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Health Sector Spending and Spending on Hiv/Aids, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and Development Assistance for Health: Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goal 3 Publisher Pubmed



Micah AE1 ; Su Y1 ; Bachmeier SD1 ; Chapin A1 ; Cogswell IE1 ; Crosby SW1 ; Cunningham B1 ; Harle AC1 ; Maddison ER1 ; Moitra M1 ; Sahu M1 ; Schneider MT1 ; Simpson KE1 ; Stutzman HN1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Micah AE1
  2. Su Y1
  3. Bachmeier SD1
  4. Chapin A1
  5. Cogswell IE1
  6. Crosby SW1
  7. Cunningham B1
  8. Harle AC1
  9. Maddison ER1
  10. Moitra M1
  11. Sahu M1
  12. Schneider MT1
  13. Simpson KE1
  14. Stutzman HN1
  15. Tsakalos G1
  16. Zende RR1
  17. Zlavog BS1
  18. Abbafati C4
  19. Abebo ZH5
  20. Abolhassani H6, 16
  21. Abrigo MRM17
  22. Ahmed MB18, 19
  23. Akinyemi RO21
  24. Alam K22
  25. Ali S23
  26. Alinia C24
  27. Alipour V25, 26
  28. Aljunid SM29, 30
  29. Almasi A32
  30. Alvisguzman N35, 36
  31. Ancuceanu R38
  32. Andrei T40
  33. Andrei CL39
  34. Anjomshoa M42
  35. Antonio CAT43, 44
  36. Arabloo J26
  37. Arabzozani M45
  38. Aremu O46
  39. Atnafu DD47
  40. Ausloos M40, 49
  41. Avilaburgos L50
  42. Ayanore MA51
  43. Azari S26
  44. Babalola TK52, 53
  45. Bagherzadeh M55
  46. Baig AA56, 57
  47. Bakhtiari A9
  48. Banach M58, 59
  49. Banerjee SK60
  50. Barnighausen TW62, 64
  51. Basu S68
  52. Baune BT70, 71
  53. Bayati M73
  54. Berman AE75
  55. Bhageerathy R77
  56. Bhardwaj P80, 81
  57. Bohluli M82, 83
  58. Busse R84
  59. Cahuanahurtado L85
  60. Alberto Camera LLA86, 87
  61. Castanedaorjuela CA89, 90
  62. Catalalopez F91, 92
  63. Cevik M93, 94
  64. Chattu VK95
  65. Dandona L1, 96
  66. Dandona R1, 96
  67. Dianatinasab M72, 97
  68. Do HT98
  69. Doshmangir L100
  70. Tantawi ME104
  71. Eskandarieh S14
  72. Esmaeilzadeh F105
  73. Faraj A109
  74. Farzadfar F15
  75. Fischer F110
  76. Foigt NA111
  77. Fullman N1
  78. Gad MM112, 113
  79. Ghafourifard M101
  80. Ghashghaee A26, 28
  81. Gholamian A115, 116
  82. Goharinezhad S27
  83. Grada A118
  84. Bidgoli HH120
  85. Hamidi S121
  86. Harb HL122
  87. Hasanpoor E105
  88. Hay SI1, 2
  89. Hendrie D123
  90. Henry NJ1
  91. Herteliu C40
  92. Hole MK124
  93. Hosseinzadeh M106, 114
  94. Hostiuc S37, 125
  95. Huda TM126, 128
  96. Humayun A129
  97. Hwang BF130
  98. Ilesanmi OS20, 131
  99. Iqbal U132
  100. Irvani SS221
  101. Islam SMS63, 127, 133
  102. Islam MM134
  103. Jahani MA135
  104. Jakovljevic M136, 137
  105. James SL1
  106. Javaheri Z119
  107. Jonas JB61, 138
  108. Joukar F139
  109. Jozwiak JJ140
  110. Jurisson M141
  111. Kalhor R142, 143
  112. Matin BK34
  113. Karimi SE103
  114. Kayode GA144, 145
  115. Karyani AK33, 34
  116. Kinfu Y146, 147
  117. Kisa A148
  118. Kohler S62
  119. Komaki H150, 151
  120. Kosen S152
  121. Kotlo A154
  122. Koyanagi A155, 156
  123. Kumar GA96
  124. Kusuma D67, 157
  125. Lansingh VC158, 159
  126. Larsson AO160, 161
  127. Lasrado S162
  128. Lee SWH164, 165
  129. Lim LL166, 167
  130. Lozano R1, 2
  131. El Razek HMA168
  132. Mahdavi MM169, 170
  133. Maleki S31
  134. Malekzadeh R10, 74
  135. Mansourghanaei F139
  136. Mansournia MA7
  137. Mantovani LG171, 172
  138. Martinez G173
  139. Masoumi SZ149
  140. Massenburg BB3
  141. Menezes RG174
  142. Mengesha EW48
  143. Meretoja TJ175, 177
  144. Meretoja A176, 178
  145. Mestrovic T179, 180
  146. Kostova NM181, 182
  147. Miller TR123, 183
  148. Mirica A40, 184
  149. Mirrakhimov EM185, 186
  150. Moghadaszadeh M99, 102
  151. Mohajer B14, 15
  152. Mohamadi E11
  153. Darwesh AM108
  154. Mohammadianhafshejani A187
  155. Mohammadpourhodki R188
  156. Mohammed S189
  157. Mohebi F12, 15
  158. Mokdad AH1, 2
  159. Morrison SD3
  160. Mosser JF1
  161. Mousavi SM8
  162. Muriithi MK190
  163. Muthupandian S191
  164. Myint CY192
  165. Naderi M31
  166. Nagarajan AJ193, 194
  167. Nguyen CT195
  168. Nguyen HLT195
  169. Nonvignon J196
  170. Noubiap JJ197
  171. Oh IH198
  172. Olagunju AT54, 199
  173. Olusanya JO200
  174. Olusanya BO200
  175. Bali AO107
  176. Onwujekwe OE201
  177. Otstavnov SS202, 204
  178. Otstavnov N202, 205
  179. Owolabi MO21
  180. Padubidri JR76
  181. Palladino R66, 206
  182. Pandey A96
  183. Postma MJ207, 209
  184. Prada SI210, 211
  185. Pribadi DRA212
  186. Rabiee M213
  187. Rabiee N55
  188. Rahim F13, 214
  189. Ranabhat CL215, 216
  190. Rao SJ217
  191. Rathi P78
  192. Rawaf S66, 218
  193. Rawaf DL69, 219
  194. Rawal L220
  195. Rawassizadeh R117
  196. Rezapour A26
  197. Sabour S222
  198. Sahraian MA14
  199. Salman OM223, 224
  200. Salomon JA225
  201. Samy AM226
  202. Sanabria J227, 228
  203. Santos JV229, 230
  204. Santric Milicevic MM231, 232
  205. Jose BPS233
  206. Savic M234
  207. Schwendicke F235
  208. Senthilkumaran S236
  209. Sepanlou SG10, 74
  210. Servanmori E50
  211. Setayesh H237
  212. Shaikh MA153
  213. Sheikh A238
  214. Shibuya K239
  215. Shrime MG65
  216. Simonetti B241, 242
  217. Singh JA243, 244
  218. Singh P245
  219. Skryabin VY246
  220. Soheili A247, 248
  221. Soltani S34
  222. Stefan SC41
  223. Tabaresseisdedos R249, 250
  224. Topormadry R251, 252
  225. Tovanipalone MR253
  226. Tran BX254
  227. Travillian R1
  228. Undurraga EA255, 256
  229. Valdez PR88, 257
  230. Van Boven JFM208, 209
  231. Vasankari TJ258
  232. Violante FS259, 260
  233. Vlassov V203
  234. Vos T1, 2
  235. Wolfe CDA240, 261
  236. Wu J1
  237. Yaya S262
  238. Yazdifeyzabadi V263, 264
  239. Yip P265, 266
  240. Yonemoto N267
  241. Younis MZ268, 269
  242. Yu C270, 272
  243. Zaidi Z273
  244. Zaman SB128, 163
  245. Zastrozhin MS274, 275
  246. Zhang ZJ271
  247. Zhao Y276
  248. Murray CJL1, 2
  249. Dieleman JL1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  5. 5. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  6. 6. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  7. 7. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Health Policy and Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  18. 18. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  20. 20. Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  21. 21. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  22. 22. Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
  23. 23. Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  24. 24. Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  25. 25. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Faculty of Health Management and Information Sciences Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  30. 30. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  31. 31. Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  33. 33. Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  34. 34. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  35. 35. Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  36. 36. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
  37. 37. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Romania
  38. 38. Faculty of Pharmacy, France
  39. 39. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  40. 40. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  41. 41. Department of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  42. 42. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  44. 44. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  45. 45. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  46. 46. School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  47. 47. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia
  49. 49. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  50. 50. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  51. 51. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  52. 52. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  53. 53. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  54. 54. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  55. 55. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  57. 57. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  58. 58. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  59. 59. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  60. 60. School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  61. 61. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  62. 62. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  63. 63. Division of General Internal Medicine, United States
  64. 64. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
  65. 65. Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  66. 66. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  67. 67. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  68. 68. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  69. 69. Who Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  70. 70. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  71. 71. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  72. 72. Epidemiology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  73. 73. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  74. 74. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
  76. 76. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  77. 77. Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  78. 78. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
  79. 79. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  80. 80. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  81. 81. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  82. 82. Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  83. 83. Research and Innovation Department, Petanux Research GmBH, Bonn, Germany
  84. 84. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  85. 85. School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  86. 86. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
  87. 87. Comision Directiva, Ciudad Autonoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
  88. 88. Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad Autonoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
  89. 89. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  90. 90. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  91. 91. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos Iii, Madrid, Spain
  92. 92. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  93. 93. Infection and Global Health Research Division, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  94. 94. Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Nhs National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  95. 95. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  96. 96. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  97. 97. Department of Epidemiology, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  98. 98. Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  99. 99. Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  100. 100. Department of Health Policy and Economy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  101. 101. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  102. 102. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  103. 103. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  104. 104. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  105. 105. Department of Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  106. 106. Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  107. 107. Department of Diplomacy and Public Relations, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  108. 108. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  109. 109. Department of Political Science, College of Law and Politics, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  110. 110. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  111. 111. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  112. 112. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  113. 113. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  114. 114. Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  115. 115. Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  116. 116. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  117. 117. Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  118. 118. Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  119. 119. Health Informatic Lab, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  120. 120. Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  121. 121. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  122. 122. Department of Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  123. 123. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  124. 124. Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  125. 125. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  126. 126. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  127. 127. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  128. 128. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  129. 129. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Shaikh Zayed Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
  130. 130. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  131. 131. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  132. 132. Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  133. 133. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  134. 134. School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  135. 135. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  136. 136. N.A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  137. 137. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  138. 138. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  139. 139. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  140. 140. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  141. 141. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  142. 142. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  143. 143. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  144. 144. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  145. 145. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  146. 146. Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  147. 147. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  148. 148. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  149. 149. Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  150. 150. Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  151. 151. Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  152. 152. Jakarta, Indonesia
  153. 153. Karachi, Pakistan
  154. 154. Global Health Department, Vancouver Virology Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  155. 155. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  156. 156. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  157. 157. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  158. 158. HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  159. 159. International Relations Department, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  160. 160. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  161. 161. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  162. 162. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  163. 163. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  164. 164. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  165. 165. School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  166. 166. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  167. 167. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
  168. 168. Radiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  169. 169. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  170. 170. Academy of Medical Science, Saveh, Iran
  171. 171. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  172. 172. Value-Based Healthcare Unit, Irccs MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  173. 173. Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  174. 174. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  175. 175. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  176. 176. Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  177. 177. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  178. 178. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  179. 179. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  180. 180. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  181. 181. Institute for Social Innovation, Skopje, North Macedonia
  182. 182. Health Policy and Management, Centre for Regional Policy Research and Cooperation 'Studiorum', Skopje, North Macedonia
  183. 183. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  184. 184. President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania
  185. 185. Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  186. 186. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  187. 187. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  188. 188. Kashmar Center of Higher Health Education, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  189. 189. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  190. 190. School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  191. 191. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  192. 192. Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  193. 193. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  194. 194. Research and Analytics Department, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  195. 195. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  196. 196. School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  197. 197. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
  198. 198. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  199. 199. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  200. 200. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  201. 201. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  202. 202. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  203. 203. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  204. 204. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  205. 205. Academic Department, Unium Ltd., Moscow, Russian Federation
  206. 206. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico Ii, Naples, Italy
  207. 207. Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  208. 208. Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  209. 209. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  210. 210. Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundacion Valle Del Lili, Cali, Colombia
  211. 211. Centro de Estudios en Proteccion Social y Economia de la Salud, Icesi University, Cali, Colombia
  212. 212. Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  213. 213. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  214. 214. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  215. 215. Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  216. 216. Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
  217. 217. Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  218. 218. Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  219. 219. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  220. 220. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Cq University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  221. 221. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  222. 222. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  223. 223. Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  224. 224. Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  225. 225. Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  226. 226. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  227. 227. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  228. 228. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  229. 229. Department of Community Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  230. 230. Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte I.P., Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
  231. 231. Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  232. 232. Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  233. 233. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  234. 234. Gsk Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium
  235. 235. Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  236. 236. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  237. 237. Country Programmes, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland
  238. 238. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  239. 239. Institute for Population Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  240. 240. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  241. 241. Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
  242. 242. Wsb University in Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
  243. 243. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  244. 244. Medicine Service, Us Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  245. 245. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
  246. 246. Department No 16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  247. 247. Department of Emergency Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  248. 248. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  249. 249. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  250. 250. Carlos Iii Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
  251. 251. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  252. 252. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
  253. 253. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  254. 254. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  255. 255. School of Government, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
  256. 256. Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  257. 257. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  258. 258. Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland
  259. 259. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  260. 260. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  261. 261. Nihr Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Nhs FOundation Trust, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
  262. 262. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  263. 263. Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  264. 264. Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  265. 265. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of HongKong, Hong Kong
  266. 266. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of HongKong, Hong Kong
  267. 267. Department of Neuropsychopharmaology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  268. 268. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  269. 269. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  270. 270. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  271. 271. Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  272. 272. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  273. 273. Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  274. 274. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation
  275. 275. Department of Addictology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  276. 276. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Source: The Lancet Published:2020


Abstract

Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. Findings: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8–8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7–11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0–25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3–11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9–5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81·6% (81·6–81·7) in 2015 to 83·1% (82·8–83·3) in 2030. Interpretation: Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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