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Tracking Development Assistance for Health and for Covid-19: A Review of Development Assistance, Government, Out-Of-Pocket, and Other Private Spending on Health for 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2050 Publisher Pubmed



Micah AE1 ; Cogswell IE1 ; Cunningham B1 ; Ezoe S3 ; Harle AC1 ; Maddison ER1 ; Mccracken D1 ; Nomura S3, 4 ; Simpson KE1 ; Stutzman HN1 ; Tsakalos G1 ; Wallace LE1 ; Zhao Y5 ; Zende RR1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Micah AE1
  2. Cogswell IE1
  3. Cunningham B1
  4. Ezoe S3
  5. Harle AC1
  6. Maddison ER1
  7. Mccracken D1
  8. Nomura S3, 4
  9. Simpson KE1
  10. Stutzman HN1
  11. Tsakalos G1
  12. Wallace LE1
  13. Zhao Y5
  14. Zende RR1
  15. Abbafati C8
  16. Abdelmasseh M9
  17. Abedi A10
  18. Abegaz KH12, 13
  19. Abhilash ES14
  20. Abolhassani H15, 16
  21. Abrigo MRM26
  22. Adhikari TB27, 28
  23. Afzal S29, 30
  24. Ahinkorah BO31
  25. Ahmadi S32
  26. Ahmed H36
  27. Ahmed MB37, 38
  28. Ahmed Rashid T39
  29. Ajami M33, 40
  30. Aji B41
  31. Akalu Y42
  32. Akunna CJ45, 46
  33. Al Hamad H47, 48
  34. Alam K49
  35. Alanezi FM54
  36. Alanzi TM50
  37. Alemayehu Y55
  38. Alhassan RK56
  39. Alinia C59
  40. Aljunid SM60, 61
  41. Almustanyir SA62, 63
  42. Alvisguzman N64, 66
  43. Alviszakzuk NJ65, 67
  44. Amini S69
  45. Aminirarani M71
  46. Amu H57
  47. Ancuceanu R72
  48. Andrei CL73
  49. Andrei T76
  50. Angell B78, 79
  51. Anjomshoa M17
  52. Antonio CAT80, 81
  53. Antony CM1
  54. Aqeel M82
  55. Arabloo J83
  56. Arabzozani M89
  57. Aripov T90, 91
  58. Arrigo A92
  59. Ashraf T93
  60. Atnafu DD96
  61. Ausloos M76, 97
  62. Avilaburgos L98
  63. Awan AT100, 101
  64. Ayano G102
  65. Ayanore MA58
  66. Azari S83
  67. Azhar GS1, 103
  68. Babalola TK104, 105
  69. Bahrami MA107
  70. Baig AA111
  71. Banach M113, 114
  72. Barati N115
  73. Barnighausen TW116, 118
  74. Barrow A121, 122
  75. Basu S119, 123
  76. Baune BT127, 128
  77. Bayati M108
  78. Benzian H129
  79. Berman AE131
  80. Bhagavathula AS132, 133
  81. Bhardwaj N134
  82. Bhardwaj P135, 136
  83. Bhaskar S139, 140
  84. Bibi S141
  85. Bijani A142
  86. Bodolica V143
  87. Bragazzi NL144
  88. Braithwaite D145, 146
  89. Breitborde NJK147, 148
  90. Breusov AV150
  91. Briko NI151
  92. Busse R152
  93. Cahuanahurtado L153
  94. Callander EJ154
  95. Camera LA155, 156
  96. Castanedaorjuela CA68, 157
  97. Catalalopez F158, 159
  98. Charan J137
  99. Chatterjee S160
  100. Chattu SK161
  101. Chattu VK162, 163
  102. Chen S116
  103. Cicero AFG164
  104. Dadras O166, 167
  105. Dahlawi SMA51
  106. Dai X1
  107. Dalal K168, 169
  108. Dandona L1, 170, 171
  109. Dandona R1, 2, 170
  110. Davitoiu DV74, 172
  111. De Neve JW116
  112. Denovagutierrez E99
  113. Dhamnetiya D174
  114. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 175
  115. Doshmangir L176
  116. Dube J179
  117. Ehsanichimeh E18
  118. El Sayed Zaki M180
  119. El Tantawi M181
  120. Eskandarieh S19
  121. Farzadfar F20
  122. Ferede TY182
  123. Fischer F184
  124. Foigt NA185
  125. Freitas A186, 189
  126. Friedman SD130
  127. Fukumoto T190
  128. Fullman N1
  129. Gaal PA191, 193
  130. Gad MM194, 197
  131. Garciagordillo MA198
  132. Garg T199
  133. Ghafourifard M177
  134. Ghashghaee A83, 84
  135. Gholamian A200, 201
  136. Gholamrezanezhad A11
  137. Ghozali G202
  138. Gilani SA94, 203
  139. Glavan IR76
  140. Glushkova EV151
  141. Goharinezhad S85
  142. Golechha M204
  143. Goli S206, 207
  144. Guha A149, 208
  145. Gupta VB211
  146. Gupta VK212
  147. Haakenstad A1, 213
  148. Haider MR214
  149. Hailu A215
  150. Hamidi S218
  151. Hanif A95
  152. Harapan H219
  153. Hartono RK220
  154. Hasaballah AI221
  155. Hassan S216, 217
  156. Hassanein MH195
  157. Hayat K222, 223
  158. Hegazy MI224
  159. Heidari G225
  160. Hendrie D102
  161. Herediapi I98
  162. Herteliu C76, 226
  163. Hezam K227, 228
  164. Holla R229
  165. Hossain SJ235
  166. Hosseinzadeh M83
  167. Hostiuc S75, 236
  168. Huda TM235, 237
  169. Hwang BF240
  170. Iavicoli I241
  171. Idrisov B242, 243
  172. Ilesanmi OS244, 246
  173. Irvani SSN248
  174. Islam SMS238, 249
  175. Ismail NE251
  176. Isola G252
  177. Jahani MA142
  178. Jahanmehr N34, 35
  179. Jakovljevic M253, 254
  180. Janodia MD230
  181. Javaheri T255
  182. Jayapal SK257
  183. Jayawardena R258, 260
  184. Jazayeri SB261
  185. Jha RP262, 263
  186. Jonas JB117, 264
  187. Joo T191
  188. Joukar F265, 266
  189. Jurisson M267
  190. Kaambwa B268, 269
  191. Kalhor R271, 272
  192. Kanchan T138
  193. Kandel H239, 273
  194. Karami Matin B274
  195. Karimi SE178
  196. Kassahun G183
  197. Kayode GA278, 279
  198. Kazemi Karyani A274
  199. Keikavoosiarani L280
  200. Khader YS281
  201. Khajuria H282
  202. Khalilov R283, 284
  203. Khammarnia M285
  204. Khan J286
  205. Khubchandani J289
  206. Kianipour N275
  207. Kim GR290
  208. Kim YJ292
  209. Kisa A293, 294
  210. Kisa S295
  211. Kohler S116
  212. Kosen S296
  213. Koteeswaran R297
  214. Koulmane Laxminarayana SL298
  215. Koyanagi A299, 300
  216. Krishan K301
  217. Kumar GA170
  218. Kusuma D124, 302
  219. Lamnisos D303
  220. Lansingh VC304, 305
  221. Larsson AO306, 307
  222. Lasrado S308
  223. Le LKD250
  224. Lee SWH309, 310
  225. Lee YY311, 312
  226. Lim SS1, 2
  227. Lobo SW313, 314
  228. Lozano R1, 2
  229. Magdy Abd El Razek H315
  230. Magdy Abd El Razek M316
  231. Mahdavi MM317
  232. Majeed A125
  233. Makki A318
  234. Maleki A21, 319
  235. Malekzadeh R22, 109
  236. Manda AL74, 321
  237. Mansourghanaei F265, 266
  238. Mansournia MA23
  239. Marrugo Arnedo CA66, 322
  240. Martinezvalle A323, 324
  241. Masoumi SZ325
  242. Maude RJ6, 326
  243. Mckee M327
  244. Medinasolis CE329
  245. Menezes RG52
  246. Meretoja A330, 332
  247. Meretoja TJ331, 333
  248. Mesregah MK10, 334
  249. Mestrovic T335, 336
  250. Milevska Kostova N337, 338
  251. Miller TR102, 339
  252. Mini GK340, 341
  253. Mirica A76
  254. Mirrakhimov EM342, 343
  255. Mohajer B20
  256. Mohamed TA344
  257. Mohammadi M345
  258. Mohammadianhafshejani A346
  259. Mohammed S116, 347
  260. Moitra M1
  261. Mokdad AH1, 2
  262. Molokhia M348
  263. Moni MA349
  264. Moradi Y320
  265. Morze J350
  266. Mousavi SM351
  267. Mpundukaambwa C270
  268. Muriithi MK354
  269. Muthupandian S356, 358
  270. Nagarajan AJ359, 360
  271. Naimzada MD361
  272. Nangia V363
  273. Naqvi AA53, 364
  274. Narayana AI231
  275. Nascimento BR365, 366
  276. Naveed M367
  277. Nayak BP282
  278. Nazari J70
  279. Ndejjo R368
  280. Negoi I74, 369
  281. Neupane Kandel S370
  282. Nguyen TH371, 372
  283. Nonvignon J374
  284. Noubiap JJ375
  285. Nwatah VE376, 377
  286. Oancea B378
  287. Ojelabi FAO379
  288. Olagunju AT106, 380
  289. Olakunde BO381
  290. Olgiati S382
  291. Olusanya JO383
  292. Onwujekwe OE384
  293. Otoiu A76
  294. Otstavnov N361
  295. Otstavnov SS361
  296. Owolabi MO245, 247
  297. Padubidri JR229
  298. Palladino R125, 241
  299. Pandajonas S117
  300. Park EC290, 291
  301. Pashazadeh Kan F88
  302. Pawar S385
  303. Pazoki Toroudi H86, 87
  304. Pereira DM187
  305. Perianayagam A287
  306. Pesudovs K386
  307. Piccinelli C387
  308. Postma MJ388, 389
  309. Prada SI390, 391
  310. Rabiee M392
  311. Rabiee N393
  312. Rahim F24, 394
  313. Rahimimovaghar V25
  314. Hifz Ur Rahman M396
  315. Rahman M397
  316. Rahmani AM373, 398
  317. Ram U288
  318. Ranabhat CL399, 400
  319. Ranasinghe P259
  320. Rao CR232
  321. Rathi P229
  322. Rawaf DL126, 401
  323. Rawaf S125, 402
  324. Rawal L403
  325. Rawassizadeh R256
  326. Renzaho AMN404, 405
  327. Reshmi B233
  328. Riaz MA112
  329. Ripon RK406
  330. Saad AM196
  331. Sahraian MA19
  332. Sahu M1
  333. Salama JS407
  334. Salehi S11
  335. Samy AM408
  336. Sanabria J9, 209
  337. Sanmarchi F165
  338. Santos JV188, 409
  339. Santricmilicevic MM410, 411
  340. Sathian B47, 412
  341. Savic M413
  342. Saxena D205, 414
  343. Sayyah M395
  344. Schwendicke F415
  345. Senthilkumaran S416
  346. Sepanlou SG22, 109
  347. Seylani A417
  348. Shahabi S110
  349. Shaikh MA418
  350. Sheikh A120, 419
  351. Shetty A420
  352. Shetty PH421
  353. Shibuya K422
  354. Shrime MG423
  355. Shuja KH424
  356. Singh JA425, 426
  357. Skryabin VY427
  358. Skryabina AA429
  359. Soltani S274
  360. Soofi M276
  361. Spurlock EE1
  362. Stefan SC77
  363. Szerencses V191
  364. Szocska M192
  365. Tabaresseisdedos R430, 431
  366. Taddele BW432
  367. Tefera YG43
  368. Thavamani A210, 433
  369. Tobegai R434
  370. Topormadry R435, 436
  371. Tovanipalone MR437, 438
  372. Tran BX439
  373. Tudor Car L440
  374. Ullah A441
  375. Ullah S141
  376. Umar N328
  377. Undurraga EA442
  378. Valdez PR156, 443
  379. Vasankari TJ444
  380. Villafane JH445
  381. Violante FS164, 446
  382. Vlassov V362
  383. Vo B447
  384. Vollmer S448
  385. Vos T1, 2
  386. Vu GT449
  387. Vu LG371, 372
  388. Wamai RG355, 450
  389. Werdecker A451
  390. Woldekidan MA452
  391. Wubishet BL357, 453
  392. Xu G454
  393. Yaya S7, 455
  394. Yazdifeyzabadi V352, 353
  395. Yigit V456
  396. Yip P457, 458
  397. Yirdaw BW44
  398. Yonemoto N459, 460
  399. Younis MZ461, 462
  400. Yu C463
  401. Yunusa I118, 465
  402. Zahirian Moghadam T466
  403. Zandian H466, 467
  404. Zastrozhin MS428, 468
  405. Zastrozhina A469
  406. Zhang ZJ464
  407. Ziapour A277
  408. Zuniga YMH470, 471
  409. Hay SI1, 2
  410. Murray CJL1, 2
  411. Dieleman JL1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  4. 4. Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
  5. 5. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  6. 6. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  7. 7. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  9. 9. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  10. 10. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  11. 11. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  12. 12. Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
  13. 13. Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
  15. 15. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  16. 16. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  27. 27. Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  28. 28. Nepal Health Frontiers, Kathmandu, Nepal
  29. 29. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  30. 30. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  31. 31. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  32. 32. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Virtual School of Medical Education & Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  37. 37. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  38. 38. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  39. 39. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  40. 40. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  42. 42. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  43. 43. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  44. 44. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  45. 45. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  46. 46. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  47. 47. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  48. 48. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  49. 49. Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
  50. 50. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  51. 51. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  52. 52. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  53. 53. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  54. 54. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  55. 55. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  56. 56. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  57. 57. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  58. 58. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  59. 59. Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  60. 60. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  61. 61. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  62. 62. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  63. 63. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  64. 64. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  65. 65. Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  66. 66. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  67. 67. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  68. 68. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  69. 69. Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  70. 70. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  71. 71. Health Management and Economics Reasearch Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  72. 72. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  73. 73. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  74. 74. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  75. 75. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  76. 76. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  77. 77. Management Department, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  78. 78. Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  79. 79. Health System Science Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia
  80. 80. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  81. 81. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  82. 82. Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan
  83. 83. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  84. 84. Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  85. 85. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  86. 86. Department of Physiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  87. 87. Physiology Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  88. 88. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  90. 90. Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  91. 91. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  92. 92. Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
  93. 93. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  94. 94. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  95. 95. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  96. 96. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  97. 97. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  99. 99. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  100. 100. School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  101. 101. Continuing Education-Grant Writing Academy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  102. 102. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  103. 103. Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics), The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
  104. 104. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  105. 105. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  106. 106. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  107. 107. Department of Healthcare Management and Education, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  108. 108. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  109. 109. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  110. 110. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  111. 111. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  112. 112. Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  113. 113. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  114. 114. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  115. 115. Deputy of Research and Technology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
  116. 116. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  117. 117. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  118. 118. T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  119. 119. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  120. 120. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  121. 121. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  122. 122. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  123. 123. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  124. 124. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  125. 125. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  126. 126. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  127. 127. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  128. 128. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  129. 129. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  130. 130. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  131. 131. Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
  132. 132. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
  133. 133. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  134. 134. Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  135. 135. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  136. 136. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  137. 137. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  138. 138. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  139. 139. Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  140. 140. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  141. 141. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  142. 142. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  143. 143. School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  144. 144. University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  145. 145. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  146. 146. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  147. 147. Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  148. 148. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  149. 149. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  150. 150. Institute of Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  151. 151. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  152. 152. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  153. 153. School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  154. 154. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  155. 155. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  156. 156. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  157. 157. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  158. 158. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  159. 159. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  160. 160. Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
  161. 161. Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  162. 162. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  163. 163. Global Institute of Public Health, Thiruvananthapuram, India
  164. 164. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  165. 165. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  166. 166. Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  167. 167. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  168. 168. Division of Public Health Science, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
  169. 169. Higher School of Public Health, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  170. 170. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  171. 171. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  172. 172. Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
  173. 173. Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  174. 174. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Sahib Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  175. 175. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  176. 176. Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  177. 177. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  178. 178. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  179. 179. Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
  180. 180. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt
  181. 181. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  182. 182. School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  183. 183. School of Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  184. 184. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  185. 185. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  186. 186. Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  187. 187. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  188. 188. Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  189. 189. Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
  190. 190. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  191. 191. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  192. 192. Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  193. 193. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu Mures, Romania
  194. 194. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  195. 195. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  196. 196. Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  197. 197. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  198. 198. Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autonoma de Chile (Autonomous University of Chile), Talca, Chile
  199. 199. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  200. 200. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
  201. 201. Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  202. 202. Department of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia
  203. 203. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  204. 204. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  205. 205. Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  206. 206. Australia India Institute New Generation Network, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  207. 207. UWA Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  208. 208. Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  209. 209. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  210. 210. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  211. 211. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  212. 212. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  213. 213. Department of Global Health and Population, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  214. 214. Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
  215. 215. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  216. 216. Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  217. 217. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  218. 218. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  219. 219. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  220. 220. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju (Indonesian Advanced College of Health Sciences), Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
  221. 221. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  222. 222. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  223. 223. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  224. 224. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  225. 225. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  226. 226. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  227. 227. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  228. 228. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  229. 229. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  230. 230. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, India
  231. 231. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
  232. 232. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  233. 233. Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  234. 234. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  235. 235. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  236. 236. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  237. 237. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  238. 238. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  239. 239. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  240. 240. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  241. 241. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  242. 242. Infectious Diseases Department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
  243. 243. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  244. 244. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  245. 245. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  246. 246. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  247. 247. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  248. 248. Tabriz, Iran
  249. 249. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  250. 250. Department of Economics, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  251. 251. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  252. 252. Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  253. 253. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  254. 254. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  255. 255. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  256. 256. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  257. 257. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  258. 258. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  259. 259. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  260. 260. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  261. 261. Urology Department, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  262. 262. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  263. 263. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  264. 264. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  265. 265. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  266. 266. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  267. 267. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  268. 268. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  269. 269. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  270. 270. Health and Social Care Economics Group, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  271. 271. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  272. 272. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  273. 273. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  274. 274. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  275. 275. Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  276. 276. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  277. 277. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  278. 278. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  279. 279. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  280. 280. School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  281. 281. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  282. 282. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  283. 283. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  284. 284. Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  285. 285. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  286. 286. Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  287. 287. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  288. 288. Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  289. 289. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  290. 290. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  291. 291. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  292. 292. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  293. 293. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  294. 294. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  295. 295. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  296. 296. Jakarta, Indonesia
  297. 297. Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology Department, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
  298. 298. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  299. 299. CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  300. 300. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
  301. 301. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  302. 302. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  303. 303. Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
  304. 304. HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  305. 305. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  306. 306. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  307. 307. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  308. 308. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  309. 309. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  310. 310. School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  311. 311. Department of Medicine, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  312. 312. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  313. 313. Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  314. 314. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States
  315. 315. Radiology Department, Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, Mansoura, Egypt
  316. 316. Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt
  317. 317. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  318. 318. Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  319. 319. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  320. 320. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  321. 321. General Surgery Department I, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  322. 322. Institucion Tecnologica Colegio Mayor de Bolivar (Technological Institution College of Bolivar), Cartagena, Colombia
  323. 323. Health Policy and Population Research Center, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  324. 324. Joint Learning Network for Universal Coverage, Arlington, VA, United States
  325. 325. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  326. 326. Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  327. 327. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  328. 328. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  329. 329. Department of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Mexico
  330. 330. Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  331. 331. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  332. 332. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  333. 333. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  334. 334. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  335. 335. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  336. 336. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  337. 337. Institute for Social Innovation, Skopje, North Macedonia
  338. 338. Health Policy and Management, Centre for Regional Policy Research and Cooperation 'Studiorum', Skopje, North Macedonia
  339. 339. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  340. 340. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
  341. 341. Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
  342. 342. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  343. 343. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  344. 344. College of Dentistry, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  345. 345. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  346. 346. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  347. 347. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  348. 348. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  349. 349. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
  350. 350. Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Univeristy of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
  351. 351. Management and Leadership in Medical Education Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  352. 352. Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  353. 353. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  354. 354. School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  355. 355. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  356. 356. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  357. 357. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  358. 358. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  359. 359. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  360. 360. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  361. 361. Graduate School of Business, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  362. 362. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  363. 363. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  364. 364. Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  365. 365. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  366. 366. Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  367. 367. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  368. 368. Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  369. 369. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  370. 370. Bupa Clemton Park, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  371. 371. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  372. 372. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  373. 373. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  374. 374. School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  375. 375. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  376. 376. Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
  377. 377. Department of International Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  378. 378. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  379. 379. Social Policy Program, United Nations Childrens' Fund, Abuja, Nigeria
  380. 380. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  381. 381. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  382. 382. Department of Management, Economics, and Quantitative Methods, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
  383. 383. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  384. 384. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  385. 385. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  386. 386. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  387. 387. SSD Epidemiology Screening, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
  388. 388. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  389. 389. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  390. 390. Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundacion Valle del Lili (Clinical Research Center, Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia
  391. 391. Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
  392. 392. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  393. 393. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  394. 394. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  395. 395. Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  396. 396. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  397. 397. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  398. 398. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  399. 399. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  400. 400. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  401. 401. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  402. 402. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  403. 403. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  404. 404. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  405. 405. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  406. 406. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  407. 407. Health Hub, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  408. 408. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  409. 409. Public Health Unit, Northern Region Health Administration, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
  410. 410. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  411. 411. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  412. 412. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  413. 413. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium
  414. 414. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  415. 415. Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  416. 416. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  417. 417. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  418. 418. Karachi, Pakistan
  419. 419. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  420. 420. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  421. 421. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  422. 422. The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  423. 423. Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
  424. 424. National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  425. 425. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  426. 426. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  427. 427. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  428. 428. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  429. 429. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  430. 430. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  431. 431. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
  432. 432. Department of Pharmacy, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  433. 433. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  434. 434. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  435. 435. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  436. 436. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  437. 437. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  438. 438. Modestum, London, United Kingdom
  439. 439. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  440. 440. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  441. 441. Multidisciplinary Department, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  442. 442. School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile
  443. 443. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  444. 444. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  445. 445. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation), Milan, Italy
  446. 446. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  447. 447. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  448. 448. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  449. 449. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  450. 450. Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  451. 451. Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  452. 452. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  453. 453. Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  454. 454. School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
  455. 455. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  456. 456. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  457. 457. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  458. 458. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  459. 459. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  460. 460. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  461. 461. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  462. 462. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  463. 463. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  464. 464. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  465. 465. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  466. 466. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  467. 467. Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  468. 468. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  469. 469. Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  470. 470. Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  471. 471. #MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines

Source: The Lancet Published:2021


Abstract

Background: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40·4 billion (0·5%, 95% UI 0·5–0·5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24·6% (UI 24·0–25·1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54·8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13·7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12·3 billion was newly committed and $1·4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3·1 billion (22·4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2·4 billion (17·9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714·4 million (7·7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34·3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448–1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation: Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license