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Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic Patterns in Prevalence of Smoking Tobacco Use and Attributable Disease Burden in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990A€“2019: A Systematic Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Reitsma MB1 ; Kendrick PJ1 ; Ababneh E5 ; Abbafati C9 ; Abbasikangevari M11 ; Abdoli A12 ; Abedi A13 ; Abhilash ES15 ; Abila DB16, 17 ; Aboyans V18, 19 ; Aburmeileh NM21 ; Adebayo OM22 ; Advani SM25, 26 ; Aghaali M27 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Reitsma MB1
  2. Kendrick PJ1
  3. Ababneh E5
  4. Abbafati C9
  5. Abbasikangevari M11
  6. Abdoli A12
  7. Abedi A13
  8. Abhilash ES15
  9. Abila DB16, 17
  10. Aboyans V18, 19
  11. Aburmeileh NM21
  12. Adebayo OM22
  13. Advani SM25, 26
  14. Aghaali M27
  15. Ahinkorah BO28
  16. Ahmad S30
  17. Ahmadi K31
  18. Ahmed H32
  19. Aji B33
  20. Akunna CJ34
  21. Alaly Z35, 36
  22. Alanzi TM37
  23. Alhabib KF40
  24. Ali L42
  25. Alipour V47, 48
  26. Aljunid SM53, 54
  27. Alla F55
  28. Allebeck P56
  29. Alvisguzman N58, 59
  30. Amin TT60
  31. Amini S61
  32. Amu H64
  33. Ancuceanu R67
  34. Anderson JA1
  35. Ansarimoghaddam A69
  36. Antonio CAT70, 71
  37. Antony B72
  38. Anvari D74
  39. Arabloo J47
  40. Arian ND1
  41. Arora M75
  42. Asaad M79
  43. Ausloos M80
  44. Awan AT82, 83
  45. Ayano G84
  46. Aynalem GL85
  47. Badiye AD93
  48. Baig AA94
  49. Bakhshaei MH96
  50. Banach M98, 99
  51. Banik PC101
  52. Barkercollo SL102
  53. Barnighausen TW103, 105
  54. Barqawi HJ109
  55. Basu S106
  56. Bayati M114
  57. Bazarganhejazi S117, 118
  58. Behzadifar M119
  59. Bekuma TT120
  60. Bennett DA121
  61. Bensenor IM122
  62. Berfield KSS2, 125
  63. Bhagavathula AS126, 127
  64. Bhardwaj N128
  65. Bhardwaj P129, 130
  66. Bhattacharyya K133
  67. Bibi S134
  68. Bijani A135
  69. Bintoro BS136
  70. Biondi A137
  71. Birara S138
  72. Braithwaite D139
  73. Brenner H142
  74. Brunoni AR122, 123
  75. Burkart K1
  76. Butt ZA143, 144
  77. Caetano Dos Santos FL145
  78. Camera LA146, 147
  79. Car J112
  80. Cardenas R150
  81. Carreras G152
  82. Carrero JJ57
  83. Castaldellimaia JM123
  84. Cattaruzza MS10
  85. Chang JC153, 154
  86. Chen S103
  87. Cirillo M161
  88. Costa VM162
  89. Couto RAS163
  90. Dadras O165, 166
  91. Dai X1
  92. Damasceno AAM167
  93. Damiani G168, 169
  94. Dandona L1, 77
  95. Dandona R1, 77
  96. Daneshpajouhnejad P174
  97. Darega Gela J177
  98. Davletov K178
  99. Derbew Molla M86
  100. Dessie GA179
  101. Desta AA87
  102. Dharmaratne SD1, 3, 181
  103. Dianatinasab M182
  104. Diaz D183
  105. Do HT185
  106. Douiri A187
  107. Duncan BB188
  108. Duraes AR189, 190
  109. Eagan AW107
  110. Ebrahimi Kalan M192
  111. Edvardsson K193
  112. Elbarazi I127
  113. El Tantawi M194
  114. Esmaeilnejad S195, 196
  115. Fadhil I197
  116. Farwati M6, 200
  117. Farzadfar F201
  118. Fazlzadeh M206
  119. Feigin VL1, 208, 210
  120. Feldman R1
  121. Fernandez Prendes C211, 212
  122. Ferrara P214
  123. Filip I215
  124. Filippidis F111
  125. Fischer F217
  126. Flor LS218, 219, 220
  127. Foigt NA221
  128. Folayan MO222
  129. Foroutan M222, 223
  130. Gad MM7, 23, 222, 224
  131. Gaidhane AM222, 225
  132. Gallus S226
  133. Geberemariyam BS227
  134. Ghafourifard M228
  135. Ghajar A234
  136. Ghashghaee A49
  137. Giampaoli S235
  138. Gill PS236
  139. Glozah FN237
  140. Gnedovskaya EV209
  141. Golechha M238
  142. Gopalani SV240
  143. Gorini G151
  144. Goudarzi H241
  145. Greaves F112
  146. Guha A170
  147. Guo Y245
  148. Gupta B246
  149. Gupta R247
  150. Gupta T252
  151. Gupta V1
  152. Hafezinejad N203, 253
  153. Haider MR255
  154. Hamadeh RR256
  155. Hankey GJ257, 258
  156. Hartono RK261
  157. Hassankhani H262
  158. Hay SI1, 3
  159. Heidari G264
  160. Herteliu C81
  161. Hezam K266, 267
  162. Hird TR268
  163. Hole MK269
  164. Holla R90, 536
  165. Hosseinzadeh M47
  166. Hostiuc S68
  167. Househ M271
  168. Hsiao T1
  169. Huang J272
  170. Iannucci VC1
  171. Ibitoye SE273
  172. Idrisov B274, 275
  173. Ilesanmi OS23
  174. Ilic IM276
  175. Ilic MD278
  176. Inbaraj LR280
  177. Islam JY62, 76
  178. Islam RM45
  179. Islami F285
  180. Iso H286
  181. Itumalla R287
  182. Iwagami M288
  183. Jaafari J292
  184. Jain V8
  185. Jakovljevic M279, 293
  186. Janjani H202, 301
  187. Jayaram S86, 113
  188. Jeemon P302
  189. Jha RP303, 304
  190. Jonas JB104, 305
  191. Joo T306
  192. Jarisson M307
  193. Kabir A50
  194. Kabir Z308
  195. Kanchan T92, 124
  196. Kandel H283, 309
  197. Kapoor N93
  198. Katikireddi SV310
  199. Kebede HK311
  200. Kelkay B88
  201. Kennedy RD312
  202. Khoja AT53, 161
  203. Khubchandani J313
  204. Kimokoti RW317
  205. Kivimaki M157, 318
  206. Kosen S320
  207. Koulmane Laxminarayana SL321
  208. Koyanagi A322
  209. Krishan K324
  210. Kugbey N325, 326
  211. Kumar N47, 537
  212. Kurmi OP327, 328
  213. Kusuma D330
  214. Lacey B121
  215. Lam JO332
  216. Landires I333
  217. Lasrado S336
  218. Lauriola P337
  219. Leung J339
  220. Li S46
  221. Lin H340
  222. Linn S341
  223. Liu W342
  224. Lopez AD1, 3, 343
  225. Lopukhov PD346
  226. Lorkowski S348, 349
  227. Lugo A226
  228. Majeed A112
  229. Maleki A202, 350
  230. Malekzadeh R115, 204
  231. Malta DC351
  232. Mamun AA352
  233. Manjunatha N353
  234. Mansouri B295
  235. Mansournia MA89
  236. Martinezraga J354, 355
  237. Martini S260
  238. Mathur MR358
  239. Medinasolas CE359
  240. Mehata S360, 361
  241. Mendoza W362
  242. Menezes RG38
  243. Meretoja A344, 363
  244. Meretoja TJ319, 364
  245. Miazgowski B365, 366
  246. Michalek IM367
  247. Miller TR84, 368
  248. Mirrakhimov EM369, 370
  249. Mirzaei H371
  250. Mirzaeialavijeh M296
  251. Misra S131
  252. Moghadaszadeh M231, 232
  253. Mohammad Y6, 14
  254. Mohammadianhafshejani A372
  255. Mohammed S103
  256. Mokdad AH1, 3
  257. Monasta L374
  258. Moni MA375
  259. Moradi G89, 122
  260. Moradilakeh M51
  261. Moradzadeh R62
  262. Morrison SD378
  263. Mossie TB123
  264. Mubarik S379
  265. Mullany EC1
  266. Murray CJL1
  267. Naghavi M1
  268. Naghshtabrizi B97
  269. Nair S380
  270. Nalini M204
  271. Nangia V383
  272. Narasimha Swamy S385
  273. Naveed M386
  274. Nayak S91
  275. Nayak VC92
  276. Nazari J63
  277. Nduaguba SO140
  278. Nguyen CT388
  279. Nguyen HLT388
  280. Nguyen SH389
  281. Nguyen TH389
  282. Nixon MR1
  283. Nnaji CA391, 392
  284. Norrving B394
  285. Nowak C396
  286. Ogbo FA397
  287. Oguntade AS24, 158, 430
  288. Olagunju AT329, 399
  289. Oren E4
  290. Otstavnov N401
  291. Otstavnov SS401, 402
  292. Owolabi MO24
  293. Pakhale S404
  294. Pakshir K116
  295. Palladino R112, 161
  296. Pana A81
  297. Pandajonas S104
  298. Pandey A406
  299. Parekh U408
  300. Pashazadeh Kan F52
  301. Patton GC63, 410
  302. Pawar S411
  303. Pestell RG412, 413
  304. Pinheiro M164
  305. Piradov MA210
  306. Pirouzpanah S233
  307. Pokhrel KN414
  308. Polibin RV347
  309. Prashant A415
  310. Pribadi DRA416
  311. Radfar A417
  312. Rahimimovaghar V205
  313. Rahman A419
  314. Rahmani AM422, 423
  315. Rajai N8, 44
  316. Ram P424
  317. Ranabhat CL425, 426
  318. Rathi P90
  319. Rawal L427
  320. Renzaho AMN428, 429
  321. Rezapour A47
  322. Riahi SM431
  323. Roever L432
  324. Ronfani L374
  325. Roshandel G433
  326. Roy A434
  327. Roy B435
  328. Sacco S436
  329. Saddik B110
  330. Sahebkar A231, 437
  331. Salimzadeh H204
  332. Samaei M438
  333. Samy AM439
  334. Santos IS122
  335. Santricmilicevic MM276, 277
  336. Sarrafzadegan N175, 441
  337. Sathian B442
  338. Sawhney M444
  339. Saylan M445
  340. Schaub MP446
  341. Schmidt MI188
  342. Schneider IJC447
  343. Schutte AE376, 448, 449
  344. Schwendicke F450
  345. Senthil Kumar N453
  346. Sepanlou SG115, 204
  347. Seylani A454
  348. Shafaat O176, 253
  349. Shah SM127
  350. Shaikh MA456
  351. Shalash AS440
  352. Shannawaz M23, 47
  353. Sharafi K298
  354. Sheikh A108
  355. Sheikhbahaei S253
  356. Shigematsu M459
  357. Shiri R461
  358. Shishani K462
  359. Shivakumar KM463
  360. Shivalli S291
  361. Shrestha R8, 45
  362. Siabani S29
  363. Sidemo NB464
  364. Sigfusdottir ID466, 467
  365. Sigurvinsdottir R466
  366. Silva DAS468
  367. Silva JP162
  368. Singh A72
  369. Singh JA469, 470
  370. Singh V471
  371. Sinha DN472
  372. Sitas F284, 377
  373. Skryabin VY474
  374. Skryabina AA476
  375. Soboka M123
  376. Soriano JB477, 478
  377. Soroush A300
  378. Soshnikov S275, 479
  379. Soyiri IN480
  380. Spurlock EE1
  381. Sreeramareddy CT481
  382. Stein DJ390
  383. Steiropoulos P482
  384. Stortecky S483
  385. Straif K485
  386. Suliankatchi Abdulkader R487, 488
  387. Sulo G489
  388. Sundstram J213, 448, 449
  389. Tabuchi T491
  390. Tadakamadla SK492
  391. Taddele BW493
  392. Tadesse EG465
  393. Tamiru AT88
  394. Tareke M123
  395. Tareque MI494
  396. Tarigan IU495
  397. Temsah MH41
  398. Thankappan KR496
  399. Thapar R537
  400. Tichopad A497
  401. Tolani MA2, 3
  402. Topouzis F498
  403. Tovanipalone MR160, 499, 500, 501
  404. Tran BX48
  405. Tripathy JP502
  406. Tsegaye GW180
  407. Tsilimparis N503
  408. Tymeson HD1
  409. Ullah A43, 473
  410. Ullah S134
  411. Unim B504
  412. Updike RL1
  413. Vacante M137
  414. Valdez PR148, 505
  415. Vardavas C507
  416. Varona Parez P508
  417. Vasankari TJ509
  418. Venketasubramanian N510, 511
  419. Verma M512
  420. Vetrova MV513
  421. Vo B514
  422. Vu GT389
  423. Waheed Y515
  424. Welding K254
  425. Werdecker A516
  426. Whisnant JL1
  427. Wickramasinghe ND517
  428. Yamagishi K166, 289
  429. Yandrapalli S518, 519
  430. Yatsuya H520, 521
  431. Yazdifeyzabadi V522, 523
  432. Yeshaw Y89
  433. Yimmer MZ524
  434. Yonemoto N525, 526
  435. Yu C379
  436. Yunusa I105, 248
  437. Yusefzadeh H527
  438. Zahirian Moghadam T207
  439. Zaman MS528
  440. Zamanian M62
  441. Zandian H207
  442. Zar HJ393, 529
  443. Zastrozhin MS475, 530
  444. Zastrozhina A531
  445. Zavalaarciniega L430
  446. Zhang J345, 532, 533
  447. Zhang ZJ203
  448. Zhong C272
  449. Gakidou E1
  450. Anderson JA1
  451. Feldman R1
  452. Gupta V1
  453. Hsiao T1
  454. Murray CJL1
  455. Naghavi M1
  456. Tolani MA2, 3
  457. Dandona R1, 77
  458. Gupta V1
  459. Murray CJL1
  460. Naghavi M1
  461. Gakidou E1
  462. Oren E4
  463. Jain V8
  464. Mohammad Y6, 14
  465. Siabani S29
  466. Menezes RG38
  467. Shrestha R8, 45
  468. Li S46
  469. Arabloo J47
  470. Kumar N47, 537
  471. Ghashghaee A49
  472. Allebeck P56
  473. Carrero JJ57
  474. Amini S61
  475. Moradzadeh R62
  476. Zamanian M62
  477. Nazari J63
  478. Amu H64
  479. Amul GH65, 66
  480. Ancuceanu R67
  481. Faraon EA70
  482. Antony B72
  483. Singh A72
  484. Anvari D74
  485. Arora M75
  486. Kumar G77
  487. Arora M75
  488. Asaad M79
  489. Ausloos M80
  490. Ausloos M80
  491. Herteliu C81
  492. Pana A81
  493. Aynalem GL85
  494. Yeshaw Y89
  495. Rathi P90
  496. Riaz Mcom MA95
  497. Chen S103
  498. Mohammed S103
  499. Basu S106
  500. Sheikh A108
  501. Car J112
  502. Greaves F112
  503. Jayaram S86, 113
  504. Behzadifar M119
  505. Lacey B121
  506. Moradi G89, 122
  507. Santos IS122
  508. Kanchan T92, 124
  509. Santos IS122
  510. Shah SM127
  511. Bhardwaj N128
  512. Misra S131
  513. Bhattacharyya K133
  514. Bibi S134
  515. Ullah S134
  516. Birara S138
  517. Braithwaite D139
  518. Basu S106
  519. Braithwaite D139
  520. Car J112
  521. Gorini G151
  522. Chu D155
  523. Chung S156
  524. Chung S156
  525. Cirillo M161
  526. Silva JP162
  527. Pinheiro M164
  528. Guha A170
  529. Dandona L1, 77
  530. Dandona L1, 77
  531. Tsegaye GW180
  532. Diaz D183
  533. Diaz D183
  534. Do HT185
  535. Do HT185
  536. Douiri A187
  537. Lee D161, 187, 315
  538. Schmidt MI188
  539. Eagan AW107
  540. Fadhil I197
  541. Farinha CSE198, 199
  542. Nalini M204
  543. Zahirian Moghadam T207
  544. Zandian H207
  545. Gnedovskaya EV209
  546. Filip I215
  547. Fischer F217
  548. Gaidhane AM222, 225
  549. Naqvi A39
  550. Karimi S207, 229
  551. Moradi G89, 122
  552. Moghadaszadeh M231, 232
  553. Pirouzpanah S233
  554. Ghajar A234
  555. Giampaoli S235
  556. Hostiuc S68
  557. Gill PS236
  558. Golechha M238
  559. Gopalani SV240
  560. Goudarzi H241
  561. Goudarzi H241
  562. Greaves F112
  563. Guha A170
  564. Guo Y245
  565. Gupta B246
  566. Gupta R247
  567. Gupta R247
  568. Gupta R247
  569. Gupta R247
  570. Gupta T252
  571. Sheikhbahaei S253
  572. Welding K254
  573. Hargono Dr A259
  574. Martini S260
  575. Hassankhani H262
  576. Irvani SN262, 263
  577. Hassankhani H262
  578. Heidari G264
  579. Herteliu C81
  580. Hezam K266, 267
  581. Hird TR268
  582. Hostiuc S68
  583. Huang J272
  584. Zhong C272
  585. Islam S281, 282
  586. Islami F285
  587. Iso H286
  588. Iwagami M288
  589. Iwagami M288
  590. Shivalli S291
  591. Jaafari J292
  592. Jang S294
  593. Mansouri B295
  594. Nalini M204
  595. Siabani S29
  596. Jeemon P302
  597. Joo T306
  598. Kennedy RD312
  599. Khubchandani J313
  600. Kim G314
  601. Park E314
  602. Naghshtabrizi B97
  603. Park E314
  604. Kim Y316
  605. Kosen S320
  606. Koyanagi A322
  607. Koyanagi A322
  608. Krishan K324
  609. Kugbey N325, 326
  610. Olagunju AT329, 399
  611. Kusuma D330
  612. Lacey B121
  613. Lam JO332
  614. Landires I333
  615. Landires I333
  616. Landires I333
  617. Lasrado S336
  618. Lee Y338
  619. Lin H340
  620. Liu W342
  621. Zhang J345, 532, 533
  622. Lopukhov PD346
  623. Malta DC351
  624. Manjunatha N353
  625. Martini S260
  626. Mehata S360, 361
  627. Mendoza W362
  628. Mohammed S103
  629. Schutte AE376, 448, 449
  630. Morrison SD378
  631. Mubarik S379
  632. Yu C379
  633. Nair S380
  634. Nair S380
  635. Nair S380
  636. Naqvi A39
  637. Neupane Kandel S387
  638. Nguyen CT388
  639. Nguyen HLT388
  640. Nguyen SH389
  641. Nguyen TH389
  642. Zar HJ393, 529
  643. Noubiap J395
  644. Nowak C396
  645. Oh I398
  646. Oren E4
  647. Pana A81
  648. Pandey A406
  649. Pandey A406
  650. Parekh U408
  651. Park E314
  652. Pawar S411
  653. Rahman A419
  654. Rahman M420
  655. Rahman M420
  656. Ram P424
  657. Roever L432
  658. Roy A434
  659. Roy B435
  660. Sacco S436
  661. Samaei M438
  662. Shalash AS440
  663. Sathian B442
  664. Sawhney M444
  665. Saylan M445
  666. Schneider IJC447
  667. Schwendicke F450
  668. Seidu Mphil A451, 452
  669. Senthil Kumar N453
  670. Shah SM127
  671. Shaikh MA456
  672. Shaikh MA456
  673. Sheikh A108
  674. Shigematsu M459
  675. Shigematsu M459
  676. Shiri R461
  677. Sinha DN472
  678. Ullah A43, 473
  679. Stortecky S483
  680. Straif K485
  681. Straif K485
  682. Sulo G489
  683. Sulo G489
  684. Tarigan IU495
  685. Tripathy JP502
  686. Tsilimparis N503
  687. Vardavas C507
  688. Vetrova MV513
  689. Vo B514
  690. Waheed Y515
  691. Werdecker A516
  692. Yandrapalli S518, 519
  693. Yatsuya H520, 521
  694. Zaman MS528
  695. Zuniga YH534, 535
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
  2. 2. Department of Surgery
  3. 3. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine
  4. 4. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute
  6. 6. Internal Medicine Department
  7. 7. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
  8. 8. Department of Internal Medicine
  9. 9. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  10. 10. Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
  11. 11. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  12. 12. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  14. 14. Department of Radiology
  15. 15. Department of Botany, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  16. 16. Department of Pathology, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
  17. 17. Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  18. 18. Department of Cardiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  19. 19. University of Limoges, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  20. 20. Limoges, France
  21. 21. Institute of Community and Public Health
  22. 22. College of Medicine, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
  23. 23. Department of Community Medicine
  24. 24. Department of Medicine
  25. 25. Social Behavioral Research Branch, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  26. 26. Department of Oncology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  27. 27. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  28. 28. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  29. 29. School of Health
  30. 30. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  31. 31. Lincoln Medical School, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  32. 32. Department of Biosciences, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  33. 33. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  34. 34. Department of Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  35. 35. John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  36. 36. Clinical Epidemiology Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  37. 37. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
  38. 38. Forensic Medicine Division
  39. 39. Department of Pharmacy Practice
  40. 40. Department of Cardiac Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  41. 41. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
  42. 42. Department of Biological Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  43. 43. Multidisciplinary Department
  44. 44. Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  45. 45. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
  46. 46. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
  47. 47. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  48. 48. Department of Health Economics
  49. 49. Student Research Committee
  50. 50. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
  51. 51. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
  52. 52. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  53. 53. Department of Health Policy and Management
  54. 54. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  55. 55. Bordeaux School of Public Health, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  56. 56. Department of Global Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
  57. 57. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
  58. 58. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  59. 59. Research Group in Health Economics, Barranquilla, Colombia
  60. 60. Public Health Department, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  61. 61. Department of Health Services Management, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  62. 62. Department of Epidemiology
  63. 63. Department of Pediatrics
  64. 64. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  65. 65. Institute of Global Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  66. 66. Research for Impact, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
  67. 67. Pharmacy Department
  68. 68. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
  69. 69. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  70. 70. Department of Health Policy and Administration, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  71. 71. Department of Applied Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  72. 72. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  73. 73. Department of Parasitology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  74. 74. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  75. 75. Health Promotion Division, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  76. 76. Health Policy Research
  77. 77. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  78. 78. Research Department
  79. 79. Department of Plastic Surgery, Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth, New Delhi, British Indian Ocean Territory
  80. 80. School of Business, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  81. 81. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  82. 82. School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  83. 83. Continuing Education Grant Writing Academy, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  84. 84. School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  85. 85. Department of Clinical Midwifery, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  86. 86. Department of Biochemistry
  87. 87. Department of Surgical Nursing
  88. 88. Department of Midwifery
  89. 89. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
  90. 90. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  91. 91. Manipal Institute of Management
  92. 92. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
  93. 93. Department of Forensic Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  94. 94. Unit of Biochemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  95. 95. Faculty of Business and Management
  96. 96. Department of Anesthesiology, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  97. 97. Department of Cardiology
  98. 98. Department of Hypertension, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  99. 99. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  100. 100. Lodz, Poland
  101. 101. Department of Non-communicable Diseases
  102. 102. School of Psychology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  103. 103. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  104. 104. Department of Ophthalmology
  105. 105. T H Chan School of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  106. 106. Center for Primary Care
  107. 107. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
  108. 108. Division of General Internal Medicine
  109. 109. Clinical Sciences Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  110. 110. Department of Family and Community Medicine
  111. 111. School of Public Health, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  112. 112. Department of Primary Care and Public Health
  113. 113. Imperial College Business School
  114. 114. Health Human Resources Research Center, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  115. 115. Non-communicable Disease Research Center
  116. 116. Department of Parasitology and Mycology
  117. 117. Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  118. 118. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  119. 119. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  120. 120. Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  121. 121. Nuffield Department of Population Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  122. 122. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  123. 123. Department of Psychiatry
  124. 124. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research
  125. 125. Thoracic Surgery, University of SA£o Paulo, SA£o Paulo, Brazil
  126. 126. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States
  127. 127. Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  128. 128. Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  129. 129. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  130. 130. School of Public Health
  131. 131. Department of Surgical Oncology
  132. 132. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  133. 133. Department of Statistics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  134. 134. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  135. 135. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  136. 136. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  137. 137. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Gadjah Mada University, Sleman, Indonesia
  138. 138. Department of Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  139. 139. Department of Epidemiology, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  140. 140. Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy Department
  141. 141. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  142. 142. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  143. 143. School of Public Health and Health Systems, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  144. 144. Al Shifa School of Public Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  145. 145. Institute of Microengineering, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  146. 146. Internal Medicine Department, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  147. 147. Board of Directors, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  148. 148. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  149. 149. Centre for Population Health Sciences
  150. 150. Department of Health Care, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  151. 151. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  152. 152. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  153. 153. College of Medicine
  154. 154. Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  155. 155. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
  156. 156. Department of Health Informatics, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  157. 157. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
  158. 158. Institute of Cardiovascular Science
  159. 159. Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  160. 160. London, United Kingdom
  161. 161. Department of Public Health
  162. 162. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  163. 163. Department of Chemical Sciences
  164. 164. Department of Chemistry
  165. 165. Department of Health Informatics, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  166. 166. Graduate School of Medicine
  167. 167. Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  168. 168. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  169. 169. Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  170. 170. Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute
  171. 171. Indian Council of Medical Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  172. 172. New Delhi, India
  173. 173. Department of Pathology
  174. 174. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
  175. 175. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute
  176. 176. Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology
  177. 177. Department of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  178. 178. Health Research Institute, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  179. 179. Department of Nursing, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  180. 180. College of Medicine and Health Sciences
  181. 181. Department of Community Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  182. 182. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  183. 183. Center of Complexity Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  184. 184. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  185. 185. Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, CuliacA¡n Rosales, Mexico
  186. 186. Hanoi, Viet Nam
  187. 187. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences
  188. 188. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  189. 189. School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  190. 190. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  191. 191. Department of Social Services, Salvador, Brazil
  192. 192. Department of Epidemiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  193. 193. College of Science, Health and Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  194. 194. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  195. 195. Department of Physiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  196. 196. Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  197. 197. Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  198. 198. Dissemination Division, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  199. 199. Activity Planning and Control Unit, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal
  200. 200. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
  201. 201. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  202. 202. Department of Environmental Health Engineering
  203. 203. School of Medicine
  204. 204. Digestive Diseases Research Institute
  205. 205. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
  206. 206. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  207. 207. Social Determinants of Health Research Center
  208. 208. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  209. 209. Third Department of Neurology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  210. 210. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  211. 211. Vascular Surgery Deparment
  212. 212. Vascular Surgery Department, Ludwig Maximilians University, MA¼nchen, Germany
  213. 213. Department of Medical Sciences
  214. 214. Research Center on Public Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  215. 215. Psychiatry Department, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  216. 216. School of Health Sciences, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  217. 217. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  218. 218. Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  219. 219. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  220. 220. Federal University of EspA­rito Santo, VitA³ria, Brazil
  221. 221. Institute of Gerontology
  222. 222. Department of Child Dental Health, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  223. 223. Department of Medical Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  224. 224. Gillings School of Global Public Health, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  225. 225. Department of Community Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  226. 226. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  227. 227. Department of Public Health, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  228. 228. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  229. 229. School of Nursing and Midwifery
  230. 230. School of Management and Medical Informatics
  231. 231. Biotechnology Research Center
  232. 232. Molecular Medicine Research Center
  233. 233. Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics
  234. 234. Mount Auburn Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  235. 235. Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
  236. 236. Medical School, Rome, Italy
  237. 237. Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  238. 238. Health Systems and Policy Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  239. 239. Hudson College of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
  240. 240. Department of Health and Social Affairs, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  241. 241. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  242. 242. Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
  243. 243. Health Improvement Directorate, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
  244. 244. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  245. 245. Department of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  246. 246. Department of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  247. 247. Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Torrens University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  248. 248. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences
  249. 249. Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  250. 250. Department of Preventive Cardiology, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  251. 251. Department of Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  252. 252. Department of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  253. 253. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
  254. 254. Institute for Global Tobacco Control
  255. 255. Department of Social and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  256. 256. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
  257. 257. Medical School, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  258. 258. Department of Neurology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  259. 259. Department of Epidemiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  260. 260. Faculty of Public Health
  261. 261. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju, Surabaya, Indonesia
  262. 262. Independent Consultant, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
  263. 263. Tabriz, Iran
  264. 264. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
  265. 265. School of Business
  266. 266. Department of Applied Microbiology, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  267. 267. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  268. 268. Department for Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  269. 269. Department of Pediatrics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  270. 270. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  271. 271. College of Science and Engineering, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  272. 272. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  273. 273. Department of Health Promotion and Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  274. 274. Infectious Diseases Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  275. 275. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
  276. 276. Faculty of Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  277. 277. School of Public Health and Health Management
  278. 278. Department of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  279. 279. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy
  280. 280. Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  281. 281. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  282. 282. Sydney Medical School, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  283. 283. Save Sight Institute
  284. 284. Menzies Centre for Health Policy
  285. 285. Surveillance and Health Services Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  286. 286. Public Health Department of Social Medicine, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  287. 287. Department of Health Management, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  288. 288. Department of Health Services Research, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  289. 289. Research and Development Center for Health Services
  290. 290. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  291. 291. Medical Statistics Department
  292. 292. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  293. 293. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  294. 294. Department of Preventive Medicine, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  295. 295. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
  296. 296. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center
  297. 297. Cardiovascular Research Center
  298. 298. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
  299. 299. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion
  300. 300. Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
  301. 301. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  302. 302. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  303. 303. Department of Community Medicine, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  304. 304. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  305. 305. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  306. 306. Health Services Management Training Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  307. 307. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  308. 308. School of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  309. 309. Sydney Eye Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  310. 310. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  311. 311. School of Pharmacy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  312. 312. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  313. 313. Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  314. 314. Department of Preventive Medicine, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  315. 315. Institute of Health Services Research
  316. 316. Big Data Department, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  317. 317. Department of Nutrition, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Saudi Arabia
  318. 318. Department of Public Health, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  319. 319. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  320. 320. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  321. 321. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  322. 322. CIBERSAM
  323. 323. Barcelona, Spain
  324. 324. Department of Anthropology
  325. 325. University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  326. 326. Somanya, Ghana
  327. 327. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  328. 328. Department of Medicine, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  329. 329. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences
  330. 330. Faculty of Public Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  331. 331. National Institute for Health Research, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  332. 332. Division of Research
  333. 333. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, United States
  334. 334. Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  335. 335. Herrera, Panama
  336. 336. Department of Otorhinolaryngology
  337. 337. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  338. 338. Graduate School of Public Health, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  339. 339. Center for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  340. 340. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
  341. 341. School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
  342. 342. Institute for Health and Environment, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  343. 343. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
  344. 344. School of Health Sciences
  345. 345. Department of General Practice
  346. 346. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  347. 347. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
  348. 348. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  349. 349. Jena, Germany
  350. 350. Environmental Health Research Center
  351. 351. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  352. 352. Institute for Social Science Research, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  353. 353. Department of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  354. 354. Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India
  355. 355. Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  356. 356. Indonesian Public Health Association, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  357. 357. Surabaya, Indonesia
  358. 358. Institute of Population Health Sciences
  359. 359. Department of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  360. 360. Ministry of Health, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Mexico
  361. 361. Kathmandu, Nepal
  362. 362. Peru Country Office
  363. 363. Neurology Unit, Lima, Peru
  364. 364. Breast Surgery Unit
  365. 365. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  366. 366. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  367. 367. Woman-Mother-Child Department
  368. 368. Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  369. 369. Internal Medicine Programme
  370. 370. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  371. 371. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  372. 372. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  373. 373. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  374. 374. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  375. 375. World Health Organization, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  376. 376. School of Public Health and Community Medicine
  377. 377. Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity
  378. 378. Section of Plastic Surgery, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  379. 379. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  380. 380. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  381. 381. Health Action by People, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India
  382. 382. Trivandrum, India
  383. 383. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  384. 384. Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy
  385. 385. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  386. 386. Department of Biotechnology, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  387. 387. Bupa Clemton Park, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  388. 388. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  389. 389. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  390. 390. Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  391. 391. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  392. 392. School of Public Health and Family Medicine
  393. 393. Department of Paediatrics & Child Health
  394. 394. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  395. 395. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  396. 396. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  397. 397. Translational Health Research Institute, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
  398. 398. Department of Preventive Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  399. 399. Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  400. 400. Graduate School of Public Health, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  401. 401. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
  402. 402. Department of Project Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  403. 403. Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  404. 404. Department of Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  405. 405. Department of Health Metrics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  406. 406. Research Department, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  407. 407. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  408. 408. Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  409. 409. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, India
  410. 410. Population Health Theme, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  411. 411. Department of Genetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  412. 412. Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  413. 413. Department of Medicine, Baruch S Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
  414. 414. HIV and Mental Health Department, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States
  415. 415. Department of Biochemistry, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  416. 416. Health Sciences Department, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  417. 417. College of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  418. 418. Data Mining Research Unit, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  419. 419. Department of Community Medicine, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
  420. 420. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  421. 421. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  422. 422. Future Technology Research Center, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  423. 423. Institute of Research and Development, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  424. 424. Department of Cardiology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  425. 425. Research Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  426. 426. Health and Public Policy Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  427. 427. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  428. 428. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  429. 429. Translational Health Research Institute
  430. 430. Department of Tobacco Research, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  431. 431. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  432. 432. Department of Clinical Research, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  433. 433. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Federal University of UberlA¢ndia, UberlA¢ndia, Brazil
  434. 434. Department of Cardiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  435. 435. Faculty of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  436. 436. Department of Neurology, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
  437. 437. Applied Biomedical Research Center, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
  438. 438. Emergency Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  439. 439. Department of Entomology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  440. 440. Neurology Department
  441. 441. School of Population and Public Health, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  442. 442. Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  443. 443. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  444. 444. Department of Public Health Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  445. 445. Market Access, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  446. 446. Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
  447. 447. Department of Health Sciences, University of ZA¼rich, Zurich, Switzerland
  448. 448. The George Institute for Global Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, AraranguA¡, Brazil
  449. 449. Sydney, NSW, Australia
  450. 450. Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research
  451. 451. Department of Population and Health, CharitA© University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  452. 452. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  453. 453. Department of Biotechnology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  454. 454. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
  455. 455. Family Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  456. 456. Independent Consultant, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  457. 457. Karachi, Pakistan
  458. 458. Centre for Medical Informatics, BLDE University, Vijayapur, India
  459. 459. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  460. 460. Tokyo, Japan
  461. 461. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  462. 462. Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
  463. 463. Public Health Dentistry Department
  464. 464. Department of Public Health, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  465. 465. Department of Biomedical Sciences
  466. 466. Department of Psychology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  467. 467. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  468. 468. Department of Physical Education, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  469. 469. School of Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, FlorianA³polis, Brazil
  470. 470. Medicine Service, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  471. 471. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  472. 472. Department of Epidemiology, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, British Indian Ocean Territory
  473. 473. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  474. 474. Department No 16, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  475. 475. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics
  476. 476. Therapeutic Department, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  477. 477. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  478. 478. Madrid, Spain
  479. 479. Institute for Leadership and Health Management
  480. 480. Hull York Medical School, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  481. 481. Division of Community Medicine, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  482. 482. Department of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  483. 483. Department of Cardiology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  484. 484. Schiller Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  485. 485. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Boston College, Boston, MA, United States
  486. 486. Barcelona, Spain
  487. 487. Department of Statistics
  488. 488. National Institute of Epidemiology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, India
  489. 489. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  490. 490. Bergen, Norway
  491. 491. Cancer Control Center
  492. 492. School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  493. 493. Department of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  494. 494. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  495. 495. Research and Development Center for Humanities and Health Management, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  496. 496. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  497. 497. Faculty of Biomedical Engeneering, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  498. 498. 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
  499. 499. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  500. 500. Modestum, University of SA£o Paulo, RibeirA£o Preto, Brazil
  501. 501. London, United Kingdom
  502. 502. Department of Community Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  503. 503. Department of Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  504. 504. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  505. 505. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  506. 506. Buenos Aires, Argentina
  507. 507. Laboratory of Toxicology
  508. 508. Epidemiology Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  509. 509. UKK Institute, Tampere, Havana, Cuba, Finland
  510. 510. Raffles Neuroscience Centre
  511. 511. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
  512. 512. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  513. 513. Department of Psychopharmacology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
  514. 514. Faculty of Information Technology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
  515. 515. Foundation University Medical College, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  516. 516. Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  517. 517. Department of Community Medicine, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  518. 518. Division of Cardiology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  519. 519. Division of Cardiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  520. 520. Department of Public Health, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  521. 521. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
  522. 522. Health Services Management Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  523. 523. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics
  524. 524. Human Anatomy Unit, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  525. 525. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  526. 526. Department of Public Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  527. 527. Department of Health care Management and Economics, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  528. 528. School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  529. 529. Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  530. 530. Addictology Department, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  531. 531. Pediatrics Department
  532. 532. Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  533. 533. Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  534. 534. Health Technology Assessment Unit
  535. 535. #MentalHealthPH, Department of Health Philippines, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines
  536. 536. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  537. 537. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

Source: The Lancet Published:2021


Abstract

Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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