Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Population-Level Risks of Alcohol Consumption by Amount, Geography, Age, Sex, and Year: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020 Publisher Pubmed



Bryazka D1 ; Reitsma MB1 ; Griswold MG5 ; Abate KH6 ; Abbafati C7 ; Abbasikangevari M9 ; Abbasikangevari Z9, 19 ; Abdoli A38 ; Abdollahi M20, 21 ; Abdullah AYMD40 ; Abhilash ES42 ; Abugharbieh E43 ; Acuna JM47, 48 ; Addolorato G50 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Bryazka D1
  2. Reitsma MB1
  3. Griswold MG5
  4. Abate KH6
  5. Abbafati C7
  6. Abbasikangevari M9
  7. Abbasikangevari Z9, 19
  8. Abdoli A38
  9. Abdollahi M20, 21
  10. Abdullah AYMD40
  11. Abhilash ES42
  12. Abugharbieh E43
  13. Acuna JM47, 48
  14. Addolorato G50
  15. Adebayo OM51
  16. Adekanmbi V55
  17. Adhikari K57, 58
  18. Adhikari S59
  19. Adnani QES60
  20. Afzal S61, 62
  21. Agegnehu WY63
  22. Aggarwal M64
  23. Ahinkorah BO67
  24. Ahmad AR68, 69
  25. Ahmad S70
  26. Ahmad T71
  27. Ahmadi A10, 72
  28. Ahmadi S11
  29. Ahmed H76
  30. Ahmed Rashid T77
  31. Akunna CJ78, 79
  32. Al Hamad H80, 81
  33. Alam MDZ82
  34. Alem DT83
  35. Alene KA84, 86
  36. Alimohamadi Y22, 87
  37. Alizadeh A97
  38. Allel K98, 100
  39. Alonso J104, 105
  40. Alvand S23
  41. Alvisguzman N106, 107
  42. Amare F108
  43. Ameyaw EK67
  44. Amiri S111
  45. Ancuceanu R112
  46. Anderson JA1
  47. Andrei CL113
  48. Andrei T118
  49. Arabloo J88
  50. Arshad M119
  51. Artamonov AA120
  52. Aryan Z19, 121
  53. Asaad M123
  54. Asemahagn MA124
  55. Astellburt T128, 129
  56. Athari SS135
  57. Atnafu DD125
  58. Atorkey P136, 137
  59. Atreya A138
  60. Ausloos F139
  61. Ausloos M118, 140
  62. Ayano G85, 141
  63. Ayanore MA143, 146
  64. Ayinde OO52
  65. Ayusomateos JL147, 148
  66. Azadnajafabad S19
  67. Azanaw MM150
  68. Azangoukhyavy M9, 19
  69. Azari Jafari A152
  70. Azzam AY153
  71. Badiye AD154
  72. Bagheri N155, 156
  73. Bagherieh S157
  74. Bairwa M161
  75. Bakkannavar SM164
  76. Bakshi RK167
  77. Bilchut AHB169
  78. Barnighausen TW122, 171
  79. Barra F172
  80. Barrow A175, 176
  81. Baskaran P177
  82. Belo L182, 183
  83. Bennett DA188
  84. Bensenor IM189
  85. Bhagavathula AS191, 192
  86. Bhala N195, 196
  87. Bhalla A197
  88. Bhardwaj N178
  89. Bhardwaj P177, 179
  90. Bhaskar S198, 199
  91. Bhattacharyya K200, 201
  92. Bhojaraja VS202
  93. Bintoro BS204, 205
  94. Blokhina EA206
  95. Bodicha BBA207
  96. Boloor A215
  97. Bosetti C219
  98. Braithwaite D221, 222
  99. Brenner H223
  100. Briko NI224
  101. Brunoni AR189, 190
  102. Butt ZA41, 226
  103. Cao C227
  104. Cao Y228
  105. Cardenas R229
  106. Carvalho AF230
  107. Carvalho M183, 232
  108. Castaldellimaia JM190
  109. Castelpietra G233, 234
  110. Castrodearaujo LFS235
  111. Cattaruzza MS8
  112. Chakraborty PA238
  113. Charan J180
  114. Chattu VK239, 240
  115. Chaurasia A241
  116. Cherbuin N155
  117. Chu DT242
  118. Chudal N243
  119. Chung SC101, 244
  120. Churko C208
  121. Ciobanu LG245, 246
  122. Cirillo M247
  123. Claro RM248
  124. Costanzo S250
  125. Cowden RG251
  126. Criqui MH252
  127. Cruzmartins N184, 253
  128. Culbreth GT1
  129. Dachew BA85, 254
  130. Dadras O260, 261
  131. Dai X1, 2
  132. Damiani G262, 263
  133. Dandona L1, 168, 265
  134. Dandona R1, 2, 265
  135. Daniel BD209
  136. Danielewicz A266
  137. Darega Gela J267
  138. Davletov K268
  139. De Araujo JAP269, 270
  140. Debela SA273
  141. Dehghan A274
  142. Demetriades AK275, 277
  143. Derbew Molla M255
  144. Desai R278
  145. Desta AA256
  146. Dias Da Silva D185
  147. Diaz D279, 280
  148. Digesa LE210
  149. Diress M257
  150. Dodangeh M89
  151. Dongarwar D281
  152. Dorostkar F90
  153. Dsouza HL216, 282
  154. Duko B85, 283
  155. Duncan BB284
  156. Edvardsson K285
  157. Ekholuenetale M286, 287
  158. Elgar FJ289
  159. Elhadi M290
  160. Elmonem MA291
  161. Endries AY292
  162. Eskandarieh S24
  163. Etemadimanesh A25
  164. Fagbamigbe AF286, 293
  165. Fakhradiyev IR294
  166. Farahmand F295
  167. Sa Farinha CSE296, 297
  168. Faro A298
  169. Farzadfar F19
  170. Fatehizadeh A158
  171. Fauk NK299, 300
  172. Feigin VL1, 301, 302
  173. Feldman R1
  174. Feng X303, 306
  175. Fentaw Z307
  176. Ferrero S173
  177. Ferro Desideri L174
  178. Filip I311, 312
  179. Fischer F313
  180. Francis JM314
  181. Franklin RC315
  182. Gaal PA316, 318
  183. Gad MM65, 319
  184. Gallus S220
  185. Galvano F320
  186. Ganesan B321, 323
  187. Garg T324
  188. Gebrehiwot MGD308
  189. Gebremeskel TG325
  190. Gebremichael MA211
  191. Gemechu TR326
  192. Getacher L169
  193. Getachew ME329
  194. Getachew Obsa A330
  195. Getie A331
  196. Ghaderi A332
  197. Ghafourifard M333
  198. Ghajar A336
  199. Ghamari SH9, 19
  200. Ghandour LA337
  201. Ghasemi Nour M338
  202. Ghashghaee A342
  203. Ghozy S343
  204. Glozah FN344
  205. Glushkova EV224
  206. Godos J345
  207. Goel A346
  208. Goharinezhad S91
  209. Golechha M347
  210. Goleij P348
  211. Golitaleb M349
  212. Greaves F350, 352
  213. Grivna M193, 354
  214. Grosso G320
  215. Gudayu TW258
  216. Gupta B355
  217. Gupta R356, 357
  218. Gupta S358
  219. Gupta VB231
  220. Gupta VK359
  221. Hafezinejad N26, 360
  222. Hajmirzaian A12, 13
  223. Hall BJ361
  224. Halwani R43, 44
  225. Handiso TB362
  226. Hankey GJ142, 363
  227. Hariri S27, 159
  228. Haro JM364, 365
  229. Hasaballah AI366
  230. Hassanianmoghaddam H9, 130
  231. Hay SI1, 2
  232. Hayat K367, 368
  233. Heidari G369
  234. Heidari M73
  235. Hendrie D85
  236. Herteliu C118, 370
  237. Heyi DZ371
  238. Hezam K372, 373
  239. Hlongwa MM374
  240. Holla R165
  241. Hossain MDM375, 376
  242. Hossain S377
  243. Hosseini SK378
  244. Hosseinzadeh M379
  245. Hostiuc M114
  246. Hostiuc S115, 380
  247. Hu G381
  248. Huang J322
  249. Hussain S382, 383
  250. Ibitoye SE288
  251. Ilic IM383
  252. Ilic MD387
  253. Immurana M144
  254. Irham LM388
  255. Islam MM389
  256. Islam RM390
  257. Islam SMS131, 391
  258. Iso H392
  259. Itumalla R394
  260. Iwagami M99, 395
  261. Jabbarinejad R28, 397
  262. Jacob L398, 399
  263. Jakovljevic M400, 401
  264. Jamalpoor Z402
  265. Jamshidi E14, 403
  266. Jayapal SK404
  267. Jayarajah UU405, 408
  268. Jayawardena R406, 409
  269. Jebai R49
  270. Jeddi SA411
  271. Jema AT412
  272. Jha RP413, 414
  273. Jindal HA415
  274. Jonas JB416, 417
  275. Joo T316
  276. Joseph N217
  277. Joukar F418, 419
  278. Jozwiak JJ420
  279. Jurisson M421
  280. Kabir A92
  281. Kabthymer RH422
  282. Kamble BD414, 423
  283. Kandel H132, 424
  284. Kanno GG422
  285. Kapoor N154
  286. Karaye IM425
  287. Karimi SE334
  288. Kassa BG151
  289. Kaur RJ180
  290. Kayode GA426, 427
  291. Keykhaei M19, 29
  292. Khajuria H428
  293. Khalilov R429, 430
  294. Khan IA431
  295. Khan MAB194, 432
  296. Kim H433
  297. Kim J434
  298. Kim MS435, 436
  299. Kimokoti RW437
  300. Kivimaki M102, 438
  301. Klymchuk V439, 440
  302. Knudsen AKS441
  303. Kolahi AS9, 15
  304. Korshunov VA224
  305. Koyanagi A442, 443
  306. Krishan K444
  307. Krishnamoorthy Y445
  308. Kumar GA265
  309. Kumar N217
  310. Kumar N217
  311. Lacey B188, 447
  312. Lallukka T438
  313. Lasrado S448
  314. Lau J449
  315. Lee SW450
  316. Lee WC56
  317. Lee YH451
  318. Lim LL452, 453
  319. Lim SS1, 2
  320. Lobo SW454, 455
  321. Lopukhov PD224
  322. Lorkowski S456, 457
  323. Lozano R1, 2
  324. Lucchetti G458
  325. Madadizadeh F459
  326. Madureiracarvalho AM186, 460
  327. Mahjoub S461, 462
  328. Mahmoodpoor A335
  329. Mahumud RA133
  330. Makki A45
  331. Malekpour MR19
  332. Manjunatha N463
  333. Mansouri B464
  334. Mansournia MA22
  335. Martinezraga J465, 466
  336. Martinezvilla FA467
  337. Matzopoulos R468, 471
  338. Maulik PK304, 472
  339. Mayeli M26
  340. Mcgrath JJ473, 474
  341. Meena JK162
  342. Mehrabi Nasab E30
  343. Menezes RG475
  344. Mensink GBM476
  345. Mentis AFA477
  346. Meretoja A236, 478
  347. Merga BT109
  348. Mestrovic T1, 479
  349. Miao Jonasson J480
  350. Miazgowski B481
  351. Micheletti Gomide Nogueira De Sa AC249
  352. Miller TR85, 482
  353. Mini GK483, 484
  354. Mirica A118
  355. Mirijello A485
  356. Mirmoeeni S152
  357. Mirrakhimov EM486, 487
  358. Misra S181
  359. Moazen B171, 488
  360. Mobarakabadi M489
  361. Moccia M490
  362. Mohammad Y491
  363. Mohammadi E31, 496
  364. Mohammadianhafshejani A72
  365. Mohammed TA497
  366. Moka N498, 499
  367. Mokdad AH1, 2
  368. Momtazmanesh S19, 26
  369. Moradi Y500
  370. Mostafavi E501, 502
  371. Mubarik S503
  372. Mullany EC1
  373. Mulugeta BT212
  374. Murillozamora E505, 506
  375. Murray CJL1, 2
  376. Mwita JC507
  377. Naghavi M1, 2
  378. Naimzada MD508, 509
  379. Nangia V510
  380. Nayak BP428
  381. Negoi I116, 511, 512
  382. Negoi RI117
  383. Nejadghaderi SA16, 493
  384. Nepal S513
  385. Neupane SPP514, 515
  386. Neupane Kandel S516
  387. Nigatu YT517
  388. Nowroozi A26
  389. Nuruzzaman KM134, 518
  390. Nzoputam CI519
  391. Obamiro KO520
  392. Ogbo FA521
  393. Oguntade AS53, 103
  394. Okatialiabad H522
  395. Olakunde BO523
  396. Oliveira GMM524
  397. Bali AO525
  398. Omer E526
  399. Ortegaaltamirano DV527
  400. Otoiu A118
  401. Otstavnov SS508, 528
  402. Oumer B213
  403. Mahesh PA529
  404. Padronmonedero A149
  405. Palladino R247, 350
  406. Pana A118, 530
  407. Pandajonas S531
  408. Pandey A264, 532
  409. Pandey A264, 532
  410. Pardhan S535
  411. Parekh T536
  412. Park EK537
  413. Parry CDH469, 538
  414. Pashazadeh Kan F96
  415. Patel J276, 539
  416. Pati S540
  417. Patton GC237, 541
  418. Paudel U533, 542
  419. Pawar S544
  420. Peden AE305, 546
  421. Petcu IR118
  422. Phillips MR547, 548
  423. Pinheiro M187
  424. Plotnikov E550, 551
  425. Pradhan PMS122, 543
  426. Prashant A552
  427. Quan J553
  428. Radfar A554
  429. Rafiei A555, 556
  430. Raghav PR177
  431. Rahimimovaghar V32
  432. Rahman A557
  433. Rahman MDM558
  434. Rahman M558
  435. Rahmani AM19, 559
  436. Rahmani S17
  437. Ranabhat CL560, 561
  438. Ranasinghe P407
  439. Rao CR166
  440. Rasali DP238, 562
  441. Rashidi MM9, 19
  442. Ratan ZA128, 563
  443. Rawaf DL351, 564
  444. Rawaf S350, 353
  445. Rawal L565
  446. Renzaho AMN566, 567
  447. Rezaei N19, 33
  448. Rezaei S93, 568
  449. Rezaeian M569
  450. Riahi SM572
  451. Romerorodriguez E573
  452. Roth GA1, 2, 3
  453. Rwegerera GM507
  454. Saddik B46
  455. Sadeghi E160
  456. Sadeghian R74
  457. Saeed U574, 575
  458. Saeedi F572
  459. Sagar R163
  460. Sahebkar A339, 340
  461. Sahoo H576
  462. Sahraian MA24
  463. Saifurrahman KM577, 578
  464. Salahi S92, 579
  465. Salimzadeh H27
  466. Samy AM580
  467. Sanmarchi F581
  468. Santricmilicevic MM383, 384, 385
  469. Sarikhani Y39, 582
  470. Sathian B80, 583
  471. Saya GK584
  472. Sayyah M585
  473. Schmidt MI284
  474. Schutte AE305, 586
  475. Schwarzinger M587, 588
  476. Schwebel DC589
  477. Seidu AA591, 592
  478. Senthil Kumar N593
  479. Seyedalinaghi S34
  480. Seylani A594
  481. Sha F595
  482. Shahin S494
  483. Shahrakisanavi F522
  484. Shahrokhi S28, 596
  485. Shaikh MA597
  486. Shaker E31, 493
  487. Shakhmardanov MZ598
  488. Shamsbeyranvand M600
  489. Sheikhbahaei S360
  490. Sheikhi RA75
  491. Shetty A218
  492. Shetty JK203
  493. Shiferaw DS327, 328
  494. Shigematsu M601
  495. Shiri R602
  496. Shirkoohi R35, 36
  497. Shivakumar KM603
  498. Shivarov V604, 605
  499. Shobeiri P31, 495
  500. Shrestha R545
  501. Sidemo NB208
  502. Sigfusdottir ID549, 606
  503. Silva DAS272
  504. Da Silva NT607
  505. Singh JA590, 608
  506. Singh S180
  507. Skryabin VY609
  508. Skryabina AA599
  509. Sleet DA610, 611
  510. Solmi M612
  511. Solomon Y613
  512. Song S614
  513. Song Y615
  514. Sorensen RJD1, 4
  515. Soshnikov S225, 616
  516. Soyiri IN617
  517. Stein DJ470
  518. Subba SH618
  519. Szocska M317
  520. Tabaresseisdedos R466, 619
  521. Tabuchi T620
  522. Taheri M18, 94
  523. Tan KK449
  524. Tareke M126
  525. Tarkang EE145, 621
  526. Temesgen G213
  527. Temesgen WA127
  528. Temsah MH492
  529. Thankappan KR622
  530. Thapar R217
  531. Thomas NK623
  532. Tiruneh C309
  533. Todorovic J386
  534. Torrado M624, 625
  535. Touvier M626, 627
  536. Tovanipalone MR628, 629
  537. Tran MTN410, 630
  538. Triasllimos S99
  539. Tripathy JP631
  540. Vakilian A570, 571
  541. Valizadeh R95
  542. Varmaghani M19, 341
  543. Varthya SB180
  544. Vasankari TJ632, 633
  545. Vos T1, 2
  546. Wagaye B310, 634
  547. Waheed Y635
  548. Walde MT110
  549. Wang C636
  550. Wang Y190
  551. Wang YP637
  552. Westerman R638
  553. Wickramasinghe ND639
  554. Wubetu AD170
  555. Xu S640, 641
  556. Yamagishi K393, 396
  557. Yang L642, 643
  558. Yesera GEE214
  559. Yigit A644
  560. Yigit V644
  561. Yimaw AE259
  562. Yon DK645
  563. Yonemoto N646, 647
  564. Yu C503
  565. Zadey S648
  566. Zahir M37, 649
  567. Zare I650
  568. Zastrozhin MS651, 652
  569. Zastrozhina A653
  570. Zhang ZZ504
  571. Zhong C322
  572. Zmaili M66
  573. Zuniga YMH654, 655
  574. Gakidou E1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Social and Economic Welfare Unit, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  7. 7. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  8. 8. Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  9. 9. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Health & Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  40. 40. School of Planning, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  41. 41. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  42. 42. Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
  43. 43. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  44. 44. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  45. 45. Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  46. 46. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  47. 47. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  48. 48. FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  49. 49. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  50. 50. Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  51. 51. College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  52. 52. Psychiatry Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  53. 53. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  54. 54. University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  55. 55. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  56. 56. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  57. 57. School of Public Health, Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
  58. 58. Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
  59. 59. Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  60. 60. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  61. 61. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  62. 62. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  63. 63. Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
  64. 64. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  65. 65. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  66. 66. Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  67. 67. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  68. 68. College of Nursing, International Relations & Diplomacy, Al Sulaimaniyah, Ranya, Iraq
  69. 69. Department of International Relations & Diplomacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
  70. 70. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  71. 71. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
  72. 72. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  73. 73. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  74. 74. Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  77. 77. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  78. 78. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  79. 79. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  80. 80. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  81. 81. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  82. 82. Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  83. 83. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia
  84. 84. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  85. 85. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  86. 86. Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
  87. 87. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  90. 90. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  91. 91. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  92. 92. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93. The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  94. 94. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  96. 96. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  98. 98. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  99. 99. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  100. 100. Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  101. 101. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  102. 102. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  103. 103. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  104. 104. Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Barcelona, Spain
  105. 105. Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Madrid, Spain
  106. 106. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  107. 107. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  108. 108. School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  109. 109. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  110. 110. Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  111. 111. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  112. 112. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  113. 113. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  114. 114. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  115. 115. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  116. 116. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  117. 117. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  118. 118. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  119. 119. Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
  120. 120. Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  121. 121. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  122. 122. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  123. 123. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  124. 124. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  125. 125. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  126. 126. Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  127. 127. Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  128. 128. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  129. 129. Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  130. 130. Chapter of Addiction Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  131. 131. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  132. 132. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  133. 133. NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  134. 134. Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  135. 135. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  136. 136. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  137. 137. Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
  138. 138. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  139. 139. Gastroenterology Department, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  140. 140. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  141. 141. School of Indigenous Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  142. 142. Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  143. 143. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  144. 144. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  145. 145. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  146. 146. Department of Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana
  147. 147. Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
  148. 148. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  149. 149. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  150. 150. Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  151. 151. Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  152. 152. School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  153. 153. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt
  154. 154. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  155. 155. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  156. 156. Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  157. 157. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  158. 158. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  159. 159. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  160. 160. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  161. 161. Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  162. 162. Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  163. 163. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  164. 164. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  165. 165. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  166. 166. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  167. 167. Division of Reproductive Biology Maternal, Child Health & Nutrition (RBMCH&N), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  168. 168. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  169. 169. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  170. 170. Department of Psychiatry, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  171. 171. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  172. 172. Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  173. 173. Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  174. 174. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  175. 175. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  176. 176. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  177. 177. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  178. 178. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  179. 179. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  180. 180. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  181. 181. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  182. 182. Biological Sciences Department, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  183. 183. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  184. 184. Department of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  185. 185. Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  186. 186. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  187. 187. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  188. 188. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  189. 189. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  190. 190. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  191. 191. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  192. 192. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  193. 193. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  194. 194. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  195. 195. Institutes of Applied Health Research and Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  196. 196. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  197. 197. Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  198. 198. Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  199. 199. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  200. 200. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  201. 201. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  202. 202. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  203. 203. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  204. 204. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Gadjah Mada University (Universitas Gadjah Mada), Sleman, Indonesia
  205. 205. Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, First Pavlov Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  206. 206. Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Pavlov Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  207. 207. Biomedical Sciences Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  208. 208. School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  209. 209. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  210. 210. Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  211. 211. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  212. 212. Health Informatics Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  213. 213. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  214. 214. School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  215. 215. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  216. 216. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  217. 217. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  218. 218. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  219. 219. Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  220. 220. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  221. 221. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  222. 222. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  223. 223. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  224. 224. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  225. 225. Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  226. 226. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  227. 227. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  228. 228. Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
  229. 229. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  230. 230. IMPACT Strategic Research Center (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  231. 231. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  232. 232. Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
  233. 233. Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  234. 234. Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency “Friuli Occidentale�, Pordenone, Italy
  235. 235. Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  236. 236. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  237. 237. Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  238. 238. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  239. 239. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  240. 240. Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  241. 241. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
  242. 242. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  243. 243. Department of Medical Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  244. 244. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  245. 245. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  246. 246. School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  247. 247. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  248. 248. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  249. 249. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  250. 250. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
  251. 251. Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa
  252. 252. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  253. 253. Health sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Famalicao, Portugal
  254. 254. Department of Epidemiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  255. 255. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  256. 256. Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  257. 257. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  258. 258. Department of Clinical Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  259. 259. School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  260. 260. School of Public Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Thailand
  261. 261. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  262. 262. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  263. 263. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  264. 264. Department of Research, Gurugram, India
  265. 265. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  266. 266. Department of Human Nutrition, Uniwersytet Warminsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn), Olsztyn, Poland
  267. 267. Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  268. 268. Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  269. 269. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  270. 270. Department of Psychiatry, Centro de Estudos Clinica APICE, Salvador, Brazil
  271. 271. Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  272. 272. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  273. 273. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  274. 274. Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Fasa, Iran
  275. 275. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  276. 276. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  277. 277. Neurosurgery Department, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  278. 278. Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  279. 279. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  280. 280. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  281. 281. Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  282. 282. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  283. 283. School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  284. 284. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  285. 285. College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  286. 286. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  287. 287. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  288. 288. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  289. 289. School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  290. 290. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  291. 291. Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
  292. 292. Public Health Department, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  293. 293. Population and Behavioural Sciences Division, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  294. 294. The Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  295. 295. Department of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
  296. 296. Dissemination Division, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal
  297. 297. Activity Planning and Control Unit, Directorate-General of Health (DGS), Lisbon, Portugal
  298. 298. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  299. 299. Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  300. 300. Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia
  301. 301. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  302. 302. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  303. 303. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  304. 304. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  305. 305. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  306. 306. National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  307. 307. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  308. 308. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  309. 309. Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  310. 310. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Nutrition, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  311. 311. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  312. 312. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  313. 313. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  314. 314. Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  315. 315. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  316. 316. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  317. 317. Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  318. 318. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  319. 319. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  320. 320. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  321. 321. Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  322. 322. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  323. 323. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  324. 324. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  325. 325. Department of Reproductive & Family Health, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia
  326. 326. Medical Biochemistry Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  327. 327. Anatomy Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  328. 328. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  329. 329. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  330. 330. School of Psychology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  331. 331. School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
  332. 332. Department of Addiction Studies, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  333. 333. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  334. 334. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  335. 335. Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  336. 336. Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
  337. 337. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  338. 338. E-Learning Center, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  339. 339. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  340. 340. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  341. 341. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  342. 342. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  343. 343. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  344. 344. Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  345. 345. Department of Laboratories, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy
  346. 346. Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  347. 347. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  348. 348. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  349. 349. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  350. 350. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  351. 351. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  352. 352. Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  353. 353. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  354. 354. Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  355. 355. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  356. 356. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre, Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  357. 357. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  358. 358. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  359. 359. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  360. 360. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  361. 361. NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
  362. 362. School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  363. 363. Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  364. 364. Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  365. 365. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  366. 366. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  367. 367. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  368. 368. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  369. 369. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  370. 370. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  371. 371. Public Health, Enviromental Health, Epidemiology and Health Education Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Town, Robe, Ethiopia
  372. 372. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  373. 373. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  374. 374. School of Nursing and Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  375. 375. Social and Environmental Health Research, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh
  376. 376. Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
  377. 377. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  378. 378. Department of Interventional Cardiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  379. 379. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeonggu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
  380. 380. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  381. 381. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  382. 382. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  383. 383. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  384. 384. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  385. 385. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  386. 386. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  387. 387. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  388. 388. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  389. 389. School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  390. 390. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  391. 391. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  392. 392. Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  393. 393. Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  394. 394. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  395. 395. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  396. 396. Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  397. 397. Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  398. 398. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  399. 399. Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
  400. 400. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  401. 401. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  402. 402. Trauma Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  403. 403. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
  404. 404. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  405. 405. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  406. 406. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  407. 407. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  408. 408. Department of Surgery, National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  409. 409. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  410. 410. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  411. 411. Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  412. 412. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  413. 413. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  414. 414. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  415. 415. National Health System Resource Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
  416. 416. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  417. 417. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  418. 418. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  419. 419. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  420. 420. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  421. 421. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  422. 422. School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  423. 423. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
  424. 424. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  425. 425. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  426. 426. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  427. 427. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  428. 428. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  429. 429. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  430. 430. Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  431. 431. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  432. 432. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  433. 433. College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
  434. 434. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  435. 435. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  436. 436. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  437. 437. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  438. 438. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  439. 439. Community-based Services Development, Mental Health for Ukraine Project, Lviv, Ukraine
  440. 440. Laboratory of Social Psychology, Institute of Social and Political Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine
  441. 441. Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  442. 442. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  443. 443. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  444. 444. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  445. 445. Community Medicine Department, Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India
  446. 446. Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India
  447. 447. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  448. 448. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  449. 449. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  450. 450. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  451. 451. Graduate School of Public Health, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  452. 452. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  453. 453. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
  454. 454. Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  455. 455. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States
  456. 456. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  457. 457. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  458. 458. School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  459. 459. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  460. 460. Instituto de Investigacao e Formacao Avancada em Ciencias e Tecnologias da Saude (Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias da Saude (University Institute of Health Sciences), Gandra, Portugal
  461. 461. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  462. 462. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  463. 463. Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India
  464. 464. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  465. 465. Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  466. 466. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  467. 467. Teaching Department, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  468. 468. Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  469. 469. Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  470. 470. Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  471. 471. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  472. 472. Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  473. 473. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  474. 474. National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  475. 475. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  476. 476. Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  477. 477. University Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  478. 478. Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  479. 479. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  480. 480. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  481. 481. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  482. 482. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  483. 483. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
  484. 484. Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
  485. 485. Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza General Hospital (IRCCS Home for the Relief of Suffering General Hospital), San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
  486. 486. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  487. 487. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  488. 488. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  489. 489. Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  490. 490. Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
  491. 491. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  492. 492. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  493. 493. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  494. 494. Epidemiology Department, Tehran, Iran
  495. 495. Department of International Studies, Tehran, Iran
  496. 496. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  497. 497. Dental Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  498. 498. Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States
  499. 499. Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  500. 500. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
  501. 501. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  502. 502. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  503. 503. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  504. 504. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  505. 505. Epidemiology, Family Medicine Unit 19, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico
  506. 506. Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  507. 507. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  508. 508. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  509. 509. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  510. 510. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  511. 511. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  512. 512. Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  513. 513. Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal
  514. 514. National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Oslo, Norway
  515. 515. Specialist Oral Health Center for Western Norway Department, Oral Health Center of Expertise in Rogaland, Rogland, Norway
  516. 516. Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  517. 517. Institute for Mental Health and Policy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  518. 518. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  519. 519. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  520. 520. Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  521. 521. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  522. 522. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  523. 523. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  524. 524. Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  525. 525. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  526. 526. Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  527. 527. Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  528. 528. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  529. 529. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  530. 530. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  531. 531. Heidelberg, Germany
  532. 532. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  533. 533. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  534. 534. Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  535. 535. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  536. 536. Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  537. 537. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  538. 538. Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  539. 539. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  540. 540. Skills Innovation and Academic Network (SIAN) Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Odisha, India
  541. 541. Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  542. 542. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  543. 543. Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  544. 544. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  545. 545. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  546. 546. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, NSW, Australia
  547. 547. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  548. 548. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  549. 549. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  550. 550. Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
  551. 551. Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
  552. 552. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  553. 553. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  554. 554. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  555. 555. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  556. 556. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  557. 557. Data Mining Research Unit (DaMRA), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
  558. 558. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  559. 559. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  560. 560. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  561. 561. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  562. 562. Data Analytic Services Department, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  563. 563. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  564. 564. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  565. 565. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  566. 566. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  567. 567. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  568. 568. Eye and Skull Base Research Centers, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  569. 569. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  570. 570. Department of Neurology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  571. 571. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  572. 572. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  573. 573. Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
  574. 574. Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
  575. 575. Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
  576. 576. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  577. 577. Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  578. 578. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  579. 579. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran
  580. 580. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  581. 581. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  582. 582. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  583. 583. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  584. 584. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  585. 585. Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  586. 586. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  587. 587. Department of Methodology and Innovation in Prevention, University Hospital of Bordeaux, France, Bordeaux, France
  588. 588. University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219-Bordeaux Population Health, Inserm, Bordeaux, France
  589. 589. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  590. 590. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  591. 591. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  592. 592. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  593. 593. Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
  594. 594. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  595. 595. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  596. 596. Neuroimmunulogy Department, Universal Scientific Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  597. 597. Karachi, Pakistan
  598. 598. Infectious Diseases Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  599. 599. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  600. 600. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  601. 601. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  602. 602. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  603. 603. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  604. 604. Department of Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
  605. 605. Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski�, Sofia, Bulgaria
  606. 606. Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  607. 607. Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal
  608. 608. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  609. 609. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  610. 610. Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, United States
  611. 611. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  612. 612. Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  613. 613. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  614. 614. Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  615. 615. Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  616. 616. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  617. 617. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  618. 618. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
  619. 619. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  620. 620. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  621. 621. HIV Health Promotion Division, HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Network, Cameroon, Kumba, Cameroon
  622. 622. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  623. 623. Gastroenterology Department, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
  624. 624. Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Department, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  625. 625. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
  626. 626. Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team EREN, National Institute for Health and Medical Research INSERM, Paris, France
  627. 627. Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
  628. 628. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  629. 629. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  630. 630. Health Informatic Department, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  631. 631. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  632. 632. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  633. 633. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  634. 634. Infection Prevention & Control and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  635. 635. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  636. 636. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
  637. 637. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  638. 638. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  639. 639. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  640. 640. Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  641. 641. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  642. 642. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  643. 643. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  644. 644. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  645. 645. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  646. 646. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  647. 647. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  648. 648. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  649. 649. Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  650. 650. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  651. 651. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  652. 652. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  653. 653. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
  654. 654. Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  655. 655. MentalHealthPH, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines

Source: The Lancet Published:2022


Abstract

Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Experts (# of related papers)
Other Related Docs
19. The Methanol Poisoning Outbreaks in Iran 2018, Alcohol and Alcoholism (2019)
34. National and Subnational Burden of Stroke in Iran From 1990 to 2019, Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology (2022)