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Global Burden of 288 Causes of Death and Life Expectancy Decomposition in 204 Countries and Territories and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed

Summary: How did COVID-19 affect global health? Research shows it became the second-leading cause of death in 2021, reducing life expectancy by 1.6 years globally. #GlobalHealth #COVID19

Naghavi M1, 2191 ; Ong KL1 ; Aali A15 ; Ababneh HS25 ; Abate YH30 ; Abbafati C31 ; Abbasgholizadeh R33 ; Abbasian M39, 54 ; Abbasikangevari M79 ; Abbastabar H80 ; Abd Elhafeez S117 ; Abdelmasseh M122 ; Abdelsalam S123 ; Abdelwahab A124 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Naghavi M1, 2191
  2. Ong KL1
  3. Aali A15
  4. Ababneh HS25
  5. Abate YH30
  6. Abbafati C31
  7. Abbasgholizadeh R33
  8. Abbasian M39, 54
  9. Abbasikangevari M79
  10. Abbastabar H80
  11. Abd Elhafeez S117
  12. Abdelmasseh M122
  13. Abdelsalam S123
  14. Abdelwahab A124
  15. Abdollahi M81, 82
  16. Abdollahifar MA126
  17. Abdoun M128
  18. Abdulah DM129
  19. Abdullahi A131, 134
  20. Abebe M136
  21. Abebe SS138
  22. Abedi A146, 147
  23. Abegaz KH150, 151
  24. Abhilash ES152
  25. Abidi H153
  26. Abiodun O155
  27. Aboagye RG156
  28. Abolhassani H83, 162
  29. Abolmaali M170, 190
  30. Abouzid M191
  31. Aboye GB192, 193
  32. Abreu LG195
  33. Abrha WA203
  34. Abtahi D55
  35. Abu Rumeileh S205
  36. Abualruz H206
  37. Abubakar B207, 210
  38. Abugharbieh E211
  39. Aburmeileh NM223
  40. Aburuz S231
  41. Abuzaid A233, 235
  42. Accrombessi MMK237, 241
  43. Adal TG242
  44. Adamu AA243, 247
  45. Addo IY253, 263
  46. Addolorato G264, 266
  47. Adebiyi AO267, 274
  48. Adekanmbi V277
  49. Adepoju AV278, 279
  50. Adetunji CO280
  51. Adetunji JB281
  52. Adeyeoluwa TE268, 282
  53. Adeyinka DA127, 286
  54. Adeyomoye OI283
  55. Admass BA287
  56. Adnani QES292
  57. Adra S211
  58. Afolabi AA267
  59. Afzal MS294
  60. Afzal S295, 296
  61. Agampodi SB297, 299
  62. Agasthi P300
  63. Aggarwal M301
  64. Aghamiri S56
  65. Agide FD304
  66. Agodi A306
  67. Agrawal A125, 310
  68. Agyemangduah W311
  69. Ahinkorah BO313
  70. Ahmad A315
  71. Ahmad D318, 321
  72. Ahmad F212
  73. Ahmad MM232
  74. Ahmad S322, 323
  75. Ahmad S322, 323
  76. Ahmad T328
  77. Ahmadi K329, 332
  78. Ahmadzade AM16
  79. Ahmed A333, 334
  80. Ahmed A333, 334
  81. Ahmed H338
  82. Ahmed LA225
  83. Ahmed MS130
  84. Ahmed MS130
  85. Ahmed MB340, 342
  86. Ahmed SA344
  87. Ajami M57, 350
  88. Aji B351
  89. Akara EM352
  90. Akbarialiabad H254
  91. Akinosoglou K353, 354
  92. Akinyemiju T355, 356
  93. Akkaif MA359
  94. Akyirem S360
  95. Al Hamad H367, 368
  96. Al Hasan SM370
  97. Alahdab F371, 372
  98. Alalalmeh SO373
  99. Alalwan TA375
  100. Alaly Z376, 379
  101. Alam K381
  102. Alam M382
  103. Alam N384, 387
  104. Alamer RM388, 390
  105. Alanezi FM396
  106. Alanzi TM393
  107. Alazzam S397
  108. Albakri A399
  109. Albashtawy M400
  110. Albataineh MT401
  111. Alcalderabanal JE402
  112. Aldawsari KA404, 405
  113. Aldhaleei WA407
  114. Aldridge RW408
  115. Alema HB416
  116. Alemayohu MA417, 420
  117. Alemi S421
  118. Alemu YM319, 422
  119. Algheethi AAS432, 434
  120. Alhabib KF435
  121. Alhalaiqa FAN439, 444
  122. Alhanawi MK445, 446
  123. Ali A452, 454
  124. Ali A452, 454
  125. Ali L455
  126. Ali MU134, 456
  127. Ali R458
  128. Ali S460
  129. Ali SSS461
  130. Alicandro G462, 463
  131. Alif SM464
  132. Alikhani R84
  133. Alimohamadi Y171
  134. Aliyi AA469
  135. Aljasir MAM470, 471
  136. Aljunid SM476, 478
  137. Alla F479
  138. Allebeck P163
  139. Almarwani S480, 481
  140. Almaweri SAA440
  141. Almazan JU482
  142. Almekhlafi HM483, 487
  143. Almidani L34, 488
  144. Almidani O497, 499
  145. Alomari MA398, 441
  146. Alomari B503
  147. Alonso J504, 505
  148. Alqahtani JS506
  149. Alqalyoobi S345
  150. Alqutaibi AY508, 509
  151. Alsabah SK477, 510
  152. Altaany Z511
  153. Altaf A512
  154. Altawfiq JA521, 522
  155. Altirkawi KA222
  156. Aluh DO523, 524
  157. Alvisguzman N525, 526
  158. Alwafi H527
  159. Alworafi YM531, 532
  160. Aly H302
  161. Aly S40, 533
  162. Alzoubi KH213, 397
  163. Amani R534, 535
  164. Amare AT423, 545
  165. Amegbor PM550
  166. Ameyaw EK553
  167. Amin TT554
  168. Amindarolzarbi A489
  169. Amiri S556
  170. Amirzadeiranaq MH85
  171. Amu H157
  172. Amugsi DA557
  173. Amusa GA558, 560
  174. Ancuceanu R562
  175. Anderlini D573, 581
  176. Anderson DB582
  177. Andrade PP595, 596
  178. Andrei CL563
  179. Andrei T597
  180. Angus C599
  181. Anil A602, 610
  182. Anil S611
  183. Anoushiravani A86
  184. Ansari H612
  185. Ansariadi A615
  186. Ansarimoghaddam A612
  187. Antony CM1
  188. Antriyandarti E617
  189. Anvari D618, 622
  190. Anvari S624
  191. Anwar S459, 631, 632
  192. Anwar SL632
  193. Anwer R633
  194. Anyasodor AE634
  195. Aqeel M635
  196. Arab JP636, 638
  197. Arabloo J172
  198. Arafat M640
  199. Aravkin AY1, 2, 2191
  200. Areda D641, 642
  201. Aremu A643
  202. Aremu O646
  203. Ariffin H484, 485
  204. Arkew M139
  205. Armocida B647, 648
  206. Arndt MB1, 3
  207. Arnlov J164, 649
  208. Arooj M513
  209. Artamonov AA650
  210. Arulappan J652
  211. Aruleba RT349
  212. Arumugam A214, 653
  213. Asaad M655
  214. Asadilari M173, 657
  215. Asgedom AA418
  216. Asghariahmadabad M660
  217. Asgharijafarabadi M465, 663
  218. Ashraf M512
  219. Aslani A664
  220. Astellburt T583
  221. Athar M528, 529
  222. Athari SS677
  223. Atinafu BTT679
  224. Atlaw HW681
  225. Atorkey P433, 685
  226. Atout MMW686
  227. Atreya A687
  228. Aujayeb A688
  229. Ausloos M597, 689
  230. Avan A691
  231. Awedew AF692
  232. Aweke AM424
  233. Ayala Quintanilla BPA693, 696
  234. Ayatollahi H172, 174
  235. Ayusomateos JL697, 700
  236. Ayyoubzadeh SM87
  237. Azadnajafabad S79
  238. Azevedo RMS702
  239. Azzam AY705, 706
  240. Darshan BB707
  241. Babu AS708, 718
  242. Badar M722
  243. Badiye AD723
  244. Baghdadi S724
  245. Bagheri N320, 725
  246. Bagherieh S726
  247. Bah S394
  248. Bahadorikhalili S733
  249. Bahmanziari N88
  250. Bai R734
  251. Baig AA735
  252. Baker JL736
  253. Bako AT737
  254. Bakshi RK738
  255. Balakrishnan S742
  256. Balasubramanian M584, 743
  257. Baltatu OC749
  258. Bam K751
  259. Banach M755, 756
  260. Bandyopadhyay S499, 757
  261. Banik PC760
  262. Bansal H723
  263. Bansal K761, 763
  264. Barbic F637, 765
  265. Barchitta M306
  266. Bardhan M766
  267. Bardideh E17
  268. Barkercollo SL767
  269. Barnighausen TW41, 769
  270. Baroneadesi F770
  271. Barqawi HJ211
  272. Barrero LH771
  273. Barrow A772, 776
  274. Barteit S769
  275. Barua L760
  276. Basharat Z777
  277. Bashiri A536
  278. Basiru A644
  279. Baskaran P603
  280. Basnyat B500, 778
  281. Bassat Q779, 781
  282. Basso JD782, 783
  283. Basting AVL1
  284. Basu S42, 329
  285. Batra K786
  286. Baune BT787, 789
  287. Bayati M537
  288. Bayileyegn NS341
  289. Beaney T330
  290. Bedi N790, 795
  291. Beghi M796
  292. Behboudi E797
  293. Behera P798
  294. Behnoush AH89, 801
  295. Behzadifar M802
  296. Beiranvand M803
  297. Bejarano Ramirez DF804, 805
  298. Bejot Y806, 807
  299. Belay SA425
  300. Belete CM808, 810
  301. Bell ML361
  302. Bello MB208, 811
  303. Bello OO284
  304. Belo L812, 813
  305. Beloukas A472, 821
  306. Bender RG1, 362
  307. Bensenor IM822
  308. Beran A825
  309. Berezvai Z826, 827
  310. Berhie AY426
  311. Berice BN1
  312. Bernstein RS828, 832
  313. Bertolacci GJ1
  314. Bettencourt PJG833
  315. Beyene KA768, 834
  316. Bhagat DS835
  317. Bhagavathula AS836
  318. Bhala N837, 838
  319. Bhalla A840
  320. Bhandari D752, 841
  321. Bhangdia K1
  322. Bhardwaj N604
  323. Bhardwaj P603, 605
  324. Bhardwaj PV845
  325. Bhargava A846
  326. Bhaskar S847, 848
  327. Bhat V849
  328. Bhatti GK850
  329. Bhatti JS852
  330. Bhatti MS854
  331. Bhatti R855
  332. Bhutta ZA856, 860
  333. Bikbov B864
  334. Bishai JD1
  335. Bisignano C1
  336. Bisulli F865, 868
  337. Biswas A869
  338. Biswas B871
  339. Bitaraf S872
  340. Bitew BD288, 289
  341. Bitra VR875
  342. Bjorge T877, 880
  343. Boachie MK158, 881
  344. Boampong MS882
  345. Bobirca AV564
  346. Bodolica V884
  347. Bodunrin AO346
  348. Bogale EK427
  349. Bogale KA422
  350. Bohlouli S885
  351. Bolarinwa OA886
  352. Boloor A888
  353. Bonakdar Hashemi MB58
  354. Bonny A894, 895
  355. Bora K896
  356. Bora Basara B897
  357. Borhany H59
  358. Borzutzky A639
  359. Bouaoud S898, 900
  360. Boustany A301
  361. Boxe C901
  362. Boyko EJ4, 904
  363. Brady OJ238
  364. Braithwaite D772, 905
  365. Brant LC196
  366. Brauer M906
  367. Brazinova A908
  368. Brazosayavera J909
  369. Breitborde NJK911, 912
  370. Breitner S914, 915
  371. Brenner H916
  372. Briko AN917
  373. Briko NI918
  374. Britton G919, 920
  375. Brown J921, 923
  376. Brugha T690
  377. Bulamu NB744
  378. Bulto LN745
  379. Buonsenso D265, 926
  380. Burns RA320
  381. Busse R595
  382. Bustanji Y215, 927
  383. Butt NS447
  384. Butt ZA928, 929
  385. Caetano Dos Santos FL43
  386. Calina D930
  387. Camera LA931, 932
  388. Campos LA750, 933
  389. Camposnonato IR403
  390. Cao C934
  391. Cao Y377
  392. Capodici A865, 935
  393. Cardenas R936
  394. Carr S44
  395. Carreras G938
  396. Carrero JJ165
  397. Carugno A939
  398. Carvalheiro CG940, 941
  399. Carvalho F813
  400. Carvalho M814, 942
  401. Castaldellimaia JM823
  402. Castanedaorjuela CA943, 944
  403. Castelpietra G945, 946
  404. Catalalopez F701, 947
  405. Catapano AL948, 952
  406. Cattaruzza MS32
  407. Cederroth CR166, 953
  408. Cegolon L954, 956
  409. Cembranel F957
  410. Cenderadewi M958, 961
  411. Cercy KM1
  412. Cerin E962, 964
  413. Cevik M969, 970
  414. Chadwick J972
  415. Chahine Y5, 6
  416. Chakraborty C974, 975
  417. Chakraborty PA906
  418. Chan JSK976
  419. Chan RNC977
  420. Chandika RM791
  421. Chandrasekar EK978
  422. Chang CK981, 982
  423. Chang JC987, 988
  424. Chanie GS290
  425. Charalampous P989
  426. Chattu VK857, 991
  427. Chaturvedi P992
  428. Chatzimavridougrigoriadou V993, 997
  429. Chaurasia A998
  430. Chen AW7
  431. Chen AT999, 1000
  432. Chen CS1
  433. Chen H1001
  434. Chen MX1003
  435. Chen S769
  436. Cheng CY1004, 1005
  437. Cheng ETW1007
  438. Cherbuin N320
  439. Cheru WA140, 808
  440. Chien JH1012, 1013
  441. Chimedochir O1014
  442. Chimoriya R391, 1015
  443. Ching PR1016
  444. Chirinoscaceres JL1018
  445. Chitheer A1019
  446. Cho WCS1020
  447. Chong B1021
  448. Chopra H1027
  449. Choudhari SG1031
  450. Chowdhury R1033, 1034
  451. Christopher DJ1039
  452. Chukwu IS1041
  453. Chung E1, 8, 574, 1042
  454. Chung E1, 8, 574, 1042
  455. Chung E1, 8, 574, 1042
  456. Chung SC409, 1043
  457. Chutiyami M314
  458. Cindi Z1044
  459. Cioffi I951
  460. Claassens MM1048, 1049
  461. Claro RM197
  462. Coberly K1
  463. Cogen RM1
  464. Columbus A490
  465. Comfort H1
  466. Conde J1050
  467. Cortese S551, 758
  468. Cortesi PA1051
  469. Costa VM813
  470. Costanzo S1052
  471. Cousin E1, 2191
  472. Couto RAS815
  473. Cowden RG1053
  474. Cramer KM1054
  475. Criqui MH1056
  476. Cruzmartins N703, 816
  477. Cuadrahernandez SM402
  478. Culbreth GT1
  479. Cullen P922, 924
  480. Cunningham M1
  481. Curado MP1057
  482. Dadana S1058
  483. Dadras O90
  484. Dai S1007, 1059
  485. Dai X1, 2191
  486. Dai Z585, 924
  487. Dalli LL753
  488. Damiani G949, 1060
  489. Darega Gela J1066
  490. Das JK861
  491. Das S1067
  492. Das S1067
  493. Dascalu AM565, 1069
  494. Dash NR211
  495. Dashti M665
  496. Dastiridou A1070, 1073
  497. Davey G1074, 1075
  498. Davilacervantes CA1080
  499. Davis Weaver N1
  500. Davletov K1081
  501. De Leo D1082
  502. De Luca K1083
  503. Debele AT141
  504. Debopadhaya S1084
  505. Degenhardt L1, 255
  506. Dehghan A1085
  507. Deitesfeld L1
  508. Del Bo C707, 951
  509. Delgadoenciso I1086, 1087
  510. Demessa BH194
  511. Demetriades AK1088, 1093
  512. Deng K965
  513. Deng X1094
  514. Denovagutierrez E403
  515. Deravi N60
  516. Dereje N305, 1075
  517. Dervenis N1071, 1095
  518. Dervisevic E1096, 1097
  519. Des Jarlais DC1098
  520. Desai HD1106
  521. Desai R1107
  522. Devanbu VGC1108
  523. Dewan SMR1109, 1110
  524. Dhali A870
  525. Dhama K1111
  526. Dhimal M1112
  527. Dhingra S1114
  528. Dhulipala VR1100
  529. Dias Da Silva D704, 813
  530. Diaz D1115
  531. Diaz MJ773
  532. Dima A598
  533. Ding DD772
  534. Ding H45, 1017
  535. Dinisoliveira RJ817, 1117
  536. Dirac MA1, 9, 2191
  537. Djalalinia S658
  538. Do THP1118
  539. Do Prado CB1119
  540. Doaei S61, 625
  541. Dodangeh M175
  542. Dodangeh M175
  543. Dohare S792
  544. Dokova KG1121
  545. Dolecek C501, 1122
  546. Dominguez RMV1
  547. Dong W1123
  548. Dongarwar D656
  549. Doria M955, 1124
  550. Dorostkar F176
  551. Dorsey ER980
  552. Dos Santos WM1125, 1127
  553. Doshi R1128
  554. Doshmangir L666
  555. Dowou RK159
  556. Driscoll TR586
  557. Dsouza HL889, 1129
  558. Dsouza V709
  559. Du M546, 1130
  560. Dube J1055
  561. Duncan BB1131
  562. Duraes AR1132, 1134
  563. Duraisamy S1135
  564. Durojaiye OC600
  565. Dwyerlindgren L1, 2191
  566. Dzianach PA1136
  567. Dziedzic AM1139
  568. Emar AR302
  569. Eboreime E1140, 1141
  570. Ebrahimi A26
  571. Echieh CP1142, 1143
  572. Edinur HA1144
  573. Edvardsson D654, 694
  574. Edvardsson K1145
  575. Efendi D1146, 1149
  576. Efendi F694, 1150
  577. Effendi DE1153
  578. Eikemo TA1155
  579. Eini E873
  580. Ekholuenetale M269, 270
  581. Ekundayo TC285
  582. El Sayed I118
  583. Elbarazi I225
  584. Elema TB1076, 1157
  585. Elemam NM216
  586. Elgar FJ1158
  587. Elgendy IY27, 46
  588. Elgohary GMT436, 1159
  589. Elhabashy HR555
  590. Elhadi M1163
  591. Elhuneidi W217
  592. Elilo LT305
  593. Elmeligy OAA119, 448
  594. Elmonem MA1164
  595. Elshaer M1165
  596. Elsohaby I1168, 1169
  597. Emeto TI959
  598. Engelbert Bain L1171
  599. Erkhembayar R1172
  600. Esezobor CI1173, 1175
  601. Eshrati B177
  602. Eskandarieh S91
  603. Espinosamontero J1176
  604. Esubalew H682
  605. Etaee F363
  606. Fabin N1177
  607. Fadaka AO1178, 1179
  608. Fagbamigbe AF269, 1181
  609. Fahim A514
  610. Fahimi S86
  611. Fakhridemeshghieh A1183
  612. Falzone L307, 1184
  613. Fareed M1028
  614. Sa Farinha CSE1185, 1186
  615. Faris MEM218
  616. Faris PS1187, 1190
  617. Faro A1192
  618. Fasanmi AO829, 1193
  619. Fatehizadeh A727
  620. Fattahi H659
  621. Fauk NK1195, 1196
  622. Fazeli P538, 539
  623. Feigin VL1, 1197, 1199
  624. Feizkhah A626
  625. Fekadu G1008, 1200
  626. Feng X1203
  627. Fereshtehnejad SM164, 858
  628. Feroze AH47
  629. Ferrante D1206
  630. Ferrari AJ1, 575
  631. Ferreira N1207
  632. Fetensa G1201
  633. Feyisa BR1202
  634. Filip I1208, 1209
  635. Fischer F1210
  636. Flavel J1215
  637. Flood D1002, 1216
  638. Florin BT566
  639. Foigt NA1217
  640. Folayan MO1218, 1219
  641. Fomenkov AA1220
  642. Foroutan B623
  643. Foroutan M1221, 1222
  644. Forthun I1225
  645. Fortuna D1227
  646. Foschi M1228, 1230
  647. Fowobaje KR269, 1231
  648. Francis KL1232
  649. Franklin RC958
  650. Freitas A818, 1234
  651. Friedman J35
  652. Friedman SD550
  653. Fukumoto T1235
  654. Fuller JE1
  655. Fux B1236
  656. Gaal PA1238, 1241
  657. Gadanya MA132, 1242
  658. Gaidhane AM1031
  659. Gaihre S1243
  660. Gakidou E1, 2191
  661. Galali Y1188, 1191
  662. Galles NC1
  663. Gallus S1244
  664. Ganbat M1035, 1245
  665. Gandhi AP1246
  666. Ganesan B1247
  667. Ganiyani MA326, 1248
  668. Garciagordillo M1249
  669. Gardner WM1
  670. Garg J1251
  671. Garg N1252
  672. Gautam RK1253
  673. Gbadamosi SO1032
  674. Gebi TG142
  675. Gebregergis MW1254
  676. Gebrehiwot M1256
  677. Gebremeskel TG746, 1258
  678. Georgescu SR567, 1259
  679. Getachew T143
  680. Gething PW1136, 1260
  681. Getie M1077
  682. Ghadiri K1262, 1263
  683. Ghahramani S535
  684. Ghailan KY792, 1268
  685. Ghasemi MR62
  686. Ghasempour Dabaghi G726
  687. Ghasemzadeh A665
  688. Ghashghaee A1269
  689. Ghassemi F92
  690. Ghazy RM120
  691. Ghimire A1113
  692. Ghoba S1
  693. Gholamalizadeh M63
  694. Gholamian A1271, 1272
  695. Gholamrezanezhad A148
  696. Gholizadeh N619
  697. Ghorbani M18
  698. Ghorbani Vajargah P627
  699. Ghoshal AG1273, 1274
  700. Gill PS1275
  701. Gill TK547
  702. Gillum RF902, 903
  703. Ginindza TG886
  704. Girmay A204
  705. Glasbey JC839
  706. Gnedovskaya EV1198
  707. Gobolos L498, 1061
  708. Godinho MA1277
  709. Goel A1278
  710. Golchin A1279, 1280
  711. Goldust M364
  712. Golechha M1282
  713. Goleij P1264, 1283
  714. Gomes NGM814, 819
  715. Gona PN1284
  716. Gopalani SV1285, 1286
  717. Gorini G937
  718. Goudarzi H1287, 1288
  719. Goulart AC1289
  720. Goulart BNG1131
  721. Goyal A1290
  722. Grada A1292
  723. Graham SM473, 1295
  724. Grivna M226, 1298
  725. Grosso G307
  726. Guan SY1299
  727. Guarducci G1300
  728. Gubari MIM1301
  729. Gudeta MD144
  730. Guha A913, 1062
  731. Guicciardi S865, 1302
  732. Guimaraes RA1303
  733. Gulati S1304
  734. Gunawardane DA1305
  735. Gunturu S1098, 1306
  736. Guo C966
  737. Gupta AK1307, 1309
  738. Gupta B1310
  739. Gupta MK603
  740. Gupta M301
  741. Gupta RD1312, 1314
  742. Gupta R1315, 1316
  743. Gupta S1317
  744. Gupta VB1318, 1320
  745. Gupta VK1321
  746. Gupta VK1321
  747. Gurmessa L1201
  748. Gutierrez RA1323
  749. Habibzadeh F1324
  750. Habibzadeh P1325
  751. Haddadi R1326
  752. Hadei M93
  753. Hadi NR1327
  754. Haep N1211, 1328
  755. Hafezinejad N89, 489
  756. Haile D1
  757. Hailu A877
  758. Hajmirzaian A28, 64
  759. Halboub ES793
  760. Hall BJ1329
  761. Haller S1330, 1331
  762. Halwani R211, 212
  763. Hamadeh RR1332
  764. Hameed S515
  765. Hamidi S1334
  766. Hamilton EB1
  767. Han C1
  768. Han Q1335
  769. Hanif A515
  770. Hanifi N678
  771. Hankey GJ1336, 1337
  772. Hanna F1311
  773. Hannan MA1338, 1339
  774. Haque MN1340
  775. Harapan H1342
  776. Hargono A1151
  777. Haro JM1344, 1345
  778. Hasaballah AI1346
  779. Hasan I1348
  780. Hasan MT466
  781. Hasani H178
  782. Hasanian M1349
  783. Hashi A1350
  784. Hasnain MS1351
  785. Hassan I1352, 1353
  786. Hassanipour S628, 629
  787. Hassankhani H667
  788. Haubold J1355, 1356
  789. Havmoeller RJ1357
  790. Hay SI1, 2191
  791. He J1
  792. Hebert JJ1358, 1359
  793. Hegazi OE373
  794. Heidari G1360
  795. Heidari M1361
  796. Heidariforoozan M60, 73
  797. Helfer B1364, 1365
  798. Hendrie D1261
  799. Herreraserna BY1366
  800. Herteliu C597, 1368
  801. Hesami H65, 66
  802. Hezam K1369, 1371
  803. Hill CL547, 1372
  804. Hiraike Y1373
  805. Holla R707
  806. Horita N1376, 1377
  807. Hossain MM1378, 1379
  808. Hossain S410, 1380
  809. Hosseini MS668
  810. Hosseinzadeh H1381
  811. Hosseinzadeh M1382, 1385
  812. Hosseinzadeh Adli AH94, 669
  813. Hostiuc M568
  814. Hostiuc S569, 1387
  815. Hsairi M1388
  816. Chiarong Hsieh V1389
  817. Hsu RL1
  818. Hu C1204
  819. Huang J1009
  820. Hultstrom M1391, 1392
  821. Humayun A1394
  822. Hundie TG491
  823. Hussain J1395
  824. Azhar Hussain M219, 1398
  825. Hussein NR1399
  826. Hussien FM1257
  827. Huynh HH1401
  828. Hwang BF1390, 1409
  829. Ibitoye SE271
  830. Ibrahim KS1400
  831. Iftikhar PM1410
  832. Ijo D1078, 1079
  833. Ikiroma AI971
  834. Ikuta KS1, 1411
  835. Ikwegbue PC1412
  836. Ilesanmi OS267, 274
  837. Ilic IM1417
  838. Ilic MD1420
  839. Imam MT1421
  840. Immurana M160
  841. Inamdar S1422
  842. Indriasih E1423
  843. Iqhrammullah M1424
  844. Iradukunda A1425, 1426
  845. Iregbu KC1427, 1428
  846. Islam MR1109
  847. Islam SMS587, 1429
  848. Islami F1431
  849. Ismail F1432, 1433
  850. Ismail NE1434, 1435
  851. Iso H1436
  852. Isola G308
  853. Iwagami M239, 1438
  854. Iwu CCD1440
  855. Iyamu IO906, 1441
  856. Iyer M1442
  857. Jaafari J630
  858. Jacob L1443, 1445, 1447
  859. Jacobsen KH1448
  860. Jadidiniaragh F670
  861. Jafarinia M540
  862. Jafarzadeh A1449, 1451
  863. Jaggi K1455, 1456
  864. Jahankhani K67
  865. Jahanmehr N68, 69
  866. Jahrami H1333, 1458
  867. Jain N1459
  868. Jairoun AA1460
  869. Jaiswal A1461
  870. Jamshidi E496
  871. Janko MM356
  872. Jatau AI1466
  873. Javadov S1468
  874. Javaheri T1293
  875. Jayapal SK1469
  876. Jayaram S1470
  877. Jebai R1032
  878. Jee SH1471
  879. Jeganathan J890
  880. Jha AK764
  881. Jha RP1473, 1474
  882. Jiang H695, 719
  883. Jin Y1010
  884. Johnson O994
  885. Jokar M1475, 1476
  886. Jonas JB1478, 1479
  887. Joo T1238, 1480
  888. Joseph A1482
  889. Joseph N891
  890. Joshua CE1485
  891. Joshy G319
  892. Jozwiak JJ1486
  893. Jurisson M1487
  894. Kaambwa B747
  895. Kabir A179
  896. Kabir Z1488
  897. Kadashetti V708, 1489
  898. Kadir DH1189
  899. Kalani R10
  900. Kalankesh LR671, 1492
  901. Kalankesh LR671, 1492
  902. Kaliyadan F1495
  903. Kalra S851, 1496
  904. Kamal VK740, 973
  905. Kamarajah SK1497
  906. Kamath R710, 1498
  907. Kamiab Z1452, 1453
  908. Kamyari N1223
  909. Kanagasabai T1499
  910. Kanchan T606
  911. Kandel H588, 1500
  912. Kanmanthareddy AR1501, 1502
  913. Kanmiki EW576, 1504
  914. Kanmodi KK1505, 1506
  915. Suthanthira Kannan S1508
  916. Kansal SK1509
  917. Kantar RS1512, 1513
  918. Kapoor N723
  919. Karajizadeh M538
  920. Karanth SD774
  921. Karasneh RA389
  922. Karaye IM1514, 1515
  923. Karch A788
  924. Karim A217
  925. Karimi SE672
  926. Karimi Behnagh A180, 181
  927. Kashoo FZ1516
  928. Kasnazani QHA1517, 1518
  929. Kasraei H182, 535
  930. Kassebaum NJ1, 11, 2191
  931. Kassel MB1
  932. Kauppila JH167, 1519
  933. Kaur N1522
  934. Kawakami N1374
  935. Kayode GA1524, 1525
  936. Kazemi F492
  937. Kazemian S95, 96
  938. Kazmi TH1527
  939. Kebebew GM1201
  940. Kebede AD143
  941. Kebede F1528
  942. Keflie TS1529
  943. Keiyoro PN1530
  944. Keller C1
  945. Kelly JT580
  946. Kempen JH48, 1533
  947. Kerr JA1232, 1534
  948. Kesseguyot E1535, 1536
  949. Khajuria H1538
  950. Khalaji A89, 800
  951. Khalid N933
  952. Khalil AA516
  953. Khalilian A1541
  954. Khamesipour F97, 1450
  955. Khan A577, 1396
  956. Khan A577, 1396
  957. Khan G227
  958. Khan I453
  959. Khan IA1542
  960. Khan MN134, 589, 792
  961. Khan MJ1544
  962. Khan MA228, 1545
  963. Khan ZA1546
  964. Khan Suheb MZ1547
  965. Khanmohammadi S73, 89
  966. Khatab K1548, 1549
  967. Khatami F98
  968. Khatatbeh H1550
  969. Khatatbeh MM389
  970. Khavandegar A99
  971. Kashani HRK70
  972. Khidri FF1551
  973. Khodadoust E183
  974. Khorgamphar M36, 37
  975. Khormali M99
  976. Khorrami Z71
  977. Khosravi A1552
  978. Khosravi MA1554
  979. Kifle ZD291
  980. Kim G1555, 1556
  981. Kim J411
  982. Kim K1472
  983. Kim MS1557
  984. Kim YJ1558
  985. Kimokoti RW1559
  986. Kinzel KE1
  987. Kisa A1560, 1561
  988. Kisa S1562
  989. Klu D160
  990. Knudsen AKS1225
  991. Kocarnik JM1
  992. Kochhar S3, 1564
  993. Kocsis T1239
  994. Koh DSQ1022
  995. Kolahi AA72
  996. Kolves K1082
  997. Kompani F100
  998. Koren G1526
  999. Kosen S1565
  1000. Kostev K1566, 1567
  1001. Koul PA1568
  1002. Koulmane Laxminarayana SLK1569
  1003. Krishan K1510
  1004. Krishna H604
  1005. Krishna V708, 889
  1006. Krishnamoorthy V357, 708
  1007. Krishnamoorthy Y1570
  1008. Krohn KJ1
  1009. Kuate Defo BK1571, 1572
  1010. Kucuk Bicer BK1573
  1011. Kuddus MA1341, 1574
  1012. Kuddus M1341, 1574
  1013. Kuitunen I1577, 1578
  1014. Kulimbet M1579, 1580
  1015. Kulkarni V385, 708
  1016. Kumar A1581, 1582, 1583
  1017. Kumar A1581, 1582, 1583
  1018. Kumar H1584, 1585
  1019. Kumar M412, 1531
  1020. Kumar R1575
  1021. Kumari M1586
  1022. Kumie FT428
  1023. Kundu S1587, 1588
  1024. Kurmi OP1182, 1591
  1025. Kusnali A1154
  1026. Kusuma D1147, 1594
  1027. Kwarteng A883
  1028. Kyriopoulos I1595
  1029. Kyu HH1, 2191
  1030. La Vecchia C950
  1031. Lacey B502, 1596
  1032. Ladan MA133
  1033. Laflamme L163, 1597
  1034. Lagat AK1598, 1599
  1035. Lager ACJ168, 1600
  1036. Lahmar A1601
  1037. Lai DTC1602, 1603
  1038. Lal DK739
  1039. Lalloo R578
  1040. Lallukka T1606
  1041. Lam H1610
  1042. Lam J1238, 1611
  1043. Landrum KR356, 1612
  1044. Lanfranchi F1614
  1045. Lang JJ1615
  1046. Langguth B1616
  1047. Lansingh VC1617, 1618
  1048. Laplantelevesque A1619
  1049. Larijani B101
  1050. Larsson AO1393, 1620
  1051. Lasrado S1621
  1052. Lassi ZS548, 862
  1053. Latief K169, 1148
  1054. Latifinaibin K184
  1055. Lauriola P1622
  1056. Le NHH1623, 1628
  1057. Le TTT1627
  1058. Le TDT1627
  1059. Ledda C309
  1060. Ledesma JR1
  1061. Lee M1630
  1062. Lee PH690
  1063. Lee SW1631
  1064. Lee SWH1632, 1633
  1065. Lee WC1634
  1066. Lee YH1635
  1067. Legrand KE1
  1068. Leigh J590
  1069. Leong E1604
  1070. Lerango TL137
  1071. Li MC1637
  1072. Li W365
  1073. Li X1638
  1074. Li Y1639
  1075. Li Z49, 1205
  1076. Ligade VS711
  1077. Likaka ATM1640
  1078. Lim LL486, 1011
  1079. Lim SS1, 2191
  1080. Lindstrom M1
  1081. Linehan C1641
  1082. Liu C695
  1083. Liu G1642, 1643
  1084. Liu J1644
  1085. Liu R1648
  1086. Liu S1651
  1087. Liu X28, 303, 366, 1063
  1088. Liu X28, 303, 366, 1063
  1089. Llanaj E1652, 1653
  1090. Loftus MJ467, 1654
  1091. Lopezbueno R1655, 1656
  1092. Lopukhov PD918
  1093. Loreche AM1657, 1659
  1094. Lorkowski S1661, 1662
  1095. Lotufo PA1663
  1096. Lozano R1, 1116, 2191
  1097. Lubinda J1137
  1098. Lucchetti G1664
  1099. Lugo A1244
  1100. Lunevicius R474, 1665
  1101. Ma ZF1666
  1102. Maass KL1
  1103. Machairas N1667
  1104. Machoy M1670
  1105. Madadizadeh F1672
  1106. Madsen C1225
  1107. Madureiracarvalho AM704, 1673
  1108. Maghazachi AA211
  1109. Maharaj SB1674, 1675
  1110. Mahjoub S1676, 1677
  1111. Mahmoud MA1679
  1112. Mahmoudi A92
  1113. Mahmoudi E102
  1114. Mahmoudi R1270
  1115. Majeed A330
  1116. Makhdoom IF1680
  1117. Malakan Rad E103
  1118. Maled V1681, 1682
  1119. Malekzadeh R86, 541
  1120. Malhotra AK859
  1121. Malhotra K1684
  1122. Malik AA449, 515
  1123. Malik I1685
  1124. Malta DC198
  1125. Mamun AA576
  1126. Mansouri P102
  1127. Mansournia MA104
  1128. Mantovani LG1686
  1129. Maqsood S229
  1130. Marasini BP842, 1112
  1131. Marateb HR1688, 1689
  1132. Maravilla JC576
  1133. Marconi AM1690, 1691
  1134. Mardi P1692
  1135. Marino M951
  1136. Marjani A1694
  1137. Martinez G1697
  1138. Martinezguerra BA1698
  1139. Martinezpiedra R1700
  1140. Martini D951
  1141. Martini S1152, 1701
  1142. Martinsmelo FR1702
  1143. Martorell M1703, 1704
  1144. Marx W1319
  1145. Maryam S1705
  1146. Marzo RR1706, 1707
  1147. Masaka A1709
  1148. Masrie A140
  1149. Mathieson S591, 592
  1150. Mathioudakis AG995, 1710
  1151. Mathur MR475, 1711
  1152. Mattumpuram J1712
  1153. Matzopoulos R249, 1413
  1154. Maude RJ500, 1713
  1155. Maugeri A306
  1156. Maulik PK256, 1714
  1157. Mayeli M89
  1158. Mazaheri M1715
  1159. Mazidi M983
  1160. Mcgrath JJ579, 1716
  1161. Mckee M240
  1162. Mckowen ALW1
  1163. Mclaughlin SA1
  1164. Mcphail SM386, 1717
  1165. Mechili EA1718, 1719
  1166. Medina JRC1658, 1722
  1167. Mediratta RP1291
  1168. Meena JK1462
  1169. Mehra R1723
  1170. Mehrabanizeinabad K728
  1171. Mehrabi Nasab E84
  1172. Mekene Meto T682
  1173. Meles GG419
  1174. Mendezlopez MAM1725
  1175. Mendoza W1726
  1176. Menezes RG395
  1177. Mengist B1727
  1178. Mentis AFA1731
  1179. Meo SA437
  1180. Meresa HA145
  1181. Meretoja A720, 1732
  1182. Meretoja TJ1607, 1733
  1183. Mersha AM683
  1184. Mesfin BA684
  1185. Mestrovic T1, 1734
  1186. Mettananda KCD1735, 1737
  1187. Mettananda S1736, 1738
  1188. Meylakhs P552, 1739
  1189. Mhlanga A1740
  1190. Mhlanga L244, 1741
  1191. Mi T1313
  1192. Miazgowski T1671
  1193. Micha G1743
  1194. Michalek IM1744, 1745
  1195. Miller TR1261, 1746
  1196. Mills EJ1592
  1197. Minh LHN1403, 1404
  1198. Mini GK1029, 1747
  1199. Mir Mohammad Sadeghi P729
  1200. Mirica A597
  1201. Mirijello A1748
  1202. Mirrakhimov EM1749, 1750
  1203. Mirutse MK1751
  1204. Mirzaei M1265
  1205. Misganaw A809, 2191
  1206. Mishra A712
  1207. Misra S607
  1208. Mitchell PB257
  1209. Mithra P891
  1210. Mittal C1752
  1211. Mobayen M1753
  1212. Moberg ME1
  1213. Mohamadkhani A86
  1214. Mohamed J1754
  1215. Mohamed MFH1755
  1216. Mohamed NS1756, 1757
  1217. Mohammadalizadehcharandabi S673
  1218. Mohammadi S89
  1219. Mohammadianhafshejani A1362
  1220. Mohammadifard N730
  1221. Mohammed H548, 1758
  1222. Mohammed H548, 1758
  1223. Mohammed M442
  1224. Mohammed S595, 1759, 1760, 1761
  1225. Mohammed S595, 1759, 1760, 1761
  1226. Mohan V1762, 1763
  1227. Mojiriforushani H1224
  1228. Mokari A61
  1229. Mokdad AH1, 2191
  1230. Molinaro S1764
  1231. Molokhia M984
  1232. Momtazmanesh S79, 89
  1233. Monasta L1765
  1234. Mondello S1766
  1235. Moni MA577
  1236. Moodi Ghalibaf A1767
  1237. Moradi M189
  1238. Moradi Y1770
  1239. Moradilakeh M177, 185
  1240. Moradzadeh M1695
  1241. Moraga P1772
  1242. Morawska L1773
  1243. Moreira RS1775, 1776
  1244. Morovatdar N19
  1245. Morrison SD12
  1246. Morze J1777, 1778
  1247. Mosser JF1
  1248. Motappa R891
  1249. Mougin V1
  1250. Mouodi S1678
  1251. Mousavi P79
  1252. Mousavi SE674, 1779
  1253. Mousavi Khaneghah A1780
  1254. Mpolya EA1781, 2191
  1255. Mrejen M1782
  1256. Mubarik S1783
  1257. Muccioli L865
  1258. Mueller UO1787, 1788
  1259. Mughal F996, 1789
  1260. Mukherjee S1790, 1791
  1261. Mulita F1792, 1793
  1262. Munjal K1539
  1263. Murillozamora E1796, 1797
  1264. Musaigwa F1045
  1265. Musallam KM1798
  1266. Mustafa A1799
  1267. Mustafa G316, 1800
  1268. Muthupandian S1801
  1269. Muthusamy R1802
  1270. Muzaffar M517, 518
  1271. Myung W1805
  1272. Nagarajan AJ1807, 1808
  1273. Nagel G1809
  1274. Naghavi P775
  1275. Naheed A1810
  1276. Naik GR392
  1277. Naik G1813
  1278. Nainu F616
  1279. Nair S1817, 1818
  1280. Najmuldeen HHR1819
  1281. Nakhostin Ansari N105, 106
  1282. Nangia V1821
  1283. Naqvi AA1822
  1284. Narasimha Swamy S1823
  1285. Narayana AI713
  1286. Nargus S515
  1287. Nascimento BR199, 200
  1288. Nascimento GG1006
  1289. Nasehi S78
  1290. Nashwan AJ369
  1291. Natto ZS50, 450
  1292. Nauman J1156
  1293. Naveed M1824
  1294. Nayak BP1538
  1295. Nayak VC714
  1296. Nazripanjaki A613
  1297. Ndejjo R1825
  1298. Nduaguba SO1826
  1299. Negash H1255
  1300. Negoi I566, 1827
  1301. Negoi RI570, 1829
  1302. Negru SM1830
  1303. Nejadghaderi SA60, 73
  1304. Nejjari C1831, 1832
  1305. Nena E1833
  1306. Nepal S1834
  1307. Ng M1023
  1308. Nggada HA457, 1835
  1309. Nguefacktsague G1836
  1310. Ngunjiri JW1837
  1311. Nguyen AH1838
  1312. Nguyen DH1839
  1313. Nguyen HTH1383, 1384
  1314. Nguyen PT1840
  1315. Nguyen VT1625
  1316. Niazi RK1841
  1317. Nielsen KR3, 8
  1318. Nigatu YT1842
  1319. Nikolouzakis TK1720, 1843
  1320. Nikoobar A72
  1321. Nikoomanesh F1768
  1322. Nikpoor AR312
  1323. Ningrum DNA1405, 1844
  1324. Nnaji CA248, 1413
  1325. Nnyanzi LA1846
  1326. Noman EA1370, 1847
  1327. Nomura S1375, 1848
  1328. Noreen M1849
  1329. Noroozi N107
  1330. Norrving B1850
  1331. Noubiap JJ549
  1332. Novotney A1
  1333. Nriezedi CA1851
  1334. Ntaios G1794
  1335. Ntsekhe M1414, 1852
  1336. Nunezsamudio V1853, 1854
  1337. Nurrika D1855, 1856
  1338. Nutor JJ661
  1339. Oancea B1857
  1340. Obamiro KO960
  1341. Oboh MA1858
  1342. Odetokun IA645
  1343. Odogwu NM1859, 1860
  1344. Odonnell MJ1863
  1345. Oduro MS1864
  1346. Ofakunrin AOD559, 561
  1347. Ogunkoya A271
  1348. Oguntade AS275, 413
  1349. Oh IH1865
  1350. Okatialiabad H614
  1351. Okeke SR253
  1352. Okekunle AP272, 1806
  1353. Okonji OC1180
  1354. Olagunju AT1174, 1593
  1355. Olaiya MT751
  1356. Olatubi MI1868
  1357. Oliveira GMM1869
  1358. Olufadewa II270, 1870
  1359. Olusanya BO1871
  1360. Olusanya JO1871
  1361. Oluwafemi YD284
  1362. Omar HA1872
  1363. Omar Bali AO1386
  1364. Omer GL1873, 1874
  1365. Ondayo MA1875, 1876
  1366. Ong S1877, 1878
  1367. Onwujekwe OE1879
  1368. Onyedibe KI1880
  1369. Ordak M1881
  1370. Orisakwe OE1883
  1371. Orish VN161, 1884
  1372. Ortegaaltamirano DV402
  1373. Ortiz A698, 1885
  1374. Osman WMS1886
  1375. Ostroff SM1, 13
  1376. Osuagwu UL1887, 1889
  1377. Otoiu A597
  1378. Otstavnov N1890
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Source: The Lancet Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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