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Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic Patterns in Prevalence of Smoking Tobacco Use and Attributable Disease Burden in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990A€“2019: A Systematic Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Reitsma MB1 ; Kendrick PJ1 ; Ababneh E5 ; Abbafati C9 ; Abbasikangevari M11 ; Abdoli A12 ; Abedi A13 ; Abhilash ES15 ; Abila DB16, 17 ; Aboyans V18, 19 ; Aburmeileh NM21 ; Adebayo OM22 ; Advani SM25, 26 ; Aghaali M27 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Reitsma MB1
  2. Kendrick PJ1
  3. Ababneh E5
  4. Abbafati C9
  5. Abbasikangevari M11
  6. Abdoli A12
  7. Abedi A13
  8. Abhilash ES15
  9. Abila DB16, 17
  10. Aboyans V18, 19
  11. Aburmeileh NM21
  12. Adebayo OM22
  13. Advani SM25, 26
  14. Aghaali M27
  15. Ahinkorah BO28
  16. Ahmad S30
  17. Ahmadi K31
  18. Ahmed H32
  19. Aji B33
  20. Akunna CJ34
  21. Alaly Z35, 36
  22. Alanzi TM37
  23. Alhabib KF40
  24. Ali L42
  25. Alipour V47, 48
  26. Aljunid SM53, 54
  27. Alla F55
  28. Allebeck P56
  29. Alvisguzman N58, 59
  30. Amin TT60
  31. Amini S61
  32. Amu H64
  33. Ancuceanu R67
  34. Anderson JA1
  35. Ansarimoghaddam A69
  36. Antonio CAT70, 71
  37. Antony B72
  38. Anvari D74
  39. Arabloo J47
  40. Arian ND1
  41. Arora M75
  42. Asaad M79
  43. Ausloos M80
  44. Awan AT82, 83
  45. Ayano G84
  46. Aynalem GL85
  47. Badiye AD93
  48. Baig AA94
  49. Bakhshaei MH96
  50. Banach M98, 99
  51. Banik PC101
  52. Barkercollo SL102
  53. Barnighausen TW103, 105
  54. Barqawi HJ109
  55. Basu S106
  56. Bayati M114
  57. Bazarganhejazi S117, 118
  58. Behzadifar M119
  59. Bekuma TT120
  60. Bennett DA121
  61. Bensenor IM122
  62. Berfield KSS2, 125
  63. Bhagavathula AS126, 127
  64. Bhardwaj N128
  65. Bhardwaj P129, 130
  66. Bhattacharyya K133
  67. Bibi S134
  68. Bijani A135
  69. Bintoro BS136
  70. Biondi A137
  71. Birara S138
  72. Braithwaite D139
  73. Brenner H142
  74. Brunoni AR122, 123
  75. Burkart K1
  76. Butt ZA143, 144
  77. Caetano Dos Santos FL145
  78. Camera LA146, 147
  79. Car J112
  80. Cardenas R150
  81. Carreras G152
  82. Carrero JJ57
  83. Castaldellimaia JM123
  84. Cattaruzza MS10
  85. Chang JC153, 154
  86. Chen S103
  87. Cirillo M161
  88. Costa VM162
  89. Couto RAS163
  90. Dadras O165, 166
  91. Dai X1
  92. Damasceno AAM167
  93. Damiani G168, 169
  94. Dandona L1, 77
  95. Dandona R1, 77
  96. Daneshpajouhnejad P174
  97. Darega Gela J177
  98. Davletov K178
  99. Derbew Molla M86
  100. Dessie GA179
  101. Desta AA87
  102. Dharmaratne SD1, 3, 181
  103. Dianatinasab M182
  104. Diaz D183
  105. Do HT185
  106. Douiri A187
  107. Duncan BB188
  108. Duraes AR189, 190
  109. Eagan AW107
  110. Ebrahimi Kalan M192
  111. Edvardsson K193
  112. Elbarazi I127
  113. El Tantawi M194
  114. Esmaeilnejad S195, 196
  115. Fadhil I197
  116. Farwati M6, 200
  117. Farzadfar F201
  118. Fazlzadeh M206
  119. Feigin VL1, 208, 210
  120. Feldman R1
  121. Fernandez Prendes C211, 212
  122. Ferrara P214
  123. Filip I215
  124. Filippidis F111
  125. Fischer F217
  126. Flor LS218, 219, 220
  127. Foigt NA221
  128. Folayan MO222
  129. Foroutan M222, 223
  130. Gad MM7, 23, 222, 224
  131. Gaidhane AM222, 225
  132. Gallus S226
  133. Geberemariyam BS227
  134. Ghafourifard M228
  135. Ghajar A234
  136. Ghashghaee A49
  137. Giampaoli S235
  138. Gill PS236
  139. Glozah FN237
  140. Gnedovskaya EV209
  141. Golechha M238
  142. Gopalani SV240
  143. Gorini G151
  144. Goudarzi H241
  145. Greaves F112
  146. Guha A170
  147. Guo Y245
  148. Gupta B246
  149. Gupta R247
  150. Gupta T252
  151. Gupta V1
  152. Hafezinejad N203, 253
  153. Haider MR255
  154. Hamadeh RR256
  155. Hankey GJ257, 258
  156. Hartono RK261
  157. Hassankhani H262
  158. Hay SI1, 3
  159. Heidari G264
  160. Herteliu C81
  161. Hezam K266, 267
  162. Hird TR268
  163. Hole MK269
  164. Holla R90, 536
  165. Hosseinzadeh M47
  166. Hostiuc S68
  167. Househ M271
  168. Hsiao T1
  169. Huang J272
  170. Iannucci VC1
  171. Ibitoye SE273
  172. Idrisov B274, 275
  173. Ilesanmi OS23
  174. Ilic IM276
  175. Ilic MD278
  176. Inbaraj LR280
  177. Islam JY62, 76
  178. Islam RM45
  179. Islami F285
  180. Iso H286
  181. Itumalla R287
  182. Iwagami M288
  183. Jaafari J292
  184. Jain V8
  185. Jakovljevic M279, 293
  186. Janjani H202, 301
  187. Jayaram S86, 113
  188. Jeemon P302
  189. Jha RP303, 304
  190. Jonas JB104, 305
  191. Joo T306
  192. Jarisson M307
  193. Kabir A50
  194. Kabir Z308
  195. Kanchan T92, 124
  196. Kandel H283, 309
  197. Kapoor N93
  198. Katikireddi SV310
  199. Kebede HK311
  200. Kelkay B88
  201. Kennedy RD312
  202. Khoja AT53, 161
  203. Khubchandani J313
  204. Kimokoti RW317
  205. Kivimaki M157, 318
  206. Kosen S320
  207. Koulmane Laxminarayana SL321
  208. Koyanagi A322
  209. Krishan K324
  210. Kugbey N325, 326
  211. Kumar N47, 537
  212. Kurmi OP327, 328
  213. Kusuma D330
  214. Lacey B121
  215. Lam JO332
  216. Landires I333
  217. Lasrado S336
  218. Lauriola P337
  219. Leung J339
  220. Li S46
  221. Lin H340
  222. Linn S341
  223. Liu W342
  224. Lopez AD1, 3, 343
  225. Lopukhov PD346
  226. Lorkowski S348, 349
  227. Lugo A226
  228. Majeed A112
  229. Maleki A202, 350
  230. Malekzadeh R115, 204
  231. Malta DC351
  232. Mamun AA352
  233. Manjunatha N353
  234. Mansouri B295
  235. Mansournia MA89
  236. Martinezraga J354, 355
  237. Martini S260
  238. Mathur MR358
  239. Medinasolas CE359
  240. Mehata S360, 361
  241. Mendoza W362
  242. Menezes RG38
  243. Meretoja A344, 363
  244. Meretoja TJ319, 364
  245. Miazgowski B365, 366
  246. Michalek IM367
  247. Miller TR84, 368
  248. Mirrakhimov EM369, 370
  249. Mirzaei H371
  250. Mirzaeialavijeh M296
  251. Misra S131
  252. Moghadaszadeh M231, 232
  253. Mohammad Y6, 14
  254. Mohammadianhafshejani A372
  255. Mohammed S103
  256. Mokdad AH1, 3
  257. Monasta L374
  258. Moni MA375
  259. Moradi G89, 122
  260. Moradilakeh M51
  261. Moradzadeh R62
  262. Morrison SD378
  263. Mossie TB123
  264. Mubarik S379
  265. Mullany EC1
  266. Murray CJL1
  267. Naghavi M1
  268. Naghshtabrizi B97
  269. Nair S380
  270. Nalini M204
  271. Nangia V383
  272. Narasimha Swamy S385
  273. Naveed M386
  274. Nayak S91
  275. Nayak VC92
  276. Nazari J63
  277. Nduaguba SO140
  278. Nguyen CT388
  279. Nguyen HLT388
  280. Nguyen SH389
  281. Nguyen TH389
  282. Nixon MR1
  283. Nnaji CA391, 392
  284. Norrving B394
  285. Nowak C396
  286. Ogbo FA397
  287. Oguntade AS24, 158, 430
  288. Olagunju AT329, 399
  289. Oren E4
  290. Otstavnov N401
  291. Otstavnov SS401, 402
  292. Owolabi MO24
  293. Pakhale S404
  294. Pakshir K116
  295. Palladino R112, 161
  296. Pana A81
  297. Pandajonas S104
  298. Pandey A406
  299. Parekh U408
  300. Pashazadeh Kan F52
  301. Patton GC63, 410
  302. Pawar S411
  303. Pestell RG412, 413
  304. Pinheiro M164
  305. Piradov MA210
  306. Pirouzpanah S233
  307. Pokhrel KN414
  308. Polibin RV347
  309. Prashant A415
  310. Pribadi DRA416
  311. Radfar A417
  312. Rahimimovaghar V205
  313. Rahman A419
  314. Rahmani AM422, 423
  315. Rajai N8, 44
  316. Ram P424
  317. Ranabhat CL425, 426
  318. Rathi P90
  319. Rawal L427
  320. Renzaho AMN428, 429
  321. Rezapour A47
  322. Riahi SM431
  323. Roever L432
  324. Ronfani L374
  325. Roshandel G433
  326. Roy A434
  327. Roy B435
  328. Sacco S436
  329. Saddik B110
  330. Sahebkar A231, 437
  331. Salimzadeh H204
  332. Samaei M438
  333. Samy AM439
  334. Santos IS122
  335. Santricmilicevic MM276, 277
  336. Sarrafzadegan N175, 441
  337. Sathian B442
  338. Sawhney M444
  339. Saylan M445
  340. Schaub MP446
  341. Schmidt MI188
  342. Schneider IJC447
  343. Schutte AE376, 448, 449
  344. Schwendicke F450
  345. Senthil Kumar N453
  346. Sepanlou SG115, 204
  347. Seylani A454
  348. Shafaat O176, 253
  349. Shah SM127
  350. Shaikh MA456
  351. Shalash AS440
  352. Shannawaz M23, 47
  353. Sharafi K298
  354. Sheikh A108
  355. Sheikhbahaei S253
  356. Shigematsu M459
  357. Shiri R461
  358. Shishani K462
  359. Shivakumar KM463
  360. Shivalli S291
  361. Shrestha R8, 45
  362. Siabani S29
  363. Sidemo NB464
  364. Sigfusdottir ID466, 467
  365. Sigurvinsdottir R466
  366. Silva DAS468
  367. Silva JP162
  368. Singh A72
  369. Singh JA469, 470
  370. Singh V471
  371. Sinha DN472
  372. Sitas F284, 377
  373. Skryabin VY474
  374. Skryabina AA476
  375. Soboka M123
  376. Soriano JB477, 478
  377. Soroush A300
  378. Soshnikov S275, 479
  379. Soyiri IN480
  380. Spurlock EE1
  381. Sreeramareddy CT481
  382. Stein DJ390
  383. Steiropoulos P482
  384. Stortecky S483
  385. Straif K485
  386. Suliankatchi Abdulkader R487, 488
  387. Sulo G489
  388. Sundstram J213, 448, 449
  389. Tabuchi T491
  390. Tadakamadla SK492
  391. Taddele BW493
  392. Tadesse EG465
  393. Tamiru AT88
  394. Tareke M123
  395. Tareque MI494
  396. Tarigan IU495
  397. Temsah MH41
  398. Thankappan KR496
  399. Thapar R537
  400. Tichopad A497
  401. Tolani MA2, 3
  402. Topouzis F498
  403. Tovanipalone MR160, 499, 500, 501
  404. Tran BX48
  405. Tripathy JP502
  406. Tsegaye GW180
  407. Tsilimparis N503
  408. Tymeson HD1
  409. Ullah A43, 473
  410. Ullah S134
  411. Unim B504
  412. Updike RL1
  413. Vacante M137
  414. Valdez PR148, 505
  415. Vardavas C507
  416. Varona Parez P508
  417. Vasankari TJ509
  418. Venketasubramanian N510, 511
  419. Verma M512
  420. Vetrova MV513
  421. Vo B514
  422. Vu GT389
  423. Waheed Y515
  424. Welding K254
  425. Werdecker A516
  426. Whisnant JL1
  427. Wickramasinghe ND517
  428. Yamagishi K166, 289
  429. Yandrapalli S518, 519
  430. Yatsuya H520, 521
  431. Yazdifeyzabadi V522, 523
  432. Yeshaw Y89
  433. Yimmer MZ524
  434. Yonemoto N525, 526
  435. Yu C379
  436. Yunusa I105, 248
  437. Yusefzadeh H527
  438. Zahirian Moghadam T207
  439. Zaman MS528
  440. Zamanian M62
  441. Zandian H207
  442. Zar HJ393, 529
  443. Zastrozhin MS475, 530
  444. Zastrozhina A531
  445. Zavalaarciniega L430
  446. Zhang J345, 532, 533
  447. Zhang ZJ203
  448. Zhong C272
  449. Gakidou E1
  450. Anderson JA1
  451. Feldman R1
  452. Gupta V1
  453. Hsiao T1
  454. Murray CJL1
  455. Naghavi M1
  456. Tolani MA2, 3
  457. Dandona R1, 77
  458. Gupta V1
  459. Murray CJL1
  460. Naghavi M1
  461. Gakidou E1
  462. Oren E4
  463. Jain V8
  464. Mohammad Y6, 14
  465. Siabani S29
  466. Menezes RG38
  467. Shrestha R8, 45
  468. Li S46
  469. Arabloo J47
  470. Kumar N47, 537
  471. Ghashghaee A49
  472. Allebeck P56
  473. Carrero JJ57
  474. Amini S61
  475. Moradzadeh R62
  476. Zamanian M62
  477. Nazari J63
  478. Amu H64
  479. Amul GH65, 66
  480. Ancuceanu R67
  481. Faraon EA70
  482. Antony B72
  483. Singh A72
  484. Anvari D74
  485. Arora M75
  486. Kumar G77
  487. Arora M75
  488. Asaad M79
  489. Ausloos M80
  490. Ausloos M80
  491. Herteliu C81
  492. Pana A81
  493. Aynalem GL85
  494. Yeshaw Y89
  495. Rathi P90
  496. Riaz Mcom MA95
  497. Chen S103
  498. Mohammed S103
  499. Basu S106
  500. Sheikh A108
  501. Car J112
  502. Greaves F112
  503. Jayaram S86, 113
  504. Behzadifar M119
  505. Lacey B121
  506. Moradi G89, 122
  507. Santos IS122
  508. Kanchan T92, 124
  509. Santos IS122
  510. Shah SM127
  511. Bhardwaj N128
  512. Misra S131
  513. Bhattacharyya K133
  514. Bibi S134
  515. Ullah S134
  516. Birara S138
  517. Braithwaite D139
  518. Basu S106
  519. Braithwaite D139
  520. Car J112
  521. Gorini G151
  522. Chu D155
  523. Chung S156
  524. Chung S156
  525. Cirillo M161
  526. Silva JP162
  527. Pinheiro M164
  528. Guha A170
  529. Dandona L1, 77
  530. Dandona L1, 77
  531. Tsegaye GW180
  532. Diaz D183
  533. Diaz D183
  534. Do HT185
  535. Do HT185
  536. Douiri A187
  537. Lee D161, 187, 315
  538. Schmidt MI188
  539. Eagan AW107
  540. Fadhil I197
  541. Farinha CSE198, 199
  542. Nalini M204
  543. Zahirian Moghadam T207
  544. Zandian H207
  545. Gnedovskaya EV209
  546. Filip I215
  547. Fischer F217
  548. Gaidhane AM222, 225
  549. Naqvi A39
  550. Karimi S207, 229
  551. Moradi G89, 122
  552. Moghadaszadeh M231, 232
  553. Pirouzpanah S233
  554. Ghajar A234
  555. Giampaoli S235
  556. Hostiuc S68
  557. Gill PS236
  558. Golechha M238
  559. Gopalani SV240
  560. Goudarzi H241
  561. Goudarzi H241
  562. Greaves F112
  563. Guha A170
  564. Guo Y245
  565. Gupta B246
  566. Gupta R247
  567. Gupta R247
  568. Gupta R247
  569. Gupta R247
  570. Gupta T252
  571. Sheikhbahaei S253
  572. Welding K254
  573. Hargono Dr A259
  574. Martini S260
  575. Hassankhani H262
  576. Irvani SN262, 263
  577. Hassankhani H262
  578. Heidari G264
  579. Herteliu C81
  580. Hezam K266, 267
  581. Hird TR268
  582. Hostiuc S68
  583. Huang J272
  584. Zhong C272
  585. Islam S281, 282
  586. Islami F285
  587. Iso H286
  588. Iwagami M288
  589. Iwagami M288
  590. Shivalli S291
  591. Jaafari J292
  592. Jang S294
  593. Mansouri B295
  594. Nalini M204
  595. Siabani S29
  596. Jeemon P302
  597. Joo T306
  598. Kennedy RD312
  599. Khubchandani J313
  600. Kim G314
  601. Park E314
  602. Naghshtabrizi B97
  603. Park E314
  604. Kim Y316
  605. Kosen S320
  606. Koyanagi A322
  607. Koyanagi A322
  608. Krishan K324
  609. Kugbey N325, 326
  610. Olagunju AT329, 399
  611. Kusuma D330
  612. Lacey B121
  613. Lam JO332
  614. Landires I333
  615. Landires I333
  616. Landires I333
  617. Lasrado S336
  618. Lee Y338
  619. Lin H340
  620. Liu W342
  621. Zhang J345, 532, 533
  622. Lopukhov PD346
  623. Malta DC351
  624. Manjunatha N353
  625. Martini S260
  626. Mehata S360, 361
  627. Mendoza W362
  628. Mohammed S103
  629. Schutte AE376, 448, 449
  630. Morrison SD378
  631. Mubarik S379
  632. Yu C379
  633. Nair S380
  634. Nair S380
  635. Nair S380
  636. Naqvi A39
  637. Neupane Kandel S387
  638. Nguyen CT388
  639. Nguyen HLT388
  640. Nguyen SH389
  641. Nguyen TH389
  642. Zar HJ393, 529
  643. Noubiap J395
  644. Nowak C396
  645. Oh I398
  646. Oren E4
  647. Pana A81
  648. Pandey A406
  649. Pandey A406
  650. Parekh U408
  651. Park E314
  652. Pawar S411
  653. Rahman A419
  654. Rahman M420
  655. Rahman M420
  656. Ram P424
  657. Roever L432
  658. Roy A434
  659. Roy B435
  660. Sacco S436
  661. Samaei M438
  662. Shalash AS440
  663. Sathian B442
  664. Sawhney M444
  665. Saylan M445
  666. Schneider IJC447
  667. Schwendicke F450
  668. Seidu Mphil A451, 452
  669. Senthil Kumar N453
  670. Shah SM127
  671. Shaikh MA456
  672. Shaikh MA456
  673. Sheikh A108
  674. Shigematsu M459
  675. Shigematsu M459
  676. Shiri R461
  677. Sinha DN472
  678. Ullah A43, 473
  679. Stortecky S483
  680. Straif K485
  681. Straif K485
  682. Sulo G489
  683. Sulo G489
  684. Tarigan IU495
  685. Tripathy JP502
  686. Tsilimparis N503
  687. Vardavas C507
  688. Vetrova MV513
  689. Vo B514
  690. Waheed Y515
  691. Werdecker A516
  692. Yandrapalli S518, 519
  693. Yatsuya H520, 521
  694. Zaman MS528
  695. Zuniga YH534, 535

Source: The Lancet Published:2021


Abstract

Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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