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The Neurotoxic Mechanisms of Graphene Family Nanomaterials at the Cellular Level: A Solution-Based Approach Review Publisher Pubmed



Ghazimoradi MM1 ; Azad FV2 ; Jalali F3 ; Kopaei MR4
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  4. 4. Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design Published:2022


Abstract

The graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) have been recognized to have potential applications in biomedicine, especially in the rag nostic, drug delivery and neuroimaging. Multiple studies have examined the neurotoxicity of GFNs to assay their toxic effects on organisms and ecosystems. In this article, we reviewed the different neurotoxicity effects of GFNs at intracellular levels, including nucleus-related effects and cytosolic mechanisms, as well as extracellular levels, including effects on enzyme activity, oxidative stress, behavior, neurotransmitters, and central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, for the sake of the solution, we discussed the reducing ways of graphene toxicity. A schematic description is shown in Fig. (1). © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
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