Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Global Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher



Momtazmanesh S1, 3 ; Moghaddam SS1, 13 ; Ghamari SH1, 17 ; Rad EM4 ; Rezaei N1, 2 ; Shobeiri P1, 3 ; Aali A14 ; Abbasikangevari M1 ; Abbasikangevari Z1, 17 ; Abdelmasseh M22 ; Abdoun M23 ; Abdulah DM24 ; Md Abdullah AY25 ; Abedi A27 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Momtazmanesh S1, 3
  2. Moghaddam SS1, 13
  3. Ghamari SH1, 17
  4. Rad EM4
  5. Rezaei N1, 2
  6. Shobeiri P1, 3
  7. Aali A14
  8. Abbasikangevari M1
  9. Abbasikangevari Z1, 17
  10. Abdelmasseh M22
  11. Abdoun M23
  12. Abdulah DM24
  13. Md Abdullah AY25
  14. Abedi A27
  15. Abolhassani H5, 28, 30
  16. Abrehdaritafreshi Z31
  17. Achappa B32
  18. Adane DEA37
  19. Adane TD39, 40
  20. Addo IY42, 44
  21. Adnan M45
  22. Adnani QES46
  23. Ahmad S49
  24. Ahmadi A18, 50
  25. Ahmadi K53
  26. Ahmed A56, 57
  27. Ahmed A56, 57
  28. Rashid TA60
  29. Al Hamad H61, 62
  30. Alahdab F63
  31. Alemayehu A64
  32. Alif SM65, 66
  33. Aljunid SM67, 68
  34. Almustanyir S69, 70
  35. Altirkawi KA71
  36. Alvisguzman N72, 73
  37. Dehkordi JA74, 75
  38. Amirbehghadami M77, 81
  39. Ancuceanu R82
  40. Andrei CL83
  41. Andrei T84
  42. Antony CM85
  43. Anyasodor AE88
  44. Arabloo J89
  45. Arulappan J91
  46. Ashraf T92
  47. Athari SS94
  48. Attia EF86
  49. Ayele MT95
  50. Azadnajafabad S1
  51. Babu AS98, 104
  52. Bagherieh S105
  53. Baltatu OC109, 110
  54. Banach M111, 112
  55. Bardhan M113, 114
  56. Baroneadesi F115
  57. Barrow A116, 117
  58. Basu S118
  59. Bayileyegn NS119
  60. Bensenor IM120
  61. Bhardwaj N121
  62. Bhardwaj P122, 123
  63. Bhat AN33
  64. Bhattacharyya K125, 126
  65. Bouaoud S127, 128
  66. Braithwaite D129, 131
  67. Brauer M85, 132
  68. Butt MH133
  69. Butt ZA26, 134
  70. Calina D135
  71. Camera LA136, 137, 138
  72. Chanie GS140
  73. Charalampous P141
  74. Chattu VK143, 144
  75. Chimedochir O145
  76. Chu DT146
  77. Cohen AJ85, 147
  78. Cruzmartins N148, 149
  79. Dadras O151, 152
  80. Darwesh AM153
  81. Das S156
  82. Debela SA157
  83. Delgadoortiz L158, 159
  84. Dereje D160
  85. Dianatinasab M162, 163
  86. Diao N168
  87. Diaz D170, 171
  88. Digesa LE96
  89. Dirirsa G172
  90. Doku PN175
  91. Dongarwar D176
  92. Douiri A177
  93. Dsouza HL34, 178
  94. Eini E179
  95. Ekholuenetale M180, 181
  96. Ekundayo TC185
  97. Elagali AEM186, 187
  98. Elhadi M188
  99. Enyew DB173
  100. Erkhembayar R189
  101. Etaee F190
  102. Fagbamigbe AF180, 191
  103. Faro A192
  104. Fatehizadeh A106
  105. Fekadu G193, 195
  106. Filip I197, 198
  107. Fischer F199
  108. Foroutan M201, 202
  109. Franklin RC203
  110. Gaal PA204, 205
  111. Gaihre S206
  112. Gaipov A207
  113. Gebrehiwot M208
  114. Gerema U209
  115. Getachew ME161, 196
  116. Getachew T97
  117. Ghafourifard M78
  118. Ghanbari R210
  119. Ghashghaee A211
  120. Gholami A215, 216
  121. Gil AU217, 218
  122. Golechha M219
  123. Goleij P220
  124. Golinelli D221
  125. Guadie HA223
  126. Gupta B225
  127. Gupta S226
  128. Gupta VB227
  129. Gupta VK228
  130. Hadei M6
  131. Halwani R229, 230
  132. Hanif A93
  133. Hargono A232
  134. Harorani M233
  135. Hartono RK234
  136. Hasani H235
  137. Hashi A236
  138. Hay SI85, 87
  139. Heidari M51
  140. Hellemons ME142
  141. Herteliu C84, 237
  142. Holla R99
  143. Horita N238, 239
  144. Hoseini M164, 165
  145. Hosseinzadeh M154, 240
  146. Huang J194
  147. Hussain S241, 242
  148. Hwang BF243
  149. Iavicoli I245
  150. Ibitoye SE182
  151. Ibrahim S100
  152. Ilesanmi OS183, 246
  153. Ilic IM247
  154. Ilic MD249
  155. Immurana M250
  156. Ismail NE251
  157. Merin J L252
  158. Jakovljevic M253, 254
  159. Jamshidi E19, 255
  160. Janodia MD101
  161. Javaheri T256
  162. Jayapal SK258
  163. Jayaram S259
  164. Jha RP260, 261
  165. Johnson O263
  166. Joo T204, 264
  167. Joseph N35
  168. Jozwiak JJ265
  169. Kraghuabr V98
  170. Kaambwa B266, 267
  171. Kabir Z270
  172. Kalankesh LR271
  173. Kalhor R212, 213
  174. Kandel H272, 274
  175. Karanth SD130
  176. Karaye IM275
  177. Kassa BG38
  178. Kassie GM276
  179. Keikavoosiarani L277
  180. Keykhaei M1, 7
  181. Khajuria H278
  182. Khan IA280
  183. Khan MAB281, 282
  184. Khan YH283
  185. Khreis H285, 286
  186. Kim MS287, 288
  187. Kisa A289, 290
  188. Kisa S291
  189. Knibbs LD273
  190. Kolkhir P200, 292, 293
  191. Komaki S294
  192. Kompani F8
  193. Koohestani HR295
  194. Koolivand A296
  195. Korzh O297
  196. Koyanagi A298, 299
  197. Krishan K300
  198. Krohn KJ85
  199. Kumar N35, 301
  200. Kumar N35, 301
  201. Kurmi OP302, 303
  202. Kuttikkattu A305
  203. Vecchia CL306
  204. Lam J204, 307
  205. Lan Q308
  206. Lasrado S309
  207. Latief K310, 311
  208. Lauriola P312
  209. Lee SW313
  210. Lee YH314
  211. Legesse SM315
  212. Lenzi J221
  213. Li MC317
  214. Lin RT244, 318
  215. Liu G319, 320
  216. Liu W321
  217. Lo CH322
  218. Lorenzovici L323, 324
  219. Lu Y325
  220. Mahalingam S36, 326
  221. Mahmoudi E9
  222. Mahotra NB326
  223. Malekpour MR1
  224. Malik AA93, 329
  225. Mallhi TH284
  226. Malta DC331
  227. Mansouri B334
  228. Mathews E336
  229. Maulud SQ337
  230. Mechili EA338, 339
  231. Nasab EM10
  232. Menezes RG340
  233. Mengistu DA174
  234. Mentis AFA341
  235. Meshkat M107
  236. Mestrovic T85, 342
  237. De Sa ACMGN331
  238. Mirrakhimov EM343, 344
  239. Misganaw A87, 316
  240. Mithra P35
  241. Moghadasi J345
  242. Mohammadi E1
  243. Mohammadi M346
  244. Mohammadshahi M11
  245. Mohammed S347, 348
  246. Mohan S349, 351
  247. Moka N352, 353
  248. Monasta L354
  249. Moni MA355
  250. Moniruzzaman M356
  251. Montazeri F1, 20
  252. Moradi M90
  253. Mostafavi E357, 358
  254. Mpundukaambwa C268
  255. Murillozamora E359, 360
  256. Murray CJL85, 87
  257. Nair TS361
  258. Nangia V362
  259. Swamy SN363
  260. Narayana AI102
  261. Natto ZS169, 330
  262. Nayak BP278
  263. Negash WW364, 365
  264. Nena E366
  265. Kandel SN367
  266. Niazi RK368
  267. De Sa ATN332
  268. Nowroozi A3
  269. Nzoputam CI369
  270. Nzoputam OJ370, 371
  271. Oancea B372
  272. Obaidur RM373, 374
  273. Odukoya OO375, 376
  274. Okatialiabad H377
  275. Okekunle AP184, 378
  276. Okonji OC379
  277. Olagunju AT304, 380
  278. Bali AO155
  279. Ostojic SM381
  280. Mahesh PA382
  281. Padronmonedero A383
  282. Padubidri JR384
  283. Fallahy MTP12
  284. Palicz T204, 264
  285. Pana A385, 386
  286. Park EK387
  287. Patel J388, 390
  288. Paudel R327
  289. Paudel U328, 391
  290. Pedersini P392
  291. Pereira M393
  292. Pereira RB150
  293. Petcu IR84
  294. Pirestani M76
  295. Postma MJ41, 47, 48
  296. Prashant A394
  297. Rabiee M395
  298. Radfar A396
  299. Rafiei S214
  300. Rahim F397
  301. Ur Rahman MH398, 399, 400, 401
  302. Rahman M398, 399, 400, 401
  303. Rahman MA398, 399, 400, 401
  304. Rahmani AM402
  305. Rahmani S1, 20
  306. Rahmanian V403
  307. Rajput P262
  308. Rana J404, 405
  309. Rao CR103
  310. Rao SJ406
  311. Rashedi S1, 9
  312. Rashidi MM1, 17
  313. Ratan ZA407, 408
  314. Rawaf DL54, 409
  315. Rawaf S55, 410
  316. Rawal L411
  317. Rawassizadeh R257
  318. Razeghinia MS412, 414
  319. Redwan EMM415, 416
  320. Rezaei M1, 417
  321. Rezaei N1, 2
  322. Rezaei N1, 2
  323. Rezaeian M420
  324. Rodrigues M422
  325. Rodriguez JAB423
  326. Roever L424
  327. Rojasrueda D425, 426
  328. Rudd KE427
  329. Saad AMA428
  330. Sabour S18
  331. Saddik B231
  332. Sadeghi E429
  333. Sadeghi M108
  334. Saeed U430, 431
  335. Sahebazzamani M413, 421
  336. Sahebkar A15, 16
  337. Sahoo H432
  338. Sajid MR433
  339. Sakhamuri S434, 435
  340. Salehi S29
  341. Samy AM436
  342. Santricmilicevic MM247, 248
  343. Jose BPS333
  344. Sathian B61, 437
  345. Satpathy M438, 439
  346. Saya GK440
  347. Senthilkumaran S441
  348. Seylani A442
  349. Shahabi S166
  350. Shaikh MA443
  351. Shanawaz M350
  352. Shannawaz M279
  353. Sheikhi RA52
  354. Shekhar S444
  355. Sibhat MM445
  356. Simpson CR389, 446
  357. Singh JA447, 448
  358. Singh P449
  359. Singh S124
  360. Skryabin VY450, 451
  361. Skryabina AA453
  362. Soltanizangbar MS79
  363. Song S454
  364. Soyiri IN455
  365. Steiropoulos P366
  366. Stockfelt L456
  367. Sun J457, 458
  368. Takahashi K459, 460
  369. Talaat IM229, 461
  370. Tan KK462
  371. Tat NY463, 464
  372. Tat VY465
  373. Taye BT466
  374. Thangaraju P467
  375. Thapar R35
  376. Thienemann F468, 469
  377. Tiyuri A90, 418
  378. Tran MTN470, 471
  379. Tripathy JP472
  380. Car LT473
  381. Tusa BS474
  382. Ullah I475
  383. Ullah S476, 477
  384. Vacante M478
  385. Valdez PR139, 479
  386. Valizadeh R480
  387. Van Boven JFM41
  388. Vasankari TJ481, 482
  389. Vaziri S335
  390. Violante FS222, 483
  391. Vo B484
  392. Wang N470, 485
  393. Wei MY486, 487
  394. Westerman R488
  395. Wickramasinghe ND489
  396. Xu S490, 491
  397. Xu X43, 492
  398. Yadav L269, 493
  399. Yismaw Y224, 494
  400. Yon DK495
  401. Yonemoto N496, 497
  402. Yu C498
  403. Yu Y499
  404. Yunusa I500
  405. Zahir M21
  406. Zangiabadian M20
  407. Zareshahrabadi Z167
  408. Zarrintan A80
  409. Zastrozhin MS452, 501
  410. Zegeye ZB502
  411. Zhang Y503, 504
  412. Naghavi M85, 87
  413. Larijani B2
  414. Farzadfar F1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. National Institute for Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany
  14. 14. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  15. 15. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  16. 16. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  17. 17. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  23. 23. Faculty of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria
  24. 24. Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  25. 25. School of Planning, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  26. 26. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  27. 27. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  28. 28. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  29. 29. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  30. 30. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  31. 31. Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  33. 33. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  34. 34. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  35. 35. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  36. 36. Department of Pediatrics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  37. 37. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  38. 38. Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  39. 39. Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  40. 40. Clinical and Psychosocials Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  41. 41. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  42. 42. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  43. 43. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  44. 44. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  45. 45. Department of Neonatology, Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, United States
  46. 46. Faculty of Medicine, Bandung, Indonesia
  47. 47. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Bandung, Indonesia
  48. 48. Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  49. 49. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  50. 50. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  51. 51. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  52. 52. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  53. 53. School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  54. 54. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  55. 55. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  56. 56. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  57. 57. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid i Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  58. 58. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  59. 59. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  60. 60. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  61. 61. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  62. 62. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  63. 63. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  64. 64. Department of Public Health, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia
  65. 65. Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Harar, Ethiopia
  66. 66. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  67. 67. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
  68. 68. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  69. 69. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  70. 70. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  71. 71. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  72. 72. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  73. 73. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  74. 74. Applied Science and Technology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  75. 75. Chemical Engineering Department-Biotechnology Group, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  77. 77. Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  78. 78. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  79. 79. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  80. 80. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  81. 81. Department of Health Service Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz, Iran
  82. 82. Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  83. 83. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  84. 84. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  85. 85. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  86. 86. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  87. 87. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  88. 88. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  89. 89. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  90. 90. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  91. 91. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  92. 92. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  93. 93. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  94. 94. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  96. 96. Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  97. 97. Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  98. 98. Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  99. 99. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  100. 100. Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  101. 101. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  102. 102. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  103. 103. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  104. 104. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  105. 105. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  106. 106. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  107. 107. Department of Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  108. 108. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  109. 109. Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  110. 110. Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
  111. 111. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  112. 112. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  113. 113. Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  114. 114. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  115. 115. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  116. 116. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of the Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  117. 117. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  118. 118. Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
  119. 119. Surgery Department, Jimma University, jimma, Ethiopia
  120. 120. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  121. 121. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  122. 122. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  123. 123. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  124. 124. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  125. 125. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  126. 126. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  127. 127. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  128. 128. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
  129. 129. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  130. 130. UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  131. 131. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  132. 132. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  133. 133. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  134. 134. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  135. 135. Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  136. 136. Internal Medicine Department, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  137. 137. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  138. 138. Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  139. 139. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  140. 140. Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  141. 141. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  142. 142. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  143. 143. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  144. 144. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  145. 145. Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
  146. 146. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNUInternational School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  147. 147. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  148. 148. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Gandra, Portugal
  149. 149. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  150. 150. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  151. 151. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  152. 152. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  153. 153. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  154. 154. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  155. 155. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  156. 156. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
  157. 157. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  158. 158. NCDs and Environment Programme, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  159. 159. Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
  160. 160. Department of Biomedical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  161. 161. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  162. 162. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  163. 163. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  164. 164. Department of Environmental Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  165. 165. Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  166. 166. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  167. 167. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  168. 168. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  169. 169. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  170. 170. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  171. 171. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  172. 172. Department of Environmental Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  173. 173. Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  174. 174. Department of Environmental Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  175. 175. School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  176. 176. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  177. 177. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  178. 178. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka State, Mangalore, India
  179. 179. Department of Orthodontics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  180. 180. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  181. 181. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  182. 182. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  183. 183. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  184. 184. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  185. 185. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  186. 186. Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
  187. 187. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
  188. 188. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  189. 189. Department of International Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  190. 190. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  191. 191. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  192. 192. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  193. 193. School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  194. 194. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  195. 195. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  196. 196. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  197. 197. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  198. 198. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  199. 199. Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
  200. 200. Institute for Allergology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  201. 201. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  202. 202. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  203. 203. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  204. 204. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  205. 205. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  206. 206. Institute of Applied Health Sciences (IAHS), University of Aberdeen, Coleraine, United Kingdom
  207. 207. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
  208. 208. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  209. 209. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Oromia, Jimma, Ethiopia
  210. 210. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  211. 211. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  212. 212. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  213. 213. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  214. 214. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  215. 215. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  216. 216. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  217. 217. NCD Surveillance Unit, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russian Federation
  218. 218. Institute for Leadership and Health Management, Moscow Medical Academy, Moscow, Russian Federation
  219. 219. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  220. 220. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  221. 221. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  222. 222. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  223. 223. Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  224. 224. Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  225. 225. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  226. 226. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  227. 227. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  228. 228. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  229. 229. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  230. 230. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  231. 231. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  232. 232. Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  233. 233. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  234. 234. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju, Indonesian Advanced College of Health Sciences, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
  235. 235. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  236. 236. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  237. 237. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  238. 238. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  239. 239. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  240. 240. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  241. 241. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  242. 242. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  243. 243. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  244. 244. College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  245. 245. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  246. 246. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  247. 247. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  248. 248. School of PublicHealth and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  249. 249. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  250. 250. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  251. 251. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  252. 252. Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
  253. 253. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  254. 254. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  255. 255. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
  256. 256. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  257. 257. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  258. 258. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  259. 259. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  260. 260. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  261. 261. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  262. 262. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  263. 263. Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  264. 264. Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary
  265. 265. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  266. 266. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  267. 267. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  268. 268. Health and Social Care Economics Group, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  269. 269. Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  270. 270. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  271. 271. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  272. 272. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  273. 273. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  274. 274. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  275. 275. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  276. 276. Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  277. 277. Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  278. 278. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  279. 279. Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
  280. 280. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  281. 281. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  282. 282. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  283. 283. Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  284. 284. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  285. 285. MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
  287. 287. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  288. 288. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  289. 289. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  290. 290. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  291. 291. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  292. 292. Division of Immune-mediated Skin Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
  293. 293. First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  294. 294. Department of Physiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
  295. 295. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  296. 296. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  297. 297. Department of General Practice - Family Medicine, Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  298. 298. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  299. 299. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  300. 300. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  301. 301. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  302. 302. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  303. 303. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  304. 304. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  305. 305. Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India
  306. 306. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  307. 307. NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary
  308. 308. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  309. 309. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  310. 310. Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  311. 311. Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  312. 312. International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
  313. 313. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  314. 314. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  315. 315. Knowledge Translation Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  316. 316. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  317. 317. Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
  318. 318. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
  319. 319. School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
  320. 320. Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  321. 321. Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
  322. 322. Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  323. 323. Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, TARGU MURES, Romania
  324. 324. Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Tirgu Mures, Romania
  325. 325. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  326. 326. Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  327. 327. Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  328. 328. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  329. 329. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  330. 330. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  331. 331. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  332. 332. Departamento de Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  333. 333. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  334. 334. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  335. 335. Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  336. 336. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  337. 337. College of Education-Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  338. 338. Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlore, Albania
  339. 339. Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  340. 340. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  341. 341. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  342. 342. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  343. 343. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  344. 344. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  345. 345. Department of Higher EducationManagement, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  346. 346. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  347. 347. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  348. 348. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  349. 349. Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  350. 350. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  351. 351. Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
  352. 352. Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States
  353. 353. Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  354. 354. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  355. 355. School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  356. 356. Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  357. 357. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  358. 358. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  359. 359. Family Medicine Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico
  360. 360. Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  361. 361. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  362. 362. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  363. 363. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  364. 364. Department of Nursing, Madda Walabu University, Ginir, Ethiopia
  365. 365. School of Nursing, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  366. 366. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  367. 367. Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  368. 368. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  369. 369. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  370. 370. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  371. 371. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  372. 372. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  373. 373. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan
  374. 374. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  375. 375. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  376. 376. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  377. 377. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  378. 378. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  379. 379. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  380. 380. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  381. 381. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  382. 382. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  383. 383. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  384. 384. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  385. 385. Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
  386. 386. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  387. 387. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  388. 388. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  389. 389. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  390. 390. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  391. 391. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  392. 392. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  393. 393. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  394. 394. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  395. 395. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  396. 396. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  397. 397. Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
  398. 398. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  399. 399. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  400. 400. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  401. 401. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  402. 402. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  403. 403. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  404. 404. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  405. 405. Research and Innovation Division, South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  406. 406. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, India
  407. 407. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  408. 408. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  409. 409. Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom
  410. 410. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  411. 411. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  412. 412. Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  413. 413. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  414. 414. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  415. 415. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  416. 416. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  417. 417. Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  418. 418. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  419. 419. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  420. 420. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  421. 421. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  422. 422. Geography/Demography, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal
  423. 423. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  424. 424. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  425. 425. Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
  426. 426. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  427. 427. Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  428. 428. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University-Egypt, Zagazig, Egypt
  429. 429. Research Consultation Center (RCC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  430. 430. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  431. 431. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
  432. 432. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  433. 433. Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Pakistan, Gujrat, Pakistan
  434. 434. Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  435. 435. Thoracic Department, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
  436. 436. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  437. 437. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  438. 438. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  439. 439. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  440. 440. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  441. 441. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  442. 442. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  443. 443. Karachi, Pakistan
  444. 444. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  445. 445. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  446. 446. School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
  447. 447. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  448. 448. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  449. 449. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  450. 450. Clinical Branch, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  451. 451. Addiction Psychiatry Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  452. 452. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  453. 453. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National ResearchMedical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  454. 454. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States
  455. 455. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
  456. 456. Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  457. 457. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  458. 458. School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  459. 459. University of Western Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  460. 460. University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
  461. 461. Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  462. 462. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  463. 463. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  464. 464. Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  465. 465. Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  466. 466. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
  467. 467. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RAIPUR, India
  468. 468. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  469. 469. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  470. 470. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  471. 471. Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  472. 472. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  473. 473. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  474. 474. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  475. 475. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  476. 476. Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  477. 477. Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  478. 478. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  479. 479. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  480. 480. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  481. 481. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  482. 482. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  483. 483. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  484. 484. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  485. 485. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  486. 486. Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  487. 487. Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  488. 488. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  489. 489. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  490. 490. Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  491. 491. Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  492. 492. Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  493. 493. Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  494. 494. Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  495. 495. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  496. 496. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  497. 497. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  498. 498. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  499. 499. School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  500. 500. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  501. 501. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  502. 502. Department of Biomedical Science, Jimma University, Oromia, Jimma, Ethiopia
  503. 503. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  504. 504. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Source: eClinicalMedicine Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Authors
3. National and Subnational Burden of Stroke in Iran From 1990 to 2019, Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology (2022)
Experts (# of related papers)
Other Related Docs