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Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 84 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks, 1990-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher Pubmed



Gakidou E1 ; Afshin A1 ; Abajobir AA4 ; Abate KH6 ; Abbafati C7 ; Abbas KM8 ; Abdallah F9 ; Abdulle AM10 ; Abera SF11, 12, 14 ; Aboyans V15 ; Aburaddad LJ16 ; Aburmeileh NME17 ; Abyu GY13 ; Adedeji IA18 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Gakidou E1
  2. Afshin A1
  3. Abajobir AA4
  4. Abate KH6
  5. Abbafati C7
  6. Abbas KM8
  7. Abdallah F9
  8. Abdulle AM10
  9. Abera SF11, 12, 14
  10. Aboyans V15
  11. Aburaddad LJ16
  12. Aburmeileh NME17
  13. Abyu GY13
  14. Adedeji IA18
  15. Adetokunboh O19
  16. Afarideh M78
  17. Agrawal A20, 21
  18. Agrawal S24
  19. Ahmad Kiadaliri A25
  20. Ahmadieh H27, 29
  21. Ahmed MB6
  22. Aichour AN30
  23. Aichour I31
  24. Aichour MTE32
  25. Akinyemi RO33, 34
  26. Akseer N35, 36
  27. Alahdab F39, 40
  28. Alaly Z41
  29. Alam K42, 46, 47, 488
  30. Alam N48
  31. Alam T1
  32. Alasfoor D49
  33. Alene KA50, 51
  34. Ali K1
  35. Alizadehnavaei R52
  36. Alkerwi A54
  37. Alla F55
  38. Allebeck P56
  39. Alraddadi R60
  40. Alsharif U61
  41. Altirkawi KA62
  42. Alvisguzman N63
  43. Amare AT64, 66
  44. Amini E67, 69
  45. Ammar W79
  46. Amoako YA80
  47. Ansari H81
  48. Anto JM82
  49. Antonio CAT83
  50. Anwari P84
  51. Arian N1
  52. Arnlov J57, 85
  53. Artaman A86
  54. Aryal KK87, 88
  55. Asayesh H89
  56. Asgedom SW13
  57. Atey TM13
  58. Avilaburgos L91
  59. Avokpaho EFGA92, 93
  60. Awasthi A94
  61. Azzopardi P42, 43, 95, 96
  62. Bacha U97
  63. Badawi A37, 98
  64. Balakrishnan K99
  65. Ballew SH100
  66. Barac A101
  67. Barber RM1
  68. Barkercollo SL104
  69. Barnighausen T105, 108, 109
  70. Barquera S91
  71. Barregard L110
  72. Barrero LH111
  73. Batis C90
  74. Battle KE112
  75. Baune BT64
  76. Beardsley J116
  77. Bedi N117
  78. Beghi E118
  79. Bell ML119
  80. Bennett DA114
  81. Bennett JR1
  82. Bensenor IM121
  83. Berhane A122
  84. Berhe DF13, 123
  85. Bernabe E125
  86. Betsu BD13
  87. Beuran M126, 127
  88. Beyene AS128
  89. Bhansali A129
  90. Bhutta ZA35, 130
  91. Bikbov B118
  92. Birungi C132
  93. Biryukov S1
  94. Blosser CD3
  95. Boneya DJ133
  96. Bouorm IR79
  97. Brauer M1, 134
  98. Breitborde NJK135
  99. Brenner H136
  100. Brugha TS137
  101. Bulto LNB128
  102. Baumgarner BR1
  103. Butt ZA138
  104. Cahuanahurtado L91
  105. Cardenas R139
  106. Carrero JJ58
  107. Castanedaorjuela CA140, 141
  108. Catalalopez F142, 143
  109. Cercy K1
  110. Chang HY144, 145
  111. Charlson FJ1, 4, 146
  112. Chimedochir O147
  113. Chisumpa VH148, 149
  114. Chitheer AA150
  115. Christensen H151
  116. Christopher DJ152
  117. Cirillo M153
  118. Cohen AJ1, 154
  119. Comfort H1
  120. Cooper C155, 156
  121. Coresh J100
  122. Cornaby L1
  123. Cortesi PA157
  124. Criqui MH158
  125. Crump JA159
  126. Dandona L1, 24
  127. Dandona R1, 24
  128. Das Neves J160
  129. Davey G162
  130. Davitoiu DV126
  131. Davletov K163, 164
  132. De Courten B165
  133. Degenhardt L1, 166
  134. Deiparine S1
  135. Dellavalle RP169
  136. Deribe K170, 171
  137. Deshpande A1
  138. Dharmaratne SD172
  139. Ding EL106
  140. Djalalinia S173
  141. Do HP174
  142. Dokova K175
  143. Doku DT176, 177
  144. Dorsey ER178
  145. Driscoll TR47
  146. Dubey M179
  147. Duncan BB180, 181
  148. Duncan S1
  149. Ebert N61
  150. Ebrahimi H68, 73
  151. Elkhatib ZZ56, 182
  152. Enayati A183
  153. Endries AY184
  154. Ermakov SP185, 186
  155. Erskine HE1, 4, 146
  156. Eshrati B187, 188
  157. Eskandarieh S189
  158. Esteghamati A69
  159. Estep K1
  160. Faraon EJA83, 190
  161. Farinha CSES191, 192
  162. Faro A193
  163. Farzadfar F68
  164. Fay K1
  165. Feigin VL194
  166. Fereshtehnejad SM59
  167. Fernandes JC195
  168. Ferrari AJ1, 4, 146
  169. Feyissa TR196
  170. Filip I197
  171. Fischer F198
  172. Fitzmaurice C1, 2, 199
  173. Flaxman AD1
  174. Foigt N200
  175. Foreman KJ1, 202
  176. Frostad JJ1
  177. Fullman N1
  178. Furst T201, 203, 204
  179. Furtado JM205
  180. Ganji M78
  181. Garciabasteiro AL206, 207
  182. Gebrehiwot TT6
  183. Geleijnse JM208
  184. Geleto A128, 209
  185. Gemechu BL210
  186. Gesesew HA6, 211
  187. Gething PW115
  188. Ghajar A78
  189. Gibney KB212
  190. Gill PS213
  191. Gillum RF214
  192. Giref AZ171
  193. Gishu MD128, 215
  194. Giussani G118
  195. Godwin WW1
  196. Gona PN216
  197. Goodridge A217
  198. Gopalani SV218
  199. Goryakin Y219
  200. Goulart AC120, 220
  201. Graetz N1
  202. Gugnani HC221
  203. Guo J1
  204. Gupta R222
  205. Gupta T223, 224
  206. Gupta V225
  207. Gutierrez RA226
  208. Hachinski V227
  209. Hafezinejad N69
  210. Hailu GB13, 228
  211. Hamadeh RR229
  212. Hamidi S230
  213. Hammami M231
  214. Handal AJ232
  215. Hankey GJ233, 234, 235
  216. Harb HL79
  217. Hareri HA171
  218. Hassanvand MS70
  219. Havmoeller R59
  220. Hawley C1
  221. Hay SI1, 113
  222. Hedayati MT53
  223. Hendrie D236
  224. Herediapi IB91
  225. Hoek HW124, 238
  226. Horita N239
  227. Hosgood HD224
  228. Hostiuc S126
  229. Hoy DG240
  230. Hsairi M241
  231. Hu G242
  232. Huang H243
  233. Huang JJ119
  234. Iburg KM244
  235. Ikeda C1
  236. Inoue M245
  237. Irvine CMS1
  238. Jackson MD246
  239. Jacobsen KH247
  240. Jahanmehr N28
  241. Jakovljevic MB3, 248
  242. Jauregui A91
  243. Javanbakht M249
  244. Jeemon P22, 250
  245. Johansson LRK251
  246. Johnson CO1
  247. Jonas JB252
  248. Jurisson M253
  249. Kabir Z254
  250. Kadel R255
  251. Kahsay A13
  252. Kamal R256
  253. Karch A257, 258
  254. Karema CK203, 259
  255. Kasaeian A69, 71
  256. Kassebaum NJ1, 260
  257. Kastor A179
  258. Katikireddi SV261
  259. Kawakami N262
  260. Keiyoro PN264, 265
  261. Kelbore SG171
  262. Kemmer L1
  263. Kengne AP268, 271
  264. Kesavachandran CN256
  265. Khader YS272
  266. Khalil IA1
  267. Khan EA273
  268. Khang YH274, 275
  269. Khosravi A68, 276
  270. Khubchandani J277
  271. Kieling C180, 278
  272. Kim D279
  273. Kim JY1
  274. Kim YJ280
  275. Kimokoti RW281
  276. Kinfu Y282
  277. Kisa A283
  278. Kissimovaskarbek KA285
  279. Kivimaki M131, 286
  280. Knibbs LD4
  281. Knudsen AK289, 290
  282. Kopec JA134
  283. Kosen S293
  284. Koul PA294
  285. Koyanagi A295
  286. Kravchenko M296
  287. Krohn KJ1
  288. Kromhout H297
  289. Kuate Defo B298
  290. Kucuk Bicer B299
  291. Kumar GA24
  292. Kutz M1
  293. Kyu HH1
  294. Lal DK24
  295. Lalloo R5
  296. Lallukka T287
  297. Lan Q300
  298. Lansingh VC301, 302
  299. Larsson A303
  300. Lee A1
  301. Lee PH304
  302. Leigh J47, 488
  303. Leung J1, 4
  304. Levi M305
  305. Li Y306
  306. Li Y306
  307. Liang X308
  308. Liben ML310
  309. Linn S311
  310. Liu P1
  311. Lodha R312
  312. Logroscino G313
  313. Looker KJ314
  314. Lopez AD44
  315. Lorkowski S315, 318
  316. Lotufo PA121
  317. Lozano R91
  318. Lunevicius R316, 317
  319. Macarayan ERK107, 319
  320. Magdy Abd El Razek H320
  321. Magdy Abd El Razek M321
  322. Majdan M322
  323. Majdzadeh R72, 323
  324. Majeed A202
  325. Malekzadeh R74
  326. Malhotra R312
  327. Malta DC324
  328. Mamun AA325
  329. Manguerra H1
  330. Mantovani LG326
  331. Mapoma CC148
  332. Martin RV328
  333. Martinezraga J329, 330
  334. Martinsmelo FR331
  335. Mathur MR24, 132
  336. Matsushita K100
  337. Matzopoulos R268, 269
  338. Mazidi M332
  339. Mcalinden C333, 334
  340. Mcgrath JJ244, 335, 336, 337
  341. Mehata S338
  342. Mehndiratta MM339
  343. Meier T340
  344. Melaku YA11, 64
  345. Memiah P341
  346. Memish ZA342, 343
  347. Mendoza W344
  348. Mengesha MM128
  349. Mensah GA345
  350. Mensink GBM346
  351. Mereta ST6
  352. Meretoja A45, 347
  353. Meretoja TJ288, 348
  354. Mezgebe HB13
  355. Micha R349
  356. Millear A1
  357. Miller TR237, 351
  358. Minnig S1
  359. Mirarefin M1, 352
  360. Mirrakhimov EM353, 354
  361. Misganaw A1
  362. Mishra SR5, 355
  363. Mohammad KA356, 357
  364. Mohammed KE12
  365. Mohammed S109, 358
  366. Mohamed Ibrahim N431
  367. Mohan MBV360
  368. Mokdad AH1
  369. Monasta L361
  370. Montanez Hernandez JC91
  371. Montico M361
  372. Moradilakeh M362, 363
  373. Moraga P364
  374. Morawska L365
  375. Morrison SD3
  376. Mountjoyvenning C1
  377. Mueller UO368
  378. Mullany EC1
  379. Muller K1
  380. Murthy GVS23, 369
  381. Musa KI370
  382. Naghavi M1
  383. Naheed A371
  384. Nangia V372
  385. Natarajan G373
  386. Negoi I126, 127
  387. Negoi RI126
  388. Nguyen CT174
  389. Nguyen G1
  390. Nguyen M1
  391. Nguyen QL174
  392. Nguyen TH174
  393. Nichols E1
  394. Ningrum DNA374, 375
  395. Nomura M376
  396. Nong VM174
  397. Norheim OF292
  398. Norrving B26
  399. Noubiap JJN271, 377
  400. Obermeyer CM378
  401. Ogbo FA379
  402. Oh IH381
  403. Oladimeji O382
  404. Olagunju AT65
  405. Olagunju TO227, 383, 384, 385
  406. Olivares PR386
  407. Olsen HE1
  408. Olusanya BO387
  409. Olusanya JO387
  410. Opio JN388
  411. Oren E389
  412. Ortiz A390
  413. Ota E391
  414. Owolabi MO392, 393
  415. Pa M394
  416. Pacella RE366
  417. Pana A395
  418. Panda BK179
  419. Pandajonas S396
  420. Pandian JD397
  421. Papachristou C398
  422. Park EK399
  423. Parry CD19, 266
  424. Patten SB400
  425. Patton GC43
  426. Pereira DM402
  427. Perico N118
  428. Pesudovs K211
  429. Petzold M403, 404
  430. Phillips MR405, 406
  431. Pillay JD407
  432. Piradov MA296
  433. Pishgar F67, 68
  434. Plass D408
  435. Pletcher MA1
  436. Polinder S410
  437. Popova S38
  438. Poulton RG159
  439. Pourmalek F134
  440. Prasad N411
  441. Purcell C1
  442. Qorbani M412
  443. Radfar A413
  444. Rafay A414, 415
  445. Rahimimovaghar A75
  446. Rahimimovaghar V76
  447. Rahman M416
  448. Rahman MHU179
  449. Rahman MA46, 418
  450. Rai RK419
  451. Rajsic S420
  452. Ram U179
  453. Rawaf S202
  454. Rehm CD223
  455. Rehm J36, 421
  456. Reiner RC1
  457. Reitsma MB1
  458. Reynalesshigematsu LM91
  459. Remuzzi G118, 422, 423
  460. Renzaho AMN380
  461. Resnikoff S167, 168
  462. Rezaei S424
  463. Ribeiro AL425
  464. Rivera JA91
  465. Roba KT128
  466. Rojasrueda D426
  467. Roman Y1
  468. Room R417
  469. Roshandel G74, 427
  470. Roth GA1
  471. Rothenbacher D428
  472. Rubagotti E429
  473. Rushton L202
  474. Sadat N1
  475. Safdarian M76
  476. Safi S27
  477. Safiri S430
  478. Sahathevan R432, 433
  479. Salama J1
  480. Salomon JA105
  481. Samy AM434
  482. Sanabria JR435, 437
  483. Sancheznino MD438
  484. Sanchezpimienta TG91
  485. Santomauro D1, 4, 146
  486. Santos IS121
  487. Santric Milicevic MM102, 103
  488. Sartorius B267, 439, 444
  489. Satpathy M441, 465
  490. Sawhney M436
  491. Saxena S202
  492. Schaeffner E61
  493. Schmidt MI180
  494. Schneider IJC442
  495. Schutte AE443, 445
  496. Schwebel DC446
  497. Schwendicke F447
  498. Seedat S19
  499. Sepanlou SG74
  500. Serdar B448
  501. Servanmori EE91
  502. Shaddick G449
  503. Shaheen A450
  504. Shahraz S451
  505. Shaikh MA452
  506. Shamah Levy T91
  507. Shamsipour M77
  508. Shamsizadeh M453
  509. Shariful Islam SM371, 454
  510. Sharma J455
  511. Sharma R456
  512. She J457
  513. Shen J135, 458
  514. Shi P350
  515. Shibuya K263
  516. Shields C1
  517. Shiferaw MS128
  518. Shigematsu M459, 460
  519. Shin MJ461
  520. Shiri R287
  521. Shirkoohi R78
  522. Shishani K463
  523. Shoman H202
  524. Shrime MG464
  525. Sigfusdottir ID441, 465
  526. Silva DAS466
  527. Silva JP161
  528. Silveira DGA467
  529. Singh JA446
  530. Singh V468
  531. Sinha DN469, 470
  532. Skiadaresi E471, 472
  533. Slepak EL1
  534. Smith DL1
  535. Smith M1
  536. Sobaih BHA62, 473
  537. Sobngwi E474, 475
  538. Soneji S476
  539. Sorensen RJD1
  540. Sposato LA227
  541. Sreeramareddy CT477
  542. Srinivasan V1
  543. Steel N478, 479
  544. Stein DJ270, 480
  545. Steiner C1
  546. Steinke S481
  547. Stokes MA482
  548. Strub B1
  549. Subart M1
  550. Sufiyan MB359
  551. Suliankatchi RA483
  552. Sur PJ1
  553. Swaminathan S484
  554. Sykes BL485
  555. Szoeke CEI46
  556. Tabaresseisdedos R142
  557. Tadakamadla SK486
  558. Takahashi K487
  559. Takala JS489, 490
  560. Tandon N312
  561. Tanner M204
  562. Tarekegn YL491
  563. Tavakkoli M492
  564. Tegegne TK133
  565. Tehranibanihashemi A362
  566. Terkawi AS493, 494, 495
  567. Tesssema B50
  568. Thakur JS497
  569. Thamsuwan O1
  570. Thankappan KR498
  571. Theis AM1
  572. Thomas ML449
  573. Thomson AJ499
  574. Thrift AG165
  575. Tillmann T132
  576. Tobegai R500
  577. Tobollik M409
  578. Tollanes MC292, 501
  579. Tonelli M401
  580. Topormadry R284, 502
  581. Torre A1
  582. Tortajada M329, 503
  583. Touvier M504
  584. Tran BX100, 505
  585. Truelsen T506
  586. Tuem KB13
  587. Tuzcu EM496
  588. Tyrovolas S507
  589. Ukwaja KN508
  590. Uneke CJ509
  591. Updike R1
  592. Uthman OA510
  593. Van Boven JFM124
  594. Van Donkelaar A327
  595. Varughese S152
  596. Vasankari T511
  597. Veerman LJ4
  598. Venkateswaran V1
  599. Venketasubramanian N512
  600. Violante FS513
  601. Vladimirov SK514
  602. Vlassov VV515
  603. Vollset SE1, 289, 291
  604. Vos T1
  605. Wadilo F516
  606. Wakayo T6
  607. Wallin MT517, 518
  608. Wang YP519
  609. Weichenthal S520
  610. Weiderpass E58, 521, 522, 523
  611. Weintraub RG42, 46, 524
  612. Weiss DJ115
  613. Werdecker A367
  614. Westerman R368, 525
  615. Whiteford HA1, 4, 146
  616. Wiysonge CS19, 526
  617. Woldeyes BG171
  618. Wolfe CDA125, 527
  619. Woodbrook R1
  620. Workicho A6, 528
  621. Wulf Hanson S1
  622. Xavier D529
  623. Xu G530
  624. Yadgir S1
  625. Yakob B440
  626. Yan LL531
  627. Yaseri M27, 78
  628. Yimam HH532
  629. Yip P533, 534
  630. Yonemoto N535
  631. Yoon SJ462
  632. Yotebieng M135, 536
  633. Younis MZ537
  634. Zaidi Z538
  635. El Sayed Zaki M539
  636. Zavalaarciniega L91
  637. Zhang X540
  638. Zimsen SRM1
  639. Zipkin B1
  640. Zodpey S24
  641. Lim SS1
  642. Murray CJL1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  5. 5. School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  6. 6. Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  7. 7. La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  8. 8. Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, United States
  9. 9. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  10. 10. New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  11. 11. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  12. 12. College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  13. 13. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  15. 15. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  16. 16. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  17. 17. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
  18. 18. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  19. 19. Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  20. 20. CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  21. 21. Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  22. 22. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Gurugram, India
  23. 23. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India
  24. 24. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  25. 25. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  26. 26. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  27. 27. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  31. 31. National Institute of Nursing Education, Setif, Algeria
  32. 32. High National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  33. 33. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  34. 34. Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
  35. 35. Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  36. 36. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  37. 37. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  38. 38. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  39. 39. Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  40. 40. Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, United States
  41. 41. Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  42. 42. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  43. 43. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  44. 44. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  45. 45. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  46. 46. Institute of Health and Ageing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  47. 47. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  48. 48. Department of Health, Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  49. 49. Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
  50. 50. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  51. 51. Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  52. 52. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  53. 53. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  54. 54. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  55. 55. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  56. 56. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  57. 57. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  58. 58. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  59. 59. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  60. 60. Joint Program of Family and Community Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  61. 61. Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
  62. 62. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  63. 63. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  64. 64. School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  65. 65. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  66. 66. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  67. 67. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  68. 68. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  69. 69. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  70. 70. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  71. 71. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  72. 72. Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Community Based Participatory Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  73. 73. Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  74. 74. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  75. 75. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  76. 76. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  77. 77. Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  78. 78. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  79. 79. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  80. 80. Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  81. 81. Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  82. 82. ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  83. 83. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  84. 84. Kabul, Afghanistan
  85. 85. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  86. 86. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  87. 87. Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  88. 88. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  89. 89. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  90. 90. National Council for Science and Technology, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  91. 91. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  92. 92. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin
  93. 93. Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  94. 94. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  95. 95. Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  96. 96. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  97. 97. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  98. 98. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  99. 99. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
  100. 100. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  101. 101. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  102. 102. Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  103. 103. Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  104. 104. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  105. 105. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  106. 106. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  107. 107. Ariadne Labs, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  108. 108. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  109. 109. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  110. 110. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  111. 111. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  112. 112. Malaria Atlas Project, Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  113. 113. Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  114. 114. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  115. 115. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  116. 116. Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, United Kingdom
  117. 117. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  118. 118. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  119. 119. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  120. 120. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Center, Hospital Universitario, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  121. 121. Internal Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  122. 122. College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  123. 123. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  124. 124. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  125. 125. Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  126. 126. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  127. 127. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  128. 128. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  129. 129. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  130. 130. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  131. 131. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  132. 132. Institute of Epidemiology and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  133. 133. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  134. 134. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  135. 135. College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  136. 136. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  137. 137. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  138. 138. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  139. 139. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  140. 140. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  141. 141. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  142. 142. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  143. 143. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  144. 144. National Health Research Institutes, Zgunan Town, Taiwan
  145. 145. National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
  146. 146. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  147. 147. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
  148. 148. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  149. 149. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  150. 150. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
  151. 151. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  152. 152. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  153. 153. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  154. 154. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  155. 155. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology United, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  156. 156. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
  157. 157. Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  158. 158. University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  159. 159. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  160. 160. i3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  161. 161. UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Toxicology Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  162. 162. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
  163. 163. Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  164. 164. School of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  165. 165. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  166. 166. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  167. 167. Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  168. 168. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  169. 169. University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  170. 170. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  171. 171. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  172. 172. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  173. 173. Undersecretary for Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  174. 174. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  175. 175. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  176. 176. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  177. 177. University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  178. 178. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  179. 179. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  180. 180. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  181. 181. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  182. 182. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda
  183. 183. School of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran
  184. 184. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  185. 185. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  186. 186. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  187. 187. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  188. 188. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  189. 189. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  190. 190. Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
  191. 191. DGS Directorate General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  192. 192. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  193. 193. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  194. 194. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  195. 195. CBQF - Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  196. 196. Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  197. 197. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  198. 198. School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  199. 199. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  200. 200. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  201. 201. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  202. 202. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  203. 203. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  204. 204. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  205. 205. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  206. 206. Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique
  207. 207. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  208. 208. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  209. 209. University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  210. 210. Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  211. 211. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  212. 212. Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  213. 213. Warwick Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  214. 214. Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  215. 215. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  216. 216. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  217. 217. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia - INDICASAT-AIP, Cuidad del Saber, Panama
  218. 218. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  219. 219. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
  220. 220. Center of Check of Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  221. 221. Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, Quarter, Anguilla
  222. 222. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  223. 223. Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  224. 224. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  225. 225. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  226. 226. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
  227. 227. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  228. 228. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  229. 229. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  230. 230. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  231. 231. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  232. 232. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  233. 233. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  234. 234. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  235. 235. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  236. 236. School of Public Health, Australia
  237. 237. Centre for Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  238. 238. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  239. 239. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  240. 240. Public Health Division, Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  241. 241. Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
  242. 242. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  243. 243. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  244. 244. National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  245. 245. Division of Cohort Consortium Research, Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  246. 246. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
  247. 247. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  248. 248. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  249. 249. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  250. 250. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  251. 251. Independent Consultant, Oslo, Norway
  252. 252. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  253. 253. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  254. 254. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  255. 255. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  256. 256. CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  257. 257. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  258. 258. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  259. 259. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  260. 260. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  261. 261. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  262. 262. School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
  263. 263. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  264. 264. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  265. 265. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  266. 266. Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
  267. 267. UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
  268. 268. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  269. 269. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
  270. 270. Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
  271. 271. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  272. 272. Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  273. 273. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  274. 274. Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  275. 275. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
  276. 276. Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  277. 277. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  278. 278. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  279. 279. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  280. 280. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia Campus, Sepang, Malaysia
  281. 281. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  282. 282. Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  283. 283. Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
  284. 284. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland
  285. 285. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  286. 286. Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
  287. 287. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Organizations, Work Disability Program, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
  288. 288. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  289. 289. Center for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  290. 290. Department of Psychosocial Science, Bergen, Norway
  291. 291. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway
  292. 292. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  293. 293. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  294. 294. Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  295. 295. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  296. 296. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  297. 297. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  298. 298. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  299. 299. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  300. 300. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  301. 301. Help Me See, Inc., New York, NY, United States
  302. 302. Instituo Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico
  303. 303. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  304. 304. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  305. 305. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  306. 306. Department of Data Management, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
  307. 307. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  308. 308. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  309. 309. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
  310. 310. Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  311. 311. University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  312. 312. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  313. 313. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  314. 314. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  315. 315. Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  316. 316. Aintree University, Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  317. 317. School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  318. 318. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
  319. 319. Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines
  320. 320. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  321. 321. Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University Hospital, Aswan, Egypt
  322. 322. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  323. 323. National Institute of Health Research, Tehran, Iran
  324. 324. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  325. 325. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  326. 326. University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  327. 327. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Halifax, NS, Canada
  328. 328. Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  329. 329. Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  330. 330. CEU Cardinal Herrera University, Moncada, Spain
  331. 331. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  332. 332. Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  333. 333. University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
  334. 334. Public Health Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
  335. 335. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
  336. 336. Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  337. 337. Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  338. 338. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
  339. 339. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
  340. 340. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States
  341. 341. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  342. 342. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  343. 343. United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  344. 344. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  345. 345. Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  346. 346. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  347. 347. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  348. 348. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, United States
  349. 349. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  350. 350. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  351. 351. Hunger Action Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  352. 352. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  353. 353. National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  354. 354. Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal
  355. 355. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  356. 356. ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq
  357. 357. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Zaria, Nigeria
  358. 358. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  359. 359. Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
  360. 360. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  361. 361. Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  362. 362. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  363. 363. Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  364. 364. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  365. 365. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  366. 366. Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany
  367. 367. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  368. 368. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  369. 369. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  370. 370. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
  371. 371. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  372. 372. Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
  373. 373. Department of Public Health, Semarang State University, Semarang City, Indonesia
  374. 374. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  375. 375. National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
  376. 376. Medical Diagnostic Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
  377. 377. Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  378. 378. Centre for Health Research, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  379. 379. Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  380. 380. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  381. 381. Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  382. 382. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  383. 383. Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
  384. 384. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  385. 385. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
  386. 386. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  387. 387. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  388. 388. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  389. 389. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
  390. 390. St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
  391. 391. Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
  392. 392. Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
  393. 393. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  394. 394. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  395. 395. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  396. 396. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  397. 397. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  398. 398. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  399. 399. Department of Community Health Sciences, Canada
  400. 400. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  401. 401. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  402. 402. Health Metrics Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  403. 403. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  404. 404. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  405. 405. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  406. 406. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  407. 407. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Berlin, Germany
  408. 408. German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
  409. 409. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  410. 410. Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  411. 411. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  412. 412. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  413. 413. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  414. 414. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  415. 415. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  416. 416. Ofice of Psychology and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  417. 417. La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  418. 418. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  419. 419. ERAWEB Program, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
  420. 420. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  421. 421. Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale, Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  422. 422. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  423. 423. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  424. 424. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  425. 425. Campus MAR, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  426. 426. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  427. 427. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  428. 428. Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
  429. 429. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  430. 430. Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  431. 431. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  432. 432. Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
  433. 433. Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  434. 434. J. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  435. 435. Department of Public Health, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  436. 436. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  437. 437. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  438. 438. Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  439. 439. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  440. 440. Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  441. 441. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  442. 442. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  443. 443. UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  444. 444. South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  445. 445. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  446. 446. Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  447. 447. University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  448. 448. University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  449. 449. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  450. 450. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  451. 451. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  452. 452. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  453. 453. George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  454. 454. Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
  455. 455. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  456. 456. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  457. 457. Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  458. 458. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  459. 459. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  460. 460. Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  461. 461. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  462. 462. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  463. 463. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  464. 464. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  465. 465. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  466. 466. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  467. 467. Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  468. 468. School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  469. 469. WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention, Noida, India
  470. 470. Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, United Kingdom
  471. 471. Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
  472. 472. King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  473. 473. University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
  474. 474. Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
  475. 475. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
  476. 476. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  477. 477. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  478. 478. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  479. 479. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  480. 480. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
  481. 481. Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  482. 482. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  483. 483. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  484. 484. Departments of Criminology, Law and Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  485. 485. Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  486. 486. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  487. 487. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  488. 488. WSH Institute, Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, Singapore
  489. 489. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
  490. 490. Ethiopian Public Health Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  491. 491. New York Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  492. 492. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  493. 493. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  494. 494. Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States
  495. 495. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  496. 496. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  497. 497. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram, India
  498. 498. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  499. 499. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  500. 500. National Institute of Public health, Bergen, Norway
  501. 501. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  502. 502. School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  503. 503. INSERM (French National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Paris, France
  504. 504. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  505. 505. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  506. 506. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
  507. 507. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  508. 508. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  509. 509. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  510. 510. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  511. 511. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  512. 512. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  513. 513. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  514. 514. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  515. 515. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  516. 516. VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  517. 517. Neurology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  518. 518. University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  519. 519. McGill University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  520. 520. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  521. 521. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  522. 522. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  523. 523. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  524. 524. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  525. 525. South African Medical Research Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  526. 526. National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  527. 527. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  528. 528. St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  529. 529. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  530. 530. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  531. 531. Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  532. 532. Social Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  533. 533. Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  534. 534. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  535. 535. School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
  536. 536. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  537. 537. University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  538. 538. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  539. 539. University of Texas, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
  540. 540. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States

Source: The Lancet Published:2017


Abstract

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings: Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124.1 million DALYs [95% UI 111.2 million to 137.0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122.2 million DALYs [110.3 million to 133.3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83.0 million DALYs [78.3 million to 87.7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89.9 million DALYs [80.9 million to 98.2 million]), high body-mass index (64.8 million DALYs [44.4 million to 87.6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63.8 million DALYs [53.2 million to 76.3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9.3% (6.9-11.6) decline in deaths and a 10.8% (8.3-13.1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14.9% (12.7-17.5) of deaths and 6.2% (3.9-8.7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of deaths and 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27.3% (24.9-29.7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation: Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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