97. Abdoli A14
  98. Choi JYJ2
  99. Dos Santos FLC180
  100. Abrha WA186
  101. Nagaraja SB181
  102. Abualhasan A169
  103. Adal TG165
  104. Aregawi BB134
  105. Beheshti M135
  106. Abugharbieh E15
  107. Afshin A3, 4
  108. Ahmadieh H16, 17
  109. Alemzadeh SA128
  110. Arrigo A107
  111. Atnafu DD79
  112. Ashbaugh C3
  113. Ashrafi E79, 87
  114. Alemayehu W23, 24
  115. Alfaar AS25, 26
  116. Alipour V27, 28
  117. Anbesu EW31
  118. Androudi S32
  119. Arabloo J27
  120. Arditi A33
  121. Bagli E35, 36
  122. Baig AA37
  123. Barnighausen TW38, 40
  124. Parodi MB42
  125. Bhagavathula AS43, 44
  126. Bhardwaj N45
  127. Bhardwaj P46, 47
  128. Bhattacharyya K48, 49
  129. Bijani A50
  130. Bikbov M51
  131. Bottone M7, 52
  132. Braithwaite T53, 54
  133. Bron AM55, 56
  134. Butt ZA57, 58
  135. Cheng CY59, 60
  136. Chu DT61
  137. Cicinelli MV62
  138. Coelho JM63
  139. Dai X3
  140. Dana R41
  141. Dandona L3, 64, 65
  142. Dandona R3, 4, 64
  143. Del Monte MA66
  144. Deva JP68
  145. Diaz D69, 70
  146. Djalalinia S71
  147. Dreer LE72
  148. Ehrlich JR66, 67
  149. Ellwein LB74
  150. Emamian MH75
  151. Fernandes AG76
  152. Fischer F77
  153. Friedman DS41
  154. Furtado JM78
  155. Gaidhane S82
  156. Gazzard G83
  157. Gebremichael B84, 94
  158. George R85
  159. Ghashghaee A27, 29
  160. Golechha M86
  161. Hamidi S88
  162. Hammond BR89
  163. Hartnett MER90
  164. Hartono RK91
  165. Hay SI3, 4
  166. Heidari G92
  167. Ho HC93
  168. Househ M95
  169. Ibitoye SE96
  170. Ilic IM97
  171. Huang JJ34
  172. Ilic MD98
  173. Ingram AD99
  174. Irvani SSN18
  175. Jha RP100, 101
  176. Kahloun R102
  177. Kandel H103, 104
  178. Kasa AS105
  179. Kempen JH41, 106
  180. Khairallah M109
  181. Khan EA110
  182. Khanna RC11, 111
  183. Khatib MN80
  184. Kim JE112
  185. Kim YJ113
  186. Kisa A114, 115
  187. Kisa S116
  188. Koyanagi A117, 118
  189. Kurmi OP119, 121
  190. Lansingh VC122, 123
  191. Leasher JL124
  192. Leveziel N125, 126
  193. Limburg H127
  194. Manafi N30, 129
  195. Mansouri K130, 131
  196. Mcalinden C132
  197. Mohammadi SF87, 133
  198. Mokdad AH3, 4
  199. Morse AR136, 137
  200. Naderi M138
  201. Naidoo KS11, 139
  202. Nangia V140
  203. Nguyen HLT141
  204. Ogundimu K142
  205. Olagunju AT120, 121, 143
  206. Pandajonas S39
  207. Pesudovs K11
  208. Peto T144
  209. Ur Rahman MH145
  210. Ramulu PY146
  211. Rawaf DL8, 148
  212. Rawaf S9, 149
  213. Reinig N3
  214. Robin AL147, 150
  215. Rossetti L151
  216. Safi S16, 19
  217. Sahebkar A108, 152
  218. Samy AM153
  219. Serle JB154
  220. Shaikh MA155
  221. Shen TT6
  222. Shibuya K156
  223. Shin JI157
  224. Silva JC158
  225. Silvester A2, 159
  226. Singh JA73, 160
  227. Singhal D81, 161
  228. Sitorus RS162, 163
  229. Skiadaresi E164
  230. Soheili A166
  231. Sousa RARC167
  232. Stambolian D168
  233. Tadesse EG170
  234. Tahhan N11
  235. Tareque MDI171
  236. Topouzis F172
  237. Tran BX173
  238. Tsilimbaris MK174
  239. Varma R175
  240. Virgili G144, 176
  241. Wang N177
  242. Wang YX178
  243. West SK146
  244. Wong TY1, 179, 183
  245. Jonas JB178, 182
  246. Vos T3, 4
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  3. 3. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  6. 6. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  8. 8. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  9. 9. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  10. 10. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
  11. 11. School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  12. 12. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
  13. 13. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  14. 14. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  16. 16. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  22. 22. Department of Medicine, Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh
  23. 23. The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  24. 24. Berhan Public Health & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  25. 25. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
  26. 26. Department of Ophthalmology, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  27. 27. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Departments of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  32. 32. Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  33. 33. Department of Research, Visibility Metrics, Chappaqua, NY, United States
  34. 34. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  35. 35. Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
  36. 36. Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece
  37. 37. Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  38. 38. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  39. 39. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  40. 40. T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  41. 41. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  42. 42. Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
  43. 43. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  44. 44. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  45. 45. Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  46. 46. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  47. 47. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  48. 48. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  49. 49. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  50. 50. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  51. 51. Epidemiology Department, Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
  52. 52. Department of Computer Science, Middlesex University London, London, United Kingdom
  53. 53. Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  54. 54. International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  55. 55. Epartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Dijon, Dijon, France
  56. 56. Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Universite Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
  57. 57. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  58. 58. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  59. 59. Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
  60. 60. Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  61. 61. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  62. 62. Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
  63. 63. University Hospital Center of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  64. 64. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  65. 65. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  66. 66. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  67. 67. Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  68. 68. Department of Ophthalmology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
  69. 69. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  70. 70. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  71. 71. Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  72. 72. Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  73. 73. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  74. 74. National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  75. 75. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  77. 77. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  78. 78. Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  79. 79. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  80. 80. Center of Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  81. 81. Department of Ophthalmology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  82. 82. Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science, Wardha, India
  83. 83. Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  84. 84. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  85. 85. Glaucoma Services, Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  86. 86. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  87. 87. Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  89. 89. Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
  90. 90. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  91. 91. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
  92. 92. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  93. 93. Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  94. 94. Department of Health Systems and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  95. 95. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  96. 96. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  97. 97. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  98. 98. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  99. 99. Kelowna, BC, Canada
  100. 100. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  101. 101. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  102. 102. Les Ophtalmologistes Associes de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
  103. 103. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  104. 104. Department of Ophthalmology, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  105. 105. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  106. 106. Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  107. 107. Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
  108. 108. Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  109. 109. Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
  110. 110. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  111. 111. Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, L v Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
  112. 112. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
  113. 113. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  114. 114. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  115. 115. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  116. 116. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  117. 117. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  118. 118. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
  119. 119. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  120. 120. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  121. 121. Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  122. 122. Help MeSee, New York, NY, United States
  123. 123. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  124. 124. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  125. 125. Ophthalmology Department, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
  126. 126. Unite 1084, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France
  127. 127. Health Information Services, Grootebroek, Netherlands
  128. 128. Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  129. 129. School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  130. 130. Swiss Visio, Montchoisi Clinic, Glaucoma Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
  131. 131. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, United States
  132. 132. Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
  133. 133. Translationals Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  134. 134. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  135. 135. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  136. 136. Lighthouse Guild, New York, NY, United States
  137. 137. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  138. 138. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  139. 139. Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  140. 140. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  141. 141. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  142. 142. Policy and Programme Systems, Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, United Kingdom
  143. 143. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  144. 144. Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
  145. 145. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ambala, India
  146. 146. Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  147. 147. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  148. 148. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  149. 149. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  150. 150. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MD, United States
  151. 151. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
  152. 152. Halal Research Center, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
  153. 153. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  154. 154. Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  155. 155. Karachi, Pakistan
  156. 156. Institute for Population Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  157. 157. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  158. 158. Family, Health Promotion and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
  159. 159. Ophthalmology Department, SpaMedica, Bolton, United Kingdom
  160. 160. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  161. 161. Department of Ophthalmology, GMERS Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
  162. 162. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  163. 163. Department of Ophthalmology, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
  164. 164. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom
  165. 165. Department of Public Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  166. 166. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  167. 167. Directive Board, Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  168. 168. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  169. 169. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  170. 170. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  171. 171. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  172. 172. 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  173. 173. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  174. 174. Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  175. 175. Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  176. 176. NEUROFARBA Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area Del Farmaco e Salute Del Bambino, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  177. 177. Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  178. 178. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  179. 179. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
  180. 180. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  181. 181. Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
  182. 182. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  183. 183. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
  184. 184. Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
  185. 185. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  186. 186. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  187. 187. Department of Publics Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  188. 188. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  189. 189. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  190. 190. Ophthalmic Research Centers, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  191. 191. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  192. 192. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  193. 193. Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  194. 194. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  195. 195. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  196. 196. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  197. 197. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  198. 198. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  199. 199. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  200. 200. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  201. 201. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  202. 202. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  203. 203. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  204. 204. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  205. 205. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  206. 206. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  207. 207. Department of Orgonomy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  208. 208. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  209. 209. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  210. 210. Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  211. 211. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  212. 212. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  213. 213. Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, India
  214. 214. Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  215. 215. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  216. 216. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  217. 217. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  218. 218. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  219. 219. Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
  220. 220. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  221. 221. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  222. 222. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  223. 223. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  224. 224. World Health Organization (WHO) Centre on EHealth, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  225. 225. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  226. 226. Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  227. 227. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  228. 228. Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  229. 229. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  230. 230. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  231. 231. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  232. 232. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  233. 233. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  234. 234. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  235. 235. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  236. 236. Department of Biochemistry, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India
  237. 237. Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  238. 238. Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  239. 239. Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  240. 240. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  241. 241. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  242. 242. School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
  243. 243. Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
  244. 244. Jakarta, Indonesia
  245. 245. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  246. 246. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  247. 247. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  248. 248. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  249. 249. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  250. 250. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  251. 251. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  252. 252. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  253. 253. Neurophysiology Unit, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  254. 254. School of Behavioural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Kottayam, India
  255. 255. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  256. 256. St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  257. 257. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2021


Abstract

Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation: Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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