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Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis From 2000 to 2020 Publisher Pubmed



Furtado JM62, 431 ; Jonas JB1, 63, 64 ; Tapply I2 ; Fernandes AG3, 4, 65 ; Cicinelli MV5, 6, 66 ; Arrigo A7 ; Leveziel N8, 9, 67, 68 ; Resnikoff S10, 11, 71 ; Taylor HR12 ; Sedighi T13 ; Flaxman S14, 184 ; Battaglia Parodi M15 ; Bikbov MM16 ; Braithwaite T17, 18, 135, 136 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Furtado JM62, 431
  2. Jonas JB1, 63, 64
  3. Tapply I2
  4. Fernandes AG3, 4, 65
  5. Cicinelli MV5, 6, 66
  6. Arrigo A7
  7. Leveziel N8, 9, 67, 68
  8. Resnikoff S10, 11, 71
  9. Taylor HR12
  10. Sedighi T13
  11. Flaxman S14, 184
  12. Battaglia Parodi M15
  13. Bikbov MM16
  14. Braithwaite T17, 18, 135, 136
  15. Bron A19
  16. Cheng CY20, 21
  17. Congdon N22, 23, 24
  18. Del Monte MA25, 26
  19. Ehrlich JR27, 28, 165, 166
  20. Fricke T29, 30, 31
  21. Friedman D32
  22. Gazzard G33
  23. Hartnett ME35
  24. Kahloun R36
  25. Kempen JH37, 38, 39, 40
  26. Khairallah M41
  27. Khanna RC42, 43, 44, 45
  28. Kim JE46
  29. Lansingh VC47, 48, 49, 268, 269
  30. Leasher J50, 272
  31. Naidoo KS44, 51, 71, 300
  32. Nangia V52
  33. Nowak M53
  34. Pesudovs K54
  35. Peto T56
  36. Ramulu P57
  37. Topouzis F58
  38. Tsilimbaris M59
  39. Wang YX60
  40. Wang N61
  41. Bourne RRA13
  42. Briant PS69
  43. Vos T69, 70
  44. Fischer F72
  45. Abate YH73
  46. Abdollahi M74, 75
  47. Adal TGG76
  48. Addo IY77, 78
  49. Adhikari K79
  50. Agarwal P83
  51. Agodi A84
  52. Agyemangduah W85
  53. Ahmad A86
  54. Ahmadieh H87, 88
  55. Ahmadzadeh H89
  56. Alahdab F90
  57. Alfaar AS91, 92
  58. Alhassan RK93
  59. Ali SSS94
  60. Almidani L95, 96
  61. Androudi S97
  62. Anil A98, 99
  63. Anyasodor AE100
  64. Arabloo J101
  65. Ashemo MY102, 103
  66. Athari SS104
  67. Atnafu DD105
  68. Atreya A106
  69. Ayalew MK107, 108
  70. Aynalem YA109, 110
  71. Aynalem ZB111
  72. Azzam AY112, 113
  73. Bagherieh S114
  74. Bai R115
  75. Barchitta M116
  76. Bardhan M117
  77. Barnighausen TW118, 119
  78. Bayileyegn NS120
  79. Bazvand F121
  80. Begde A122, 123
  81. Behnam B124, 125
  82. Bhagavathula AS126
  83. Bhaskar S127, 128
  84. Bhatti GK129
  85. Bhatti JS130
  86. Bintoro BS131, 132
  87. Birck MG133, 134
  88. Burkart K69, 70
  89. Bustanji Y138, 139
  90. Caetano Dos Santos FL140
  91. Carneiro VLA141, 142
  92. Cenderadewi M143, 144
  93. Chattu VK145, 146
  94. Chu DT147
  95. Coberly K69
  96. Cruzmartins N148, 149
  97. Dadras O150, 151
  98. Dai X69, 70
  99. Dascalu AM152, 153
  100. Dashti M154
  101. Dastiridou A155, 156
  102. Dastmardi M157, 158
  103. Deng X159
  104. Dervenis N160, 161
  105. Devanbu VGC162
  106. Diress M163
  107. Djalalinia S164
  108. Ekholuenetale M167, 168
  109. Ekundayo TC169
  110. El Sayed I170
  111. Elhadi M171
  112. Emamverdi M172
  113. Emrie AA173
  114. Fagbamigbe AF167, 174
  115. Fahim A175
  116. Farooq U176
  117. Farrokhpour H177, 178
  118. Fatehizadeh A179
  119. Feizkhah A180
  120. Ferro Desideri L181
  121. Fetensa G182
  122. Feyisa BR183
  123. Forouhari A185, 186
  124. Foschi M187, 188
  125. Fowobaje KR167, 189
  126. Gandhi AP190
  127. Gebi TG191
  128. Gebregergis MW192
  129. Gebrehiwot M193
  130. Gebremariam B194, 195
  131. Gebremeskel GG196, 197
  132. Gela YY163
  133. Gesese MM198
  134. Ghasemi Falavarjani K199
  135. Ghassemi F200
  136. Ghozy S201
  137. Golechha M202
  138. Goleij P203, 204
  139. Gupta S205
  140. Gupta VB206
  141. Gupta VK207
  142. Haile TG196
  143. Hailu SG208
  144. Hajmirzaian A209, 210
  145. Halimi A211
  146. Hallaj S212, 213
  147. Hammond BR214
  148. Hasan I215
  149. Hasani H216
  150. Hassanianmoghaddam H217, 218
  151. Heidariforoozan M219, 220
  152. Hong SH221, 222
  153. Hoogar P223
  154. Hosseinzadeh M224, 225
  155. Hu C226
  156. Huynh HH227
  157. Immurana M93
  158. Iwu CCD228
  159. Jacob L229, 230
  160. Jafarzadeh A231, 232
  161. Jakovljevic M233, 234
  162. Jayaram S235
  163. Jokar M236, 237
  164. Joseph N238
  165. Joshua CE239
  166. Kabito GG240
  167. Kalankesh LR241
  168. Kamath S242
  169. Kandel H243, 244
  170. Karaye IM245, 246
  171. Kasraei H199, 247
  172. Kayode GA248, 249
  173. Kedir S250
  174. Khader YS251
  175. Khajuria H252
  176. Khatatbeh MM253
  177. Khatib MN254
  178. Khorrami Z255
  179. Kim YJ256
  180. Kisa A257, 258
  181. Kisa S259
  182. Kosen S260
  183. Koyanagi A261
  184. Krishan K262
  185. Lahariya C263, 264
  186. Laksono T265, 266
  187. Lal DK267
  188. Le TDT270, 271
  189. Lee M273
  190. Lee SW274
  191. Lee WC275
  192. Lim SS69, 70
  193. Liu X276, 277
  194. Mahmoudi A278
  195. Mahmoudi R279
  196. Malhotra K280
  197. Mansouri V281
  198. Marzo RR282, 283
  199. Maugeri A116
  200. Mcalinden C284, 285
  201. Mekene Meto T286
  202. Mersha AM287
  203. Mestrovic T69, 288
  204. Mihretie ET289
  205. Mirzaei M290
  206. Mithra P238
  207. Mohamed NS291, 292
  208. Mohammadi S177
  209. Mohammed A293
  210. Mokdad AH69, 70
  211. Molavi Vardanjani H294
  212. Moni MA295
  213. Montazeri F220, 296
  214. Moradi M297
  215. Mousavi P298
  216. Muhamed AN173
  217. Mulita A299
  218. Naik GR301, 302
  219. Nargus S303
  220. Natto ZS304, 305
  221. Nayak BP252
  222. Negaresh M306, 307
  223. Negash H308
  224. Nejadghaderi SA219, 220
  225. Nguyen DH309, 310
  226. Nguyen HQ311
  227. Nguyen PT312
  228. Nguyen VT313
  229. Niazi RK314
  230. Noreen M315
  231. Nzoputam OJ316, 317
  232. Odetokun IA318
  233. Olagunju AT319, 320
  234. Olatubi MI321
  235. Onwujekwe OE322
  236. Ordak M323
  237. Osuagwu UL324, 325
  238. Otstavnov N326
  239. Owolabi MO327, 328
  240. Padubidri JR329
  241. Panahi P330
  242. Pandey A331, 332
  243. Pardhan S13
  244. Patel J333, 334
  245. Patthipati VS335, 336
  246. Pawar S337
  247. Perianayagam A338
  248. Petcu IR339
  249. Pham HT340
  250. Qattea I341
  251. Raghav PR342
  252. Rahim F343, 344
  253. Rahimimovaghar V345
  254. Rahman MHU346
  255. Rahman M347
  256. Ramasubramani P348
  257. Rashid AM349
  258. Rauf AU350
  259. Redwan EMM351, 352
  260. Rezaei N296
  261. Roy P353
  262. Saadatian Z354, 355
  263. Sabour S356
  264. Saddik B357
  265. Saeed U358, 359
  266. Safi S87, 360
  267. Safi SZ361, 362
  268. Saghazadeh A363
  269. Saheb Sharifaskari F364
  270. Saheb Sharifaskari N365
  271. Sahebkar A366, 367
  272. Sakshaug JW368, 369
  273. Salahi S370
  274. Salahi S370
  275. Saleh MA357, 373
  276. Samodra YL374
  277. Samuel VP375
  278. Samy AM376, 377
  279. Saravanan A378, 379
  280. Sawhney M380
  281. Saylan M381
  282. Sediqi SM382, 383
  283. Selvaraj S384
  284. Sethi Y385
  285. Seylani A386
  286. Shah J387
  287. Shahid S388, 389
  288. Shahwan MJ390
  289. Shaikh MA391
  290. Shamim MA98
  291. Shayan M392, 393
  292. Shigematsu M394
  293. Shittu A395
  294. Shorofi SA396, 397
  295. Siddig EE398, 399
  296. Silva JC400
  297. Singh JA401, 402
  298. Singh P403
  299. Skiadaresi E404
  300. Sousa RARC405
  301. Sreeramareddy CT406
  302. Starodubov VI407
  303. Taye BT408
  304. Ticoalu JHV409
  305. Tsegay GM196
  306. Tsilimbaris MK410
  307. Ullah S411
  308. Umair M412, 413
  309. Valadan Tahbaz S414, 415
  310. Wickramasinghe ND416
  311. Wondimagegn GS417, 418
  312. Yang L419, 420
  313. Yigit A421
  314. Yon DK422
  315. Yonemoto N423, 424
  316. You Y243, 425
  317. Zastrozhin MS426, 427
  318. Zhao H428
  319. Zheng P69, 70
  320. Ziafati M429
  321. Zielinska M430
  322. Steinmetz JD69
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  2. 2. Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  3. 3. Federal University of Sao Paolo, SP, Sao Paolo, Brazil
  4. 4. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  5. 5. School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
  6. 6. Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
  7. 7. Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
  8. 8. University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
  9. 9. CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
  10. 10. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  11. 11. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  12. 12. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
  13. 13. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  15. 15. Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
  16. 16. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
  17. 17. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  18. 18. The Medical Eye Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  19. 19. University Hospital, Dijon, France
  20. 20. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  21. 21. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
  22. 22. Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, United Kingdom
  23. 23. Orbis International, New York, United States
  24. 24. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  25. 25. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
  26. 26. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, United States
  27. 27. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
  28. 28. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
  29. 29. Australian College of Optometry, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
  30. 30. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
  31. 31. UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  32. 32. Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
  33. 33. Institue of Ophthalmology UCL & amp
  34. 34. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
  35. 35. Stanford University, Stanford, United States
  36. 36. Associated Ophthalmologists of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
  37. 37. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  38. 38. Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  39. 39. Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  40. 40. Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, United States
  41. 41. Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
  42. 42. Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
  43. 43. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India
  44. 44. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  45. 45. University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
  46. 46. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
  47. 47. HelpMeSee, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, New York, United States
  48. 48. University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
  49. 49. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
  50. 50. Nova Southeastern University College for Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  51. 51. African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
  52. 52. Suraj Eye Instate, 559, New colony, Nagpur, India
  53. 53. Institute of Optics and Optometry, University of Social Science, 121 Gdanska str, 90-519, Lodz, Poland
  54. 54. Medicine & amp
  55. 55. Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  56. 56. Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, United Kingdom
  57. 57. John Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, United States
  58. 58. 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ahepa Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
  59. 59. University of Crete Medical School, Giofirakia, Greece
  60. 60. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
  61. 61. Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  62. 62. Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  63. 63. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  64. 64. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  65. 65. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  66. 66. Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
  67. 67. Ophthalmology Department, CHU de Poitiers (Poitiers University Hospital), Poitiers, France
  68. 68. National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France
  69. 69. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  70. 70. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  71. 71. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  72. 72. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  73. 73. Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
  74. 74. The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  75. 75. School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Public Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  77. 77. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  78. 78. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  79. 79. School of Public Health & amp
  80. 80. Dept. of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College & amp
  81. 81. Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
  82. 82. Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
  83. 83. Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
  84. 84. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  85. 85. Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  86. 86. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  87. 87. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
  90. 90. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  91. 91. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
  92. 92. Department of Ophthalmology, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  93. 93. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  94. 94. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
  95. 95. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
  96. 96. Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL) - Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  97. 97. Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  98. 98. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  99. 99. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  100. 100. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  101. 101. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  102. 102. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  104. 104. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  105. 105. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  106. 106. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  107. 107. Epidemiology, Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
  108. 108. College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
  109. 109. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  110. 110. Department of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  111. 111. Department of Nursing, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
  112. 112. Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc, Saint Paul, MN, United States
  113. 113. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  114. 114. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  115. 115. School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
  116. 116. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  117. 117. Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States
  118. 118. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  119. 119. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  120. 120. Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  122. 122. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
  123. 123. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  124. 124. Department of Regulatory Affairs, NSF International, Ann Arbor, GA, United States
  125. 125. Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States
  126. 126. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
  127. 127. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  128. 128. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  129. 129. Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
  130. 130. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  131. 131. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia
  132. 132. Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia
  133. 133. Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  134. 134. Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
  135. 135. Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  136. 136. International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & amp
  137. 137. Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  138. 138. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  139. 139. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  140. 140. Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  141. 141. School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
  142. 142. Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  143. 143. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  144. 144. Public Health Department, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
  145. 145. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  146. 146. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  147. 147. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  148. 148. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  149. 149. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  150. 150. Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
  151. 151. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  152. 152. Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  153. 153. Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
  154. 154. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  155. 155. 2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  156. 156. Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
  157. 157. Department of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  158. 158. Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  159. 159. Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, United States
  160. 160. St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  161. 161. Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  162. 162. Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
  163. 163. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  164. 164. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  165. 165. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  166. 166. Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  167. 167. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  168. 168. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  169. 169. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  170. 170. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  171. 171. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  172. 172. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  173. 173. Department of Nursing, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  174. 174. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  175. 175. Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  176. 176. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  177. 177. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  178. 178. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  179. 179. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  180. 180. Department of Social medicine and epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  181. 181. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  182. 182. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  183. 183. Institute of Health sciences, Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  184. 184. Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  185. 185. Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  186. 186. Emergency Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  187. 187. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
  188. 188. Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
  189. 189. Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria
  190. 190. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  191. 191. Health Sciences department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  192. 192. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  193. 193. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  194. 194. Department of Health, Policy Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  195. 195. Simon Fraser University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  196. 196. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  197. 197. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  198. 198. School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
  199. 199. Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  200. 200. Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  201. 201. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  202. 202. Health Systems and Policy Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  203. 203. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  204. 204. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  205. 205. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  206. 206. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  207. 207. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  208. 208. Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  209. 209. Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  210. 210. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  211. 211. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  212. 212. Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  213. 213. Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  214. 214. Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
  215. 215. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  216. 216. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  217. 217. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  218. 218. Chapter of Addiction Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  219. 219. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  220. 220. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  221. 221. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  222. 222. Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, United Kingdom
  223. 223. School of Social Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
  224. 224. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  225. 225. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  226. 226. Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  227. 227. International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  228. 228. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  229. 229. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  230. 230. Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
  231. 231. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  232. 232. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  233. 233. The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy
  234. 234. Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
  235. 235. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  236. 236. Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
  237. 237. Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  238. 238. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  239. 239. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  240. 240. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  241. 241. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  242. 242. Manipal Institute of Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  243. 243. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  244. 244. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  245. 245. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  246. 246. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  247. 247. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  248. 248. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  249. 249. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  250. 250. Department of Public Health, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia
  251. 251. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  252. 252. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  253. 253. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  254. 254. Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
  255. 255. Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  256. 256. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  257. 257. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  258. 258. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  259. 259. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  260. 260. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  261. 261. San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  262. 262. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  263. 263. Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
  264. 264. SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
  265. 265. Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  266. 266. Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  267. 267. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  268. 268. Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  269. 269. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  270. 270. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  271. 271. Independent Consultant, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  272. 272. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  273. 273. Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
  274. 274. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  275. 275. Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  276. 276. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  277. 277. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  278. 278. Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  279. 279. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  280. 280. Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
  281. 281. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  282. 282. Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia, Malaysia
  283. 283. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  284. 284. Department of Ophthalmology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Wales, United Kingdom
  285. 285. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
  287. 287. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  288. 288. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  289. 289. Department of Medical Physiology, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
  290. 290. Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  291. 291. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  292. 292. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  293. 293. University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  294. 294. Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  295. 295. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  296. 296. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  297. 297. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  298. 298. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  299. 299. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  300. 300. Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  301. 301. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  302. 302. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  303. 303. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  304. 304. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  305. 305. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  306. 306. Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran
  307. 307. Department of Internal Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  308. 308. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  309. 309. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  310. 310. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  311. 311. Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, United States
  312. 312. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam
  313. 313. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  314. 314. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  315. 315. Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
  316. 316. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  317. 317. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  318. 318. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  319. 319. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  320. 320. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  321. 321. Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
  322. 322. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  323. 323. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  324. 324. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  325. 325. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  326. 326. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  327. 327. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  328. 328. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  329. 329. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  330. 330. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  331. 331. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  332. 332. Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  333. 333. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  334. 334. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  335. 335. Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, United States
  336. 336. Department of Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, United States
  337. 337. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  338. 338. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  339. 339. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  340. 340. Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  341. 341. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  342. 342. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  343. 343. Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  344. 344. Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  345. 345. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  346. 346. Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  347. 347. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  348. 348. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  349. 349. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  350. 350. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment, and Social Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  351. 351. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt
  352. 352. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  353. 353. Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
  354. 354. Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  355. 355. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  356. 356. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  357. 357. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  358. 358. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  359. 359. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  360. 360. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  361. 361. Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
  362. 362. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  363. 363. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  364. 364. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  365. 365. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  366. 366. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  367. 367. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  368. 368. University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  369. 369. Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
  370. 370. Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  371. 371. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  372. 372. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran
  373. 373. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  374. 374. School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  375. 375. Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
  376. 376. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  377. 377. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  378. 378. Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  379. 379. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  380. 380. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  381. 381. Market Access Division, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
  382. 382. Comprehensive Ophthalmology, NOOR Eye Training Center, International Assistance Misison, Kabul, Afghanistan
  383. 383. Research Department, Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
  384. 384. Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
  385. 385. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
  386. 386. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  387. 387. Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
  388. 388. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  389. 389. Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  390. 390. Centre of Medical and Bio Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  391. 391. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  392. 392. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  393. 393. Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  394. 394. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  395. 395. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  396. 396. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  397. 397. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  398. 398. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  399. 399. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  400. 400. Family, Health Promotion, and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
  401. 401. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  402. 402. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  403. 403. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  404. 404. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom
  405. 405. Directive Board, Associacao de Profissionais Licenciados de Optometria (Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals), Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  406. 406. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  407. 407. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation
  408. 408. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berehan, Ethiopia
  409. 409. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  410. 410. Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  411. 411. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  412. 412. Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  413. 413. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  414. 414. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  415. 415. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  416. 416. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  417. 417. Department of Ophthalmology Research, Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho
  418. 418. Ophthalmology Unit, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
  419. 419. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  420. 420. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  421. 421. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  422. 422. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  423. 423. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  424. 424. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  425. 425. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  426. 426. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  427. 427. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  428. 428. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
  429. 429. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  430. 430. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  431. 431. Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

Source: Eye (Basingstoke) Published:2024


Abstract

Background: We aimed to update estimates of global vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye diseases from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate the prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (< 3/60) caused by AMD, stratified by age, region, and year. Results: In 2020, 1.85 million (95%UI: 1.35 to 2.43 million) people were estimated to be blind due to AMD, and another 6.23 million (95%UI: 5.04 to 7.58) with MSVI globally. High-income countries had the highest number of individuals with AMD-related blindness (0.60 million people; 0.46 to 0.77). The crude prevalence of AMD-related blindness in 2020 (among those aged ≥ 50 years) was 0.10% (0.07 to 0.12) globally, and the region with the highest prevalence of AMD-related blindness was North Africa/Middle East (0.22%; 0.16 to 0.30). Age-standardized prevalence (using the GBD 2019 data) of AMD-related MSVI in people aged ≥ 50 years in 2020 was 0.34% (0.27 to 0.41) globally, and the region with the highest prevalence of AMD-related MSVI was also North Africa/Middle East (0.55%; 0.44 to 0.68). From 2000 to 2020, the estimated crude prevalence of AMD-related blindness decreased globally by 19.29%, while the prevalence of MSVI increased by 10.08%. Conclusions: The estimated increase in the number of individuals with AMD-related blindness and MSVI globally urges the creation of novel treatment modalities and the expansion of rehabilitation services. © The Author(s) 2024.
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