Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks, 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Publisher Pubmed



Forouzanfar MH1 ; Afshin A1 ; Alexander LT1 ; Biryukov S1 ; Brauer M1, 9 ; Cercy K1 ; Charlson FJ1, 11, 15 ; Cohen AJ1, 16 ; Dandona L1, 18 ; Estep K1 ; Ferrari AJ1, 11, 15 ; Frostad JJ1 ; Fullman N1 ; Godwin WW1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Forouzanfar MH1
  2. Afshin A1
  3. Alexander LT1
  4. Biryukov S1
  5. Brauer M1, 9
  6. Cercy K1
  7. Charlson FJ1, 11, 15
  8. Cohen AJ1, 16
  9. Dandona L1, 18
  10. Estep K1
  11. Ferrari AJ1, 11, 15
  12. Frostad JJ1
  13. Fullman N1
  14. Godwin WW1
  15. Griswold M1
  16. Hay SI1, 19
  17. Kyu HH1
  18. Larson HJ1, 25, 44
  19. Lim SS1
  20. Liu PY1
  21. Lopez AD1, 29
  22. Lozano R1, 36
  23. Marczak L1
  24. Mokdad AH1
  25. Moradilakeh M1, 425
  26. Naghavi M1
  27. Reitsma MB1
  28. Roth GA1
  29. Sur PJ1
  30. Vos T1
  31. Wagner JA1
  32. Wang H1
  33. Zhao Y1
  34. Zhou M1, 27
  35. Barber RM1
  36. Bell B1
  37. Blore JD1
  38. Casey DC1
  39. Coates MM1
  40. Cooperrider K1
  41. Cornaby L1
  42. Dicker D1
  43. Erskine HE1, 11, 15
  44. Fleming T1
  45. Foreman K1
  46. Gakidou E1
  47. Haagsma JA1, 286
  48. Johnson CO1
  49. Kemmer L1
  50. Ku T1
  51. Leung J1, 11, 15
  52. Masiye F1, 203, 204
  53. Millear A1
  54. Mirarefin M1
  55. Misganaw A1
  56. Mullany E1
  57. Mumford JE1
  58. Ng M1
  59. Olsen H1
  60. Rao P1
  61. Reinig N1
  62. Roman Y1
  63. Sandar L1
  64. Santomauro DF1, 11, 15
  65. Slepak EL1
  66. Sorensen RJD1
  67. Thomas BA1
  68. Vollset SE1, 52, 447
  69. Whiteford HA1, 11, 15
  70. Zipkin B1
  71. Murray CJL1
  72. Mock CN2
  73. Anderson BO3
  74. Futran ND3
  75. Anderson HR4
  76. Bhutta ZA5, 7
  77. Nisar MI6
  78. Akseer N7, 73
  79. Krueger H8
  80. Gotay CC9
  81. Kissoon N9
  82. Kopec JA9
  83. Pourmalek F9
  84. Burnett R10
  85. Abajobir AA11
  86. Knibbs LD11
  87. Veerman JL11
  88. Lalloo R12
  89. Scott JG13
  90. Alam NKM14, 86
  91. Gouda HN14
  92. Guo Y14
  93. Mcgrath JJ14
  94. Jeemon P17, 226, 335
  95. Dandona R18
  96. Goenka S18
  97. Kumar GA18
  98. Gething PW20
  99. Bisanzio D21
  100. Deribew A21, 222
  101. Darby SC22
  102. Ali R23
  103. Bennett DA23
  104. Jha V23, 337
  105. Kinfu Y24
  106. Mckee M26
  107. Murthy GVS26, 435
  108. Pearce N26
  109. Stockl H26
  110. Duan L27
  111. Jin Y27
  112. Li Y27
  113. Liu S27
  114. Wang L27
  115. Ye P27
  116. Liang X28
  117. Azzopardi P30, 32, 132
  118. Patton GC30, 32
  119. Meretoja A31, 415
  120. Alam K32, 34, 42
  121. Borschmann R32, 34
  122. Colquhoun SM32, 34
  123. Weintraub RG32, 34, 591
  124. Szoeke CEI33
  125. Ademi Z34, 69
  126. Taylor HR34
  127. Wijeratne T34, 593
  128. Batis C35, 218
  129. Barquera S36
  130. Camposnonato IR36, 49
  131. Contreras AG36
  132. Cuevasnasu L36
  133. De V36
  134. Gomezdantes H36
  135. Herediapi IB36
  136. Medina C36
  137. Mejiarodriguez F36
  138. Montanez Hernandez JC36
  139. Razogarcia CA36
  140. Rivera JA36
  141. Rodriguezramirez S36
  142. Sanchezpimienta TG36
  143. Servanmori EE36
  144. Shamah T36
  145. Mensah GA37
  146. Hoff HJ38
  147. Neal B39, 40, 42, 43, 46
  148. Driscoll TR41
  149. Kemp AH42, 352
  150. Leigh J42
  151. Mekonnen AB42, 410
  152. Bhatt S25, 44
  153. Furst T25, 44, 69, 111
  154. Piel FB45
  155. Rodriguez A45, 501
  156. Hutchings SJ46
  157. Majeed A46
  158. Soljak M46
  159. Salomon JA47
  160. Thornelyman AL48, 561
  161. Ajala ON49, 82
  162. Barnighausen T49, 140, 141
  163. Cahill LE49, 186
  164. Ding EL49
  165. Farvid MS49, 254
  166. Khatibzadeh S49
  167. Wagner GR49, 584
  168. Shrime MG50
  169. Fitchett JRA51
  170. Aasvang GM53
  171. Savic M53
  172. Abate KH54
  173. Gebrehiwot TT54
  174. Gebremedhin AT54, 264
  175. Abbafati C55
  176. Abbas KM56
  177. Abdallah F57
  178. Abdulle AM58
  179. Abera SF59, 62, 63
  180. Melaku YA60, 104
  181. Abyu GY61
  182. Betsu BD61
  183. Hailu GB61, 287
  184. Tekle DY61
  185. Yalew AZ61
  186. Abraham B64
  187. Aburaddad LJ65
  188. Adebiyi AO66, 67
  189. Adedeji IA68
  190. Adou AK70
  191. Adsuar JC71
  192. Agardh EE72
  193. Rehm J73, 497
  194. Badawi A74, 134
  195. Popova S75
  196. Agarwal A76, 77, 78, 79
  197. Ahmad A80, 81
  198. Akinyemiju TF83
  199. Schwebel DC84
  200. Singh JA84
  201. Alaly Z85
  202. Aldhahri SF87, 89
  203. Altirkawi KA87
  204. Terkawi AS88, 555, 556
  205. Aldridge RW90
  206. Tillmann T91
  207. Alemu ZA92, 93
  208. Tegegne TK92, 93
  209. Alkerwi A94
  210. Alla F95
  211. Guillemin F95
  212. Allebeck P96
  213. Rabiee RHS96
  214. Fereshtehnejad SM97
  215. Kivipelto M98
  216. Carrero JJ99
  217. Weiderpass E99, 588, 589, 590
  218. Havmoeller R100
  219. Sindi S100
  220. Alsharif U101
  221. Alvarez E102
  222. Alvisguzman N103
  223. Amare AT104, 106
  224. Ciobanu LG105
  225. Taye BW107
  226. Amberbir A108
  227. Amegah AK109
  228. Amini H110, 111
  229. Karema CK112, 346
  230. Ammar W113
  231. Harb HL113
  232. Amrock SM114
  233. Andersen HH115
  234. Antonio CAT116
  235. Faraon EJA117, 249
  236. Anwari P118, 119
  237. Arnlov J120, 121
  238. Larsson A120
  239. Artaman A122
  240. Asayesh H123
  241. Asghar RJ124
  242. Assadi R125
  243. Atique S126
  244. Avokpaho EFGA127, 128
  245. Awasthi A129
  246. Ayala BP130, 131
  247. Bacha U133
  248. Bahit MC135
  249. Balakrishnan K136
  250. Barac A137
  251. Barkercollo SL138
  252. Del Pozocruz B139
  253. Mohammed S141, 422
  254. Barregard L142
  255. Petzold M143, 472
  256. Barrero LH144, 145
  257. Basu S146
  258. Del LC146
  259. Bazarganhejazi S147, 148, 149
  260. Beardsley J150
  261. Bedi N151
  262. Beghi E152
  263. Sheth KN153, 315
  264. Bell ML154
  265. Huang JJ154
  266. Bello AK155
  267. Santos IS156
  268. Bensenor IM157
  269. Lotufo PA157
  270. Berhane A158
  271. Wolfe CD159, 594
  272. Bernabe E160
  273. Roba HS161, 271
  274. Beyene AS162
  275. Hassen TA162
  276. Mesfin YM162
  277. Bhala N163, 164
  278. Bhansali A165
  279. Biadgilign S166
  280. Bikbov B167
  281. Bjertness E168
  282. Htet AS169, 308
  283. Boufous S170
  284. Degenhardt L171
  285. Resnikoff S172
  286. Calabria B173, 187
  287. Bourne RRA174
  288. Brainin M175
  289. Brazinova A176, 177
  290. Majdan M176
  291. Shen J178, 523
  292. Breitborde NJK179
  293. Brenner H180
  294. Schottker B180, 515
  295. Broday DM181
  296. Brugha TS182
  297. Brunekreef B183
  298. Kromhout H183
  299. Butt ZA184
  300. Van Donkelaar A185
  301. Martin RV186
  302. Cardenas R188
  303. Carpenter DO189
  304. Castanedaorjuela CA190, 191
  305. Castillo J192, 193
  306. Castro RE194
  307. Catalalopez F195, 196
  308. Chang J197
  309. Chiang PP198
  310. Chibalabala M199
  311. Chimedochir O200
  312. Jiang Y201
  313. Takahashi K202
  314. Chisumpa VH203, 204, 205
  315. Mapoma CC203, 204
  316. Chitheer AA206
  317. Choi JJ207
  318. Christensen H208
  319. Christopher DJ209
  320. Cooper LT210
  321. Crump JA211
  322. Poulton RG212
  323. Damasceno A213
  324. Dargan PI214
  325. Das Neves J215
  326. Davis AC216
  327. Newton JN216
  328. Steel N216, 542
  329. Davletov K217
  330. De Castro EF219
  331. De D220
  332. Dellavalle RP221
  333. Des DC223, 224
  334. Dharmaratne SD225
  335. Dhillon PK227, 436
  336. Lal DK227, 436
  337. Zodpey S227, 436
  338. Diaztorne C228
  339. Dorsey ER229
  340. Doyle KE230
  341. Dubey M231
  342. Rahman MHU231
  343. Ram U231
  344. Singh A231
  345. Yadav AK231
  346. Duncan BB232, 233
  347. Kieling C232, 368
  348. Schmidt MI232
  349. Elyazar I234
  350. Endries AY235
  351. Ermakov SP236, 237
  352. Eshrati B238, 239
  353. Farzadfar F240
  354. Kasaeian A240, 245
  355. Parsaeian M240, 246
  356. Esteghamati A241
  357. Hafezinejad N241
  358. Sheikhbahaei S241
  359. Fahimi S242
  360. Malekzadeh R242
  361. Roshandel G242, 503
  362. Sepanlou SG242
  363. Hassanvand MS243
  364. Heydarpour P244
  365. Rahimimovaghar V247
  366. Yaseri M248, 324
  367. Farid TA250
  368. Khan AR250
  369. Farinha CSES251, 252
  370. Faro A253
  371. Feigin VL255
  372. Fernandes JG256
  373. Fischer F257
  374. Foigt N258
  375. Shiue I259, 530
  376. Fowkes FGR260
  377. Franklin RC261
  378. Garciabasteiro AL262, 263
  379. Geleijnse JM265
  380. Jibat T266, 269, 336
  381. Gessner BD267
  382. Tefera W268
  383. Giref AZ269
  384. Haile D269
  385. Manamo WAA269
  386. Giroud M270
  387. Gishu MD272, 273
  388. Martinezraga J274, 404
  389. Gomezcabrera MC275, 276
  390. Gona P277
  391. Goodridge A278
  392. Gopalani SV279
  393. Goto A280
  394. Inoue M281, 318
  395. Gugnani HC282
  396. Gupta R283, 284
  397. Gutierrez RA285
  398. Orozco R285
  399. Halasa YA288
  400. Undurraga EA288
  401. Hamadeh RR289
  402. Hamidi S290
  403. Handal AJ291
  404. Hankey GJ292, 293, 294
  405. Hao Y295
  406. Harikrishnan S296
  407. Haro JM297, 298
  408. Hernandezllanes NF299
  409. Hoek HW300, 302
  410. Tura AK301
  411. Horino M303
  412. Horita N304
  413. Hosgood HD305
  414. Hoy DG306
  415. Hsairi M307
  416. Hu G309
  417. Husseini A310
  418. Huybrechts I311, 312
  419. Iburg KM313
  420. Idrisov BT314
  421. Kwan GF153, 315
  422. Ileanu BV316, 317
  423. Pana A316, 317
  424. Kawakami N319
  425. Shibuya K320
  426. Jacobs TA321
  427. Jacobsen KH322
  428. Jahanmehr N323
  429. Jakovljevic MB325, 326
  430. Jansen HAF327
  431. Jassal SK328
  432. Stein MB329
  433. Javanbakht M330
  434. Jayaraman SP331
  435. Jayatilleke AU332, 333
  436. Jee SH334
  437. Jonas JB338
  438. Kabir Z339
  439. Kalkonde Y340
  440. Kamal R341
  441. She J342
  442. Kan H343
  443. Karch A344, 345
  444. Karimkhani C347
  445. Kaul A348
  446. Kazi DS349
  447. Keiyoro PN350, 351
  448. Parry CD353, 356, 439, 440, 517
  449. Kengne AP354, 357
  450. Matzopoulos R354, 355
  451. Wiysonge CS354, 441
  452. Stein DJ356, 440, 543
  453. Mayosi BM357
  454. Keren A358
  455. Khader YS359
  456. Khan EA360
  457. Khan G361
  458. Khang YH362
  459. Won S363
  460. Khera S364, 365
  461. Tavakkoli M364, 365
  462. Khoja TAM366
  463. Khubchandani J367
  464. Kim C369
  465. Kim D370
  466. Kimokoti RW371
  467. Kokubo Y372
  468. Koul PA373
  469. Koyanagi A374
  470. Kravchenko M375
  471. Varakin YY375
  472. Kuate B376, 377
  473. Kuchenbecker RS378, 379
  474. Kucuk B380
  475. Kuipers EJ381
  476. Lallukka T382, 383
  477. Shiri R382
  478. Meretoja TJ384, 416
  479. Lan Q385
  480. Latif AA386
  481. Lawrynowicz AEB387
  482. Leasher JL388
  483. Levi M389
  484. Li X390
  485. Liang J391
  486. Lloyd BK392, 393, 394
  487. Logroscino G395
  488. Lunevicius R396, 397
  489. Pope D398
  490. Mahdavi M399, 400, 401
  491. Malta DC402
  492. Marcenes W403
  493. Matsushita K405
  494. Nachega JB405, 437, 441
  495. Tran BX406, 572
  496. Meaney PA407, 408
  497. Mehari A409
  498. Tedla BA410, 554
  499. Memish ZA411, 412
  500. Mendoza W413
  501. Mensink GBM414
  502. Mhimbira FA417
  503. Miller TR418, 419
  504. Mills EJ420
  505. Mohammadi A421
  506. Mola GLD423
  507. Monasta L424
  508. Morawska L426, 427, 429
  509. Norman RE427, 428, 429
  510. Mori R430
  511. Mozaff D431
  512. Shi P432
  513. Werdecker A433
  514. Mueller UO434
  515. Paternina AJ438, 465
  516. Westerman R434, 592
  517. Seedat S441
  518. Naheed A442
  519. Nangia V443
  520. Nassiri N444
  521. Nguyen QL445
  522. Nkamedjie PM446
  523. Norheim OF448
  524. Norrving B449
  525. Nyakarahuka L450
  526. Obermeyer CM451
  527. Ogbo FA452
  528. Oh I453
  529. Oladimeji O454, 455
  530. Sartorius B455
  531. Olusanya BO457
  532. Olivares PR456
  533. Olusanya JO457
  534. Opio JN458
  535. Oren E459
  536. Ortiz A460
  537. Ota E461
  538. Mahesh PA462
  539. Park E463
  540. Patel T464
  541. Patil ST466
  542. Patten SB467
  543. Wang J468
  544. Pereira DM469
  545. Cortinovis M470
  546. Giussani G470
  547. Perico N470
  548. Remuzzi G470, 498, 499
  549. Pesudovs K471
  550. Phillips MR473, 474, 475
  551. Pillay JD476
  552. Plass D477
  553. Tobollik M478
  554. Polinder S479
  555. Pond CD480
  556. Pope CA481
  557. Prasad NM482, 483
  558. Qorbani M484
  559. Radfar A485
  560. Rafay A486
  561. Rana SM486, 492
  562. Rahman M487
  563. Rahman SU488
  564. Rajsic S490
  565. Rai RK489
  566. Raju M491
  567. Ranganathan K493
  568. Refaat AH494, 495
  569. Rehm CD496
  570. Ribeiro AL500
  571. Rojasrueda D502
  572. Roy A505
  573. Satpathy M505
  574. Tandon N505
  575. Rothenbacher D504
  576. Saleh MM506
  577. Sanabria JR507, 509
  578. Sanchezriera L508
  579. Sancheznino MD510
  580. Sarmientosuarez R511
  581. Sawhney M512
  582. Schmidhuber J513
  583. Schneider IJC514
  584. Schutte AE516, 518
  585. Silva DAS514
  586. Shahraz S520
  587. Shin M526
  588. Shaheen A519
  589. Shaikh MA521
  590. Sharma R522
  591. Shigematsu M524, 525
  592. Yoon S527
  593. Shishani K528, 529
  594. Sigfusdottir ID531
  595. Singh PK535, 536
  596. Silveira DGA532
  597. Silverberg JI533
  598. Yano Y534
  599. Soneji S537
  600. Sposato LA538, 544
  601. Steckling N541
  602. Sreeramareddy CT539
  603. Stathopoulou V540
  604. Stroumpoulis K545, 546
  605. Sunguya BF547
  606. Swaminathan S548
  607. Sykes BL549
  608. Tabaresseisdedos R550
  609. Talongwa RT551
  610. Tanne D552, 553
  611. Tuzcu EM557
  612. Thakur J558
  613. Shaddick G559
  614. Thomas ML559
  615. Thrift AG562
  616. Thurston GD563, 564
  617. Thomson AJ560
  618. Topormadry R566, 567
  619. Topouzis F568
  620. Towbin JA569, 570, 571
  621. Uthman OA579
  622. Tobegai R565
  623. Tsilimparis N575
  624. Tsala Z573, 574
  625. Tyrovolas S576
  626. Ukwaja KN577
  627. Van Os J580
  628. Vasankari T581
  629. Venketasubramanian N582
  630. Violante FS583
  631. Waller SG585
  632. Uneke CJ578
  633. Wang Y586
  634. Weichenthal S587
  635. Woolf AD595
  636. Xavier D597
  637. Xu G598
  638. Yakob B599
  639. Yip P600
  640. Kesavachandran CN341
  641. Montico M424
  642. Ronfani L424
  643. Yu C603, 604
  644. Zaidi Z605, 606
  645. Yonemoto N601
  646. Younis MZ602
  647. Wubshet M596
  648. Zuhlke LJ609
  649. Zaki ME607
  650. Zhu J608
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, United States
  2. 2. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
  3. 3. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Pakistan
  6. 6. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  7. 7. Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  8. 8. School of Population and Public Health, Canada
  9. 9. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  10. 10. Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  11. 11. School of Public Health, Australia
  12. 12. School of Dentistry, Australia
  13. 13. Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
  14. 14. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  15. 15. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  16. 16. Health Eff ects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  17. 17. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India
  18. 18. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  19. 19. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, United Kingdom
  20. 20. Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
  21. 21. Nuffield Department of Medicine, United Kingdom
  22. 22. Clinical Trial Service Unit, United Kingdom
  23. 23. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  24. 24. Centre for Research & Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  25. 25. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
  26. 26. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  27. 27. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
  28. 28. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  29. 29. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Australia
  30. 30. Department of Paediatrics, Australia
  31. 31. Department of Medicine, Australia
  32. 32. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia
  33. 33. Institute of Health and Ageing, Australia
  34. 34. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  35. 35. National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico
  36. 36. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  37. 37. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States
  38. 38. Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, United States
  39. 39. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  40. 40. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  41. 41. The University of Sydney New South Wales, Sydney NS, Australia
  42. 42. The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  43. 43. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  44. 44. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United Kingdom
  45. 45. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, United Kingdom
  46. 46. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  47. 47. Department of Global Health and Population, United States
  48. 48. Department of Nutrition, United States
  49. 49. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  50. 50. Harvard Medical School, United States
  51. 51. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  52. 52. Centre for Disease Burden, Norway
  53. 53. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  54. 54. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  55. 55. La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  56. 56. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  57. 57. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  58. 58. New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  59. 59. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Ethiopia
  60. 60. School of Public Health, Ethiopia
  61. 61. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  62. 62. Kilte Awlaelo-Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  63. 63. Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  64. 64. NMSM Government College Kalpetta, Kerala, India
  65. 65. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  66. 66. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  67. 67. University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  68. 68. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  69. 69. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  70. 70. Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  71. 71. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  72. 72. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  73. 73. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Canada
  74. 74. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Canada
  75. 75. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
  76. 76. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  77. 77. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  78. 78. CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  79. 79. Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  80. 80. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  81. 81. Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  82. 82. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA, United States
  83. 83. Department of Epidemiology, United States
  84. 84. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  85. 85. Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  86. 86. Queensland Health, Herston, QLD, Australia
  87. 87. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  88. 88. Department of Anesthesiology, Saudi Arabia
  89. 89. King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  90. 90. Centre for Public Health Data Science, Institute of Health Informatics, Ethiopia
  91. 91. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Ethiopia
  92. 92. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  94. 94. Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
  95. 95. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  96. 96. Department of Public Health Sciences, Sweden
  97. 97. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Sweden
  98. 98. Aging Research Center, Sweden
  99. 99. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sweden
  100. 100. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  101. 101. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  102. 102. Spanish Observatory on Drugs, Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, Madrid, Spain
  103. 103. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  104. 104. School of Medicine, Australia
  105. 105. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  106. 106. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia
  107. 107. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  108. 108. Dignitas International, Zomba, Malawi
  109. 109. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  110. 110. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  111. 111. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland
  112. 112. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  113. 113. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  114. 114. Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  115. 115. Center for Sensory- Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
  116. 116. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, Philippines
  117. 117. College of Public Health, Philippines
  118. 118. University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  119. 119. Kabul, Afghanistan
  120. 120. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  121. 121. Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  122. 122. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  123. 123. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  124. 124. South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
  125. 125. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  126. 126. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  127. 127. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
  128. 128. Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  129. 129. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  130. 130. The Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  131. 131. Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  132. 132. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  133. 133. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  134. 134. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  135. 135. INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Argentina
  136. 136. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  137. 137. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  138. 138. School of Psychology, New Zealand
  139. 139. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  140. 140. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  141. 141. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  142. 142. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sweden
  143. 143. Health Metrics Unit, Sweden
  144. 144. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  145. 145. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  146. 146. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  147. 147. College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  148. 148. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  149. 149. Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
  150. 150. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  151. 151. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  152. 152. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  153. 153. School of Medicine, United States
  154. 154. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  155. 155. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  156. 156. Internal Medicine Department, Brazil
  157. 157. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  158. 158. Debre Berhane University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  159. 159. Division of Health and Social Care Research, United Kingdom
  160. 160. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  161. 161. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Ethiopia
  162. 162. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  163. 163. Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  164. 164. University of Otago Medical School, Wellington, New Zealand
  165. 165. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  166. 166. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  167. 167. Department of Nephrology Issues of Transplanted Kidney, Academician V I Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
  168. 168. Department of Community Medicine, Norway
  169. 169. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  170. 170. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Australia
  171. 171. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Australia
  172. 172. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Australia
  173. 173. University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  174. 174. Vision & Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  175. 175. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  176. 176. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  177. 177. International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Vienna, Austria
  178. 178. College of Medicine, United States
  179. 179. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  180. 180. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  181. 181. Technion, Haifa, Israel
  182. 182. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  183. 183. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  184. 184. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  185. 185. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Canada
  186. 186. Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  187. 187. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  188. 188. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  189. 189. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  190. 190. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  191. 191. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  192. 192. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  193. 193. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
  194. 194. Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
  195. 195. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  196. 196. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  197. 197. School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  198. 198. Clinical Governance Unit, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia
  199. 199. Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
  200. 200. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Japan
  201. 201. Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Japan
  202. 202. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Japan
  203. 203. University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  204. 204. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  205. 205. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  206. 206. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
  207. 207. Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea
  208. 208. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  209. 209. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  210. 210. Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  211. 211. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
  212. 212. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  213. 213. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  214. 214. Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  215. 215. i3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  216. 216. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  217. 217. School of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  218. 218. National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico
  219. 219. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  220. 220. Griffi th University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  221. 221. University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  222. 222. KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
  223. 223. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  224. 224. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  225. 225. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  226. 226. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, India
  227. 227. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  228. 228. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  229. 229. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  230. 230. RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  231. 231. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  232. 232. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  233. 233. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  234. 234. Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
  235. 235. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  236. 236. The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  237. 237. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  238. 238. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  239. 239. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  240. 240. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
  241. 241. Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Iran
  242. 242. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  243. 243. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Iran
  244. 244. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
  245. 245. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Iran
  246. 246. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran
  247. 247. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  248. 248. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  249. 249. Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
  250. 250. University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  251. 251. DGS Directorate General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  252. 252. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  253. 253. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  254. 254. Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  255. 255. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  256. 256. Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  257. 257. Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  258. 258. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  259. 259. Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, United Kingdom
  260. 260. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  261. 261. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  262. 262. Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique
  263. 263. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  264. 264. Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  265. 265. Division of Human Nutrition, Netherlands
  266. 266. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  267. 267. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  268. 268. College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Ethiopia
  269. 269. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  270. 270. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  271. 271. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Ethiopia
  272. 272. Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  273. 273. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  274. 274. University Hospital Doctor Peset, Spain
  275. 275. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  276. 276. INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
  277. 277. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  278. 278. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientifi cas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia - INDICASAT-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama
  279. 279. Department of Health and Social Aff airs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  280. 280. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, Japan
  281. 281. National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  282. 282. Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter, Anguilla
  283. 283. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  284. 284. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  285. 285. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
  286. 286. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  287. 287. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  288. 288. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  289. 289. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  290. 290. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  291. 291. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  292. 292. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  293. 293. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  294. 294. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  295. 295. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  296. 296. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  297. 297. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu - CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
  298. 298. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  299. 299. Comision Nacional contra las Adicciones, Mexico City, Mexico
  300. 300. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
  301. 301. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  302. 302. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  303. 303. Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Carson City, NV, United States
  304. 304. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  305. 305. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  306. 306. Public Health Division, The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  307. 307. Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
  308. 308. International Relations Division, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  309. 309. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  310. 310. Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
  311. 311. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
  312. 312. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  313. 313. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  314. 314. Boston Medical Center, United States
  315. 315. School of Medicine, United States
  316. 316. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  317. 317. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  318. 318. Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  319. 319. School of Public Health, Japan
  320. 320. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  321. 321. MCH Division, USAID - Global Health Bureau, HIDN, Washington, DC, United States
  322. 322. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  323. 323. School of Public Health, Iran
  324. 324. Ophthalmic Research Center, Iran
  325. 325. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  326. 326. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  327. 327. UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand
  328. 328. VA San Diego, United States
  329. 329. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  330. 330. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  331. 331. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  332. 332. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  333. 333. Institute of Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  334. 334. Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  335. 335. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  336. 336. Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
  337. 337. George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi, India
  338. 338. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  339. 339. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  340. 340. Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India
  341. 341. CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  342. 342. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, China
  343. 343. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  344. 344. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  345. 345. Hannover- Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  346. 346. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  347. 347. Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
  348. 348. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  349. 349. University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  350. 350. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  351. 351. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  352. 352. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  353. 353. Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South Africa
  354. 354. South African Medical Researcil, Cape Town, South Africa
  355. 355. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa
  356. 356. Department of Psychiatry, South Africa
  357. 357. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  358. 358. Assuta Hospitals, Assuta Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel
  359. 359. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  360. 360. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  361. 361. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  362. 362. College of Medicine, South Korea
  363. 363. Graduate School of Public Health, South Korea
  364. 364. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  365. 365. New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  366. 366. Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  367. 367. Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  368. 368. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  369. 369. Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju-si, South Korea
  370. 370. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  371. 371. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  372. 372. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  373. 373. Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  374. 374. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  375. 375. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  376. 376. Department of Demography and Public Health Research Institute, Canada
  377. 377. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Canada
  378. 378. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  379. 379. Graduation Studies in Epidemiology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  380. 380. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  381. 381. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  382. 382. Work Organizations, Work Disability Prevention, The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  383. 383. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Finland
  384. 384. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  385. 385. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  386. 386. Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  387. 387. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia “Dr Juan H Jara�, Mar del Plata, Argentina
  388. 388. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  389. 389. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  390. 390. National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China
  391. 391. National Offi ce for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
  392. 392. Eastern Health Clinical School, Australia
  393. 393. Monash University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
  394. 394. Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  395. 395. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  396. 396. Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  397. 397. School of Medicine, United Kingdom
  398. 398. Department of Public Health and Policy, United Kingdom
  399. 399. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  400. 400. Social Security Organization Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  401. 401. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  402. 402. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  403. 403. Division of Population and Patient Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
  404. 404. CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
  405. 405. Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  406. 406. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  407. 407. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  408. 408. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  409. 409. College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  410. 410. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  411. 411. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  412. 412. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  413. 413. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  414. 414. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  415. 415. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  416. 416. Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki, Finland
  417. 417. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
  418. 418. Pacifi c Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  419. 419. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  420. 420. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  421. 421. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  422. 422. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  423. 423. University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
  424. 424. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo, � Trieste, Italy
  425. 425. Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  426. 426. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Australia
  427. 427. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  428. 428. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia
  429. 429. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  430. 430. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  431. 431. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
  432. 432. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  433. 433. Competence Center Mortality-Follow- Up of the German National Cohort, Germany
  434. 434. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  435. 435. Indian Institute of Public Health, India
  436. 436. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  437. 437. Graduate School of Public Health, United States
  438. 438. Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, United States
  439. 439. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  440. 440. Department of Psychiatry, South Africa
  441. 441. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  442. 442. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  443. 443. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  444. 444. School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  445. 445. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  446. 446. Institute For Research, Socio-Economic Development and Communication, Yaounde, Cameroon
  447. 447. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Sweden
  448. 448. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  449. 449. Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund, Sweden
  450. 450. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  451. 451. Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  452. 452. Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  453. 453. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  454. 454. Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa
  455. 455. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  456. 456. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
  457. 457. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  458. 458. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  459. 459. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  460. 460. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  461. 461. St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
  462. 462. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  463. 463. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  464. 464. Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States
  465. 465. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  466. 466. Krishan Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, School of Dental Sciences, Karad, India
  467. 467. Department of Community Health Sciences, Canada
  468. 468. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  469. 469. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  470. 470. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  471. 471. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  472. 472. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  473. 473. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  474. 474. Rollins School of Public Health, United States
  475. 475. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  476. 476. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  477. 477. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Germany
  478. 478. German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  479. 479. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  480. 480. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
  481. 481. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
  482. 482. The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  483. 483. Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  484. 484. Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  485. 485. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  486. 486. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  487. 487. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  488. 488. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  489. 489. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  490. 490. ERAWEB Program, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  491. 491. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
  492. 492. Contech International Health Consultants, Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  493. 493. University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  494. 494. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  495. 495. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  496. 496. Montefi ore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  497. 497. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  498. 498. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  499. 499. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  500. 500. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  501. 501. School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  502. 502. (ISGlobal) Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  503. 503. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  504. 504. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  505. 505. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  506. 506. Development Research and Projects Center, Abuja, Nigeria
  507. 507. Marshall University J Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
  508. 508. Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llebregat, Spain
  509. 509. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  510. 510. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  511. 511. Universidad Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia
  512. 512. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  513. 513. Global Perspective Studies Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
  514. 514. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  515. 515. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  516. 516. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  517. 517. Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South Africa
  518. 518. South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  519. 519. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  520. 520. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  521. 521. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  522. 522. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  523. 523. Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  524. 524. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  525. 525. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  526. 526. Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, South Korea
  527. 527. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, South Korea
  528. 528. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  529. 529. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  530. 530. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  531. 531. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  532. 532. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  533. 533. Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
  534. 534. Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
  535. 535. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  536. 536. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India
  537. 537. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
  538. 538. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  539. 539. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  540. 540. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  541. 541. Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
  542. 542. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  543. 543. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  544. 544. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  545. 545. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  546. 546. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  547. 547. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  548. 548. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  549. 549. Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  550. 550. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  551. 551. Ministry of Health, MINSANTE, Yaounde, Cameroon
  552. 552. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  553. 553. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  554. 554. James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
  555. 555. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  556. 556. Outcomes Research Consortium, United States
  557. 557. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  558. 558. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  559. 559. University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  560. 560. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  561. 561. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  562. 562. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Australia
  563. 563. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  564. 564. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY, United States
  565. 565. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  566. 566. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  567. 567. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  568. 568. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  569. 569. Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  570. 570. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
  571. 571. St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  572. 572. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  573. 573. Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  574. 574. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  575. 575. University Heart Center of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  576. 576. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
  577. 577. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  578. 578. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  579. 579. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  580. 580. Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
  581. 581. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  582. 582. Raffl es Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  583. 583. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  584. 584. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  585. 585. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  586. 586. National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China
  587. 587. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  588. 588. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  589. 589. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  590. 590. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  591. 591. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  592. 592. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  593. 593. Western Health, Footscray, VIC, Australia
  594. 594. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  595. 595. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
  596. 596. St Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  597. 597. St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  598. 598. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  599. 599. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  600. 600. Social Work and Social Administration Department and The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  601. 601. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  602. 602. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  603. 603. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China
  604. 604. Global Health Institute, China
  605. 605. Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  606. 606. University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
  607. 607. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  608. 608. National Office of MCH Surveillance of China, Chengdu, China
  609. 609. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: The Lancet Published:2016


Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
Experts (# of related papers)
Other Related Docs
20. Direct Costs of Hypertension Treatment in Iran, Iranian Journal of Public Health (2023)
26. Statins Alone or Polypill for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders (2016)