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Assessing Performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, Overall and by Select Age Groups, for 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: A Systematic Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Haakenstad A1, 5 ; Yearwood JA12 ; Fullman N1 ; Bintz C1 ; Bienhoff K1 ; Weaver MR1, 2 ; Nandakumar V1 ; Joffe JN1 ; Legrand KE1 ; Knight M1 ; Abbafati C13 ; Abbasikangevari M14 ; Abdoli A21 ; Zuniga RAA22, 23 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Haakenstad A1, 5
  2. Yearwood JA12
  3. Fullman N1
  4. Bintz C1
  5. Bienhoff K1
  6. Weaver MR1, 2
  7. Nandakumar V1
  8. Joffe JN1
  9. Legrand KE1
  10. Knight M1
  11. Abbafati C13
  12. Abbasikangevari M14
  13. Abdoli A21
  14. Zuniga RAA22, 23
  15. Adedeji IA24
  16. Adekanmbi V25
  17. Adetokunboh OO27, 28
  18. Afzal MS29
  19. Afzal S30, 31
  20. Agudelobotero M32
  21. Ahinkorah BO34
  22. Ahmad S36
  23. Ahmadi A37, 39
  24. Ahmadi S40
  25. Ahmed A43, 44
  26. Rashid TA45
  27. Aji B46
  28. Akandesholabi W47
  29. Alam K52
  30. Hamad HA50, 51
  31. Alhassan RK53
  32. Ali L56
  33. Alipour V58, 59
  34. Aljunid SM63, 64
  35. Ameyaw EK65
  36. Amin TT66
  37. Amu H54
  38. Amugsi DA67
  39. Ancuceanu R68
  40. Andrade PP71, 72
  41. Anjum A73
  42. Arabloo J58
  43. Arabzozani M74
  44. Ariffin H76, 77
  45. Arulappan J78
  46. Aryan Z6, 14
  47. Ashraf T79
  48. Atnafu DD82
  49. Atreya A83
  50. Ausloos M84, 85
  51. Avilaburgos L86
  52. Ayano G87, 88
  53. Ayanore MA55, 89
  54. Azari S60
  55. Badiye AD90
  56. Baig AA91
  57. Bairwa M92
  58. Bakkannavar SM93
  59. Baliga S98
  60. Banik PC102
  61. Barnighausen TW7, 103
  62. Barra F104
  63. Barrow A107, 108
  64. Basu S8, 109
  65. Bayati M114
  66. Belete R116
  67. Bell AW9, 117
  68. Bhagat DS118
  69. Bhagavathula AS119
  70. Bhardwaj P121, 122
  71. Bhardwaj N120
  72. Bhaskar S125, 126
  73. Bhattacharyya K127, 128
  74. Bhutta ZA129, 130
  75. Bibi S131
  76. Bijani A132
  77. Bikbov B133
  78. Biondi A134
  79. Bolarinwa OA136
  80. Bonny A137, 138
  81. Brenner H139
  82. Buonsenso D140, 141
  83. Burkart K1, 2
  84. Busse R141
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  86. Butt NS143
  87. Dos Santos FLC147
  88. Cahuanahurtado L148
  89. Camera LA149, 150
  90. Cardenas R152
  91. Carneiro VLA153, 155
  92. Catalalopez F156, 157
  93. Chandan JS158
  94. Charan J123
  95. Chavan PP159
  96. Chen S103
  97. Chen S103
  98. Choudhari SG163
  99. Chowdhury EK88, 164
  100. Chowdhury MAK169, 171
  101. Cirillo M173
  102. Corso B174
  103. Dadras O175, 176
  104. Dahlawi SMA177
  105. Dai X1, 2
  106. Dandona L1, 180, 181
  107. Dandona R1, 2, 180, 181
  108. Dangel WJ1
  109. Davilacervantes CA182
  110. Davletov K183
  111. Deuba K184, 185
  112. Dhimal M189
  113. Dhimal ML187, 188
  114. Djalalinia S190
  115. Do HP191
  116. Doshmangir L192
  117. Duncan BB195
  118. Effiong A196
  119. Ehsanichimeh E15
  120. Elgendy IY10, 199
  121. Elhadi M200
  122. El Sayed I197
  123. El Tantawi M198
  124. Erku DA201
  125. Eskandarieh S16
  126. Fares J203
  127. Farzadfar F14
  128. Ferrero S105
  129. Desideri LF106
  130. Fischer F204
  131. Foigt NA205
  132. Foroutan M206, 207
  133. Fukumoto T208
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  136. Gardner WM1
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  138. Obsa AG214
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  140. Ghashghaee A215
  141. Ghith N218
  142. Gilani SA80, 219
  143. Gill PS220
  144. Goharinezhad S61
  145. Golechha M221
  146. Guadamuz JS222
  147. Guo Y165, 223
  148. Gupta RD170, 171
  149. Gupta R224, 225
  150. Gupta VK227
  151. Gupta VB226
  152. Hamiduzzaman M229
  153. Hanif A81
  154. Haro JM230, 231
  155. Hasaballah AI232
  156. Hasan MM166
  157. Hasan MT233, 234
  158. Hashi A235
  159. Hay SI1, 2
  160. Hayat K236, 237
  161. Heidari M38
  162. Heidari G238
  163. Henry NJ239
  164. Herteliu C85, 241
  165. Holla R99
  166. Hossain S243
  167. Hossain SJ244
  168. Hossain MBH242
  169. Hosseinzadeh M246, 247
  170. Hostiuc S69, 249
  171. Hoveidamanesh S250
  172. Hsieh VCR251
  173. Hu G252
  174. Huang J253
  175. Huda MM254
  176. Ifeagwu SC256
  177. Ikuta KS1, 3
  178. Ilesanmi OS48, 257
  179. Irvani SSN258
  180. Islam RM165
  181. Islam SMS259, 260
  182. Ismail NE262
  183. Iso H263
  184. Isola G134
  185. Itumalla R265
  186. Iwagami M266, 268
  187. Jahani MA132
  188. Jahanmehr N41, 42
  189. Jain R272, 273
  190. Jakovljevic M274, 275
  191. Janodia MD94
  192. Jayapal SK276
  193. Jayaram S277
  194. Jha RP278, 279
  195. Jonas JB280, 281
  196. Joo T209
  197. Joseph N100
  198. Jurisson M282
  199. Kabir A62
  200. Kalankesh LR194
  201. Kalhor R216, 217
  202. Kamath AM4
  203. Kamenov K283
  204. Kandel H261, 284
  205. Kantar RS285, 286
  206. Kapoor N90
  207. Karanikolos M269, 270
  208. Katikireddi SV287
  209. Kavetskyy T288, 289
  210. Kawakami N290
  211. Kayode GA291, 292
  212. Keikavoosiarani L293
  213. Keykhaei M14, 17
  214. Khader YS294
  215. Khajuria H295
  216. Khalilov R296, 297
  217. Khammarnia M298
  218. Khan MN299
  219. Khan MAB301, 302
  220. Khan M300
  221. Khezeli M303
  222. Kim MS304, 305
  223. Kim YJ306
  224. Kisa S309
  225. Kisa A307, 308
  226. Klymchuk V310, 311
  227. Koly KN245, 271
  228. Korzh O312
  229. Kosen S313
  230. Koul PA314
  231. Defo BK315, 316
  232. Kumar GA180
  233. Kusuma D110, 317
  234. Kyu HH1, 2
  235. Larsson AO318, 319
  236. Lasrado S320
  237. Lee WC26
  238. Lee YH321
  239. Lee CB251
  240. Li S167
  241. Lucchetti G322
  242. Mahajan PB323
  243. Majeed A111
  244. Makki A324
  245. Malekzadeh R18, 115
  246. Malik AA81, 144
  247. Malta DC325
  248. Mansournia MA19
  249. Mantovani LG328, 329
  250. Martinezvalle A33, 330
  251. Martinsmelo FR331
  252. Masoumi SZ332
  253. Mathur MR179, 333
  254. Maude RJ240, 334
  255. Maulik PK161, 335
  256. Mckee M270
  257. Mendoza W337
  258. Menezes RG178
  259. Mensah GA338, 339
  260. Meretoja A340, 342
  261. Meretoja TJ341, 344
  262. Mestrovic T1, 345
  263. Michalek IM346
  264. Mirrakhimov EM347, 348
  265. Misganaw A2, 349
  266. Misra S124
  267. Moazen B103, 350
  268. Mohammadi M351
  269. Mohammed S142, 352
  270. Moitra M1
  271. Mokdad AH1, 2
  272. Molokhia M353
  273. Monasta L355
  274. Moni MA255
  275. Moradi G356, 357
  276. Moreira RS358, 359
  277. Mosser JF1
  278. Mostafavi E360, 361
  279. Mouodi S132
  280. Nagarajan AJ362, 363
  281. Nagata C364
  282. Naghavi M1, 2
  283. Nangia V365
  284. Swamy SN366
  285. Narayana AI95
  286. Nascimento BR326, 327
  287. Nassereldine H1
  288. Nayak BP295
  289. Nazari J367
  290. Negoi I70, 368
  291. Nepal S369
  292. Kandel SN370
  293. Ngunjiri JW371
  294. Nguyen HLT372
  295. Nguyen CT372
  296. Ningrum DNA373, 374
  297. Noubiap JJ375
  298. Oancea B377
  299. Oghenetega OB49
  300. Oh IH378
  301. Olagunju AT379, 380
  302. Olakunde BO381
  303. Bali AO248
  304. Omer E382
  305. Onwujekwe OE383
  306. Otoiu A85
  307. Padubidri JR93
  308. Palladino R111, 173
  309. Pana A85, 384
  310. Pandajonas S385
  311. Pandiperumal SR386
  312. Pardhan S387
  313. Pasupula DK388
  314. Pathak PK389, 390
  315. Patton GC343, 391
  316. Pawar S392
  317. Pereira J393
  318. Pilania M394
  319. Piroozi B356
  320. Podder V376, 395
  321. Pokhrel KN396
  322. Postma MJ397, 398
  323. Prada SI399, 400
  324. Syed ZQ163
  325. Rabiee N228, 401
  326. Radhakrishnan RA95
  327. Rahman MM402
  328. Rahman M403
  329. Rahman M403
  330. Ur Rahman MH404
  331. Rahmani AM405
  332. Ranabhat CL186, 406
  333. Rao CR96
  334. Rao SJ407
  335. Rasella D408
  336. Rawaf S111, 410
  337. Rawaf DL112, 409
  338. Rawal L411
  339. Renzaho AMN412
  340. Reshmi B97, 413
  341. Resnikoff S162, 414
  342. Rezapour A58
  343. Riahi SM75
  344. Ripon RK73
  345. Sacco S415
  346. Sadeghi M416
  347. Saeed U417, 418
  348. Sahebkar A419, 420
  349. Sahiledengle B421
  350. Sahoo H422
  351. Sahu M1
  352. Salama JS1
  353. Salamati P20
  354. Samy AM423
  355. Sanabria J424, 425
  356. Santricmilicevic MM426, 427
  357. Sathian B50, 428
  358. Sawhney M429
  359. Schmidt MI195
  360. Seidu AA430, 431
  361. Sepanlou SG18, 115
  362. Seylani A432
  363. Shaikh MA433
  364. Sheikh A11, 434
  365. Shetty A101
  366. Shigematsu M435
  367. Shiri R436
  368. Shivakumar KM437
  369. Shokri A356
  370. Singh JA438, 439
  371. Sinha DN440, 441
  372. Skryabin VY442
  373. Skryabina AA443
  374. Sofimahmudi A444, 445
  375. Sousa RARC154
  376. Stephens JH446
  377. Sun J35, 202
  378. Szocska M210
  379. Tabaresseisdedos R447, 448
  380. Tadbiri H449
  381. Tamiru AT450
  382. Thankappan KR451
  383. Topormadry R452
  384. Tovanipalone MR453, 454, 455
  385. Tran MTN457, 458
  386. Tran BX456
  387. Tripathi N459
  388. Tripathy JP460
  389. Troeger CE1
  390. Uezono DR461, 462
  391. Ullah S131
  392. Ullah A57
  393. Unnikrishnan B99
  394. Vacante M134
  395. Tahbaz SV463, 464
  396. Valdez PR151, 465
  397. Vasic M466
  398. Veroux M135
  399. Vervoort D449
  400. Violante FS467, 468
  401. Vladimirov SK469, 470
  402. Vlassov V471
  403. Vo B472
  404. Waheed Y473
  405. Wamai RG474, 475
  406. Wang YP354
  407. Wang Y476
  408. Ward P477
  409. Wiangkham T478
  410. Yadav L336, 479
  411. Jabbari SHY463
  412. Yamagishi K264, 267
  413. Yaya S113, 480
  414. Yazdifeyzabadi V481, 482
  415. Yi S483, 484
  416. Yigit V485
  417. Yonemoto N486, 487
  418. Younis MZ488, 489
  419. Yu C490
  420. Yunusa I172
  421. Zaman SB168, 244
  422. Zastrozhin MS492, 493
  423. Zhang ZJ491
  424. Zhong C253
  425. Zuniga YMH461, 494
  426. Lim SS1, 2
  427. Murray CJL1, 2
  428. Lozano R1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  6. 6. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  7. 7. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  8. 8. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  9. 9. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  10. 10. Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  11. 11. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  12. 12. Department of Nutrition, Gates Ventures, Seattle, WA, United States
  13. 13. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  14. 14. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. National Institute for Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  22. 22. Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
  23. 23. National Research Council of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  24. 24. Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  25. 25. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  26. 26. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  27. 27. DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  28. 28. Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  29. 29. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  30. 30. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  31. 31. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  32. 32. Center for Policy, Population & Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  33. 33. Health Policy and Population Research Center (CIPPS), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  34. 34. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  35. 35. School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  36. 36. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  37. 37. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  38. 38. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Virtual School of Medical Education & Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  44. 44. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid i Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  45. 45. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  46. 46. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  47. 47. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  48. 48. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  49. 49. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  50. 50. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  51. 51. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  52. 52. Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
  53. 53. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  54. 54. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  55. 55. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  56. 56. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  57. 57. Multidisciplinary Department, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  58. 58. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  61. 61. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
  64. 64. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  65. 65. School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  66. 66. Public Heath Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  67. 67. Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  68. 68. Department of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  69. 69. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  70. 70. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  71. 71. Universal Health Coverage Health System Strengthening Cluster, WHO Country Office Sao Tome and Priencipe, Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe
  72. 72. Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  73. 73. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  74. 74. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  75. 75. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  76. 76. Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  77. 77. University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  78. 78. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  79. 79. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  80. 80. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  81. 81. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  82. 82. Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  83. 83. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  84. 84. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  85. 85. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  86. 86. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  87. 87. School of Indigenous Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  88. 88. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  89. 89. Department of Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana
  90. 90. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  91. 91. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  92. 92. Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  93. 93. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  94. 94. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  95. 95. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  96. 96. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  97. 97. Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  98. 98. Department of Microbiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  99. 99. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  100. 100. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  101. 101. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  102. 102. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  103. 103. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  104. 104. Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  105. 105. Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  106. 106. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  107. 107. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of the Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  108. 108. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  109. 109. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  110. 110. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  111. 111. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  112. 112. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  113. 113. The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  114. 114. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  115. 115. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  116. 116. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  117. 117. Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  118. 118. Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India
  119. 119. Department of Health, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
  120. 120. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  121. 121. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  122. 122. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  123. 123. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  124. 124. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  125. 125. Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  126. 126. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  127. 127. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  128. 128. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  129. 129. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  130. 130. Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  131. 131. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  132. 132. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  133. 133. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  134. 134. Department of General Surgery and Medical- Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  135. 135. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  136. 136. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  137. 137. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
  138. 138. Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil (Montfermeil Hospital Center), Montfermeil, France
  139. 139. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  140. 140. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS), Roma, Italy
  141. 141. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Roma, Italy
  142. 142. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  143. 143. Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  144. 144. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  145. 145. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  146. 146. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  147. 147. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  148. 148. School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  149. 149. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  150. 150. Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  151. 151. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  152. 152. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  153. 153. School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
  154. 154. Directive Board, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  155. 155. Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  156. 156. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  157. 157. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  158. 158. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
  160. 160. Center of Excellence for Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  161. 161. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  162. 162. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  163. 163. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  164. 164. Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  165. 165. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  166. 166. Department of Human Centred Computing, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  167. 167. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  168. 168. The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  169. 169. James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  170. 170. Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  171. 171. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  172. 172. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  173. 173. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  174. 174. Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  175. 175. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  176. 176. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  177. 177. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  178. 178. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  179. 179. Health Policy Research, Gurugram, India
  180. 180. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  181. 181. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  182. 182. Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  183. 183. Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  184. 184. National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
  185. 185. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  186. 186. Research Department, Kathmandu, Nepal
  187. 187. Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  188. 188. Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  189. 189. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  190. 190. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  191. 191. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  192. 192. Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  193. 193. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  194. 194. School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  195. 195. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  196. 196. Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  197. 197. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  198. 198. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  199. 199. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  200. 200. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  201. 201. Centre for Applied Health Economics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  202. 202. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  203. 203. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  204. 204. Institute of Public Health, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  205. 205. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  206. 206. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  207. 207. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  208. 208. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  209. 209. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  210. 210. Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  211. 211. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  212. 212. Institute of Applied Health Sciences (IAHS), University of Aberdeen, Coleraine, United Kingdom
  213. 213. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  214. 214. School of Psychology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  215. 215. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  216. 216. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  217. 217. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  218. 218. Research Group for Social Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  219. 219. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  220. 220. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  221. 221. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  222. 222. Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes, and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  223. 223. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  224. 224. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  225. 225. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  226. 226. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  227. 227. Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  228. 228. School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  229. 229. Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD, Australia
  230. 230. Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  231. 231. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  232. 232. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  233. 233. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  234. 234. ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  235. 235. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  236. 236. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  237. 237. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  238. 238. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  239. 239. Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  240. 240. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  241. 241. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  242. 242. Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  243. 243. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  244. 244. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  245. 245. Health System and Population Studies Divisions, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  246. 246. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  247. 247. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  248. 248. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  249. 249. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  250. 250. Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  251. 251. Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  252. 252. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  253. 253. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  254. 254. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  255. 255. Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  256. 256. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  257. 257. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  258. 258. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  259. 259. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  260. 260. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  261. 261. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  262. 262. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  263. 263. Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  264. 264. Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  265. 265. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  266. 266. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  267. 267. Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  268. 268. Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  269. 269. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  270. 270. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  271. 271. Center for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  272. 272. Non-communicable Disease Department, National Health Mission, Lucknow, India
  273. 273. Department of Medicine, Mahavir Sikshan Sansthan, Kanpur, India
  274. 274. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  275. 275. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  276. 276. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  277. 277. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  278. 278. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  279. 279. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  280. 280. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  281. 281. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  282. 282. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  283. 283. Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
  284. 284. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  285. 285. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York City, NY, United States
  286. 286. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  287. 287. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  288. 288. Department of Surface Engineering, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  289. 289. Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
  290. 290. Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  291. 291. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  292. 292. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  293. 293. Department of Healthcare Services Management, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  294. 294. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  295. 295. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  296. 296. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  297. 297. Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  298. 298. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  299. 299. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  300. 300. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  301. 301. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  302. 302. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  303. 303. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  304. 304. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  305. 305. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  306. 306. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  307. 307. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  308. 308. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  309. 309. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  310. 310. Community-based Services Development, Mental Health for Ukraine Project, Lviv, Ukraine
  311. 311. Laboratory of Social Psychology, Institute of Social and Political Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine
  312. 312. Department of General Practice - Family Medicine, Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  313. 313. Jakarta, Indonesia
  314. 314. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  315. 315. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  316. 316. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  317. 317. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  318. 318. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  319. 319. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  320. 320. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  321. 321. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  322. 322. School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  323. 323. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India
  324. 324. Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  325. 325. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  326. 326. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  327. 327. Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  328. 328. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  329. 329. Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Auxologico, Milan, Italy
  330. 330. Joint Learning Network for Universal Coverage, Arlington, VA, United States
  331. 331. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
  332. 332. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  333. 333. Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  334. 334. Epidemiology Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  335. 335. Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  336. 336. Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  337. 337. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  338. 338. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  339. 339. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  340. 340. Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  341. 341. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  342. 342. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  343. 343. Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  344. 344. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  345. 345. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  346. 346. Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  347. 347. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  348. 348. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  349. 349. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  350. 350. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  351. 351. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  352. 352. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  353. 353. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  354. 354. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  355. 355. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  356. 356. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  357. 357. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  358. 358. Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
  359. 359. Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
  360. 360. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  361. 361. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  362. 362. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  363. 363. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  364. 364. Department of Education for Clinical Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  365. 365. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  366. 366. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  367. 367. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  368. 368. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  369. 369. Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Palpa, Nepal
  370. 370. Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  371. 371. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  372. 372. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  373. 373. Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  374. 374. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  375. 375. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  376. 376. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  377. 377. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  378. 378. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  379. 379. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  380. 380. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  381. 381. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  382. 382. Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  383. 383. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  384. 384. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  385. 385. Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
  386. 386. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  387. 387. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  388. 388. Cardiology Department, MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center, Mason City, IA, United States
  389. 389. Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
  390. 390. Department of Geography, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
  391. 391. Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  392. 392. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  393. 393. Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  394. 394. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, India
  395. 395. Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  396. 396. HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  397. 397. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  398. 398. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  399. 399. Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundacion Valle Del Lili (Clinical Research Center, Valle Del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia
  400. 400. PROESA, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia
  401. 401. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
  402. 402. Pure Earth, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  403. 403. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  404. 404. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  405. 405. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  406. 406. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  407. 407. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, India
  408. 408. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  409. 409. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  410. 410. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  411. 411. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  412. 412. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  413. 413. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  414. 414. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  415. 415. Department of Neurology, University of l'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
  416. 416. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  417. 417. International Center of Medical Sciences and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  418. 418. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
  419. 419. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  420. 420. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  421. 421. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  422. 422. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  423. 423. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  424. 424. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  425. 425. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  426. 426. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  427. 427. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  428. 428. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  429. 429. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  430. 430. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  431. 431. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  432. 432. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  433. 433. Karachi, Pakistan
  434. 434. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  435. 435. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  436. 436. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  437. 437. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to Be University, Karad, India
  438. 438. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  439. 439. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  440. 440. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  441. 441. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  442. 442. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  443. 443. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  444. 444. Department of Oral Health, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  445. 445. Cochrane Iran Associate Centre, National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  446. 446. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
  447. 447. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  448. 448. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  449. 449. Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  450. 450. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  451. 451. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  452. 452. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  453. 453. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  454. 454. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  455. 455. Modestum, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
  456. 456. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  457. 457. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  458. 458. Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  459. 459. National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
  460. 460. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  461. 461. Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  462. 462. College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  463. 463. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  464. 464. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  465. 465. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  466. 466. Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  467. 467. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  468. 468. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  469. 469. Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare Research Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  470. 470. Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  471. 471. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  472. 472. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  473. 473. Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan
  474. 474. Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  475. 475. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  476. 476. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  477. 477. Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University - Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  478. 478. Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
  479. 479. Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  480. 480. School of International Development and Global Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  481. 481. Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  482. 482. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  483. 483. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  484. 484. Center for Population Health Research, KHANA, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  485. 485. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  486. 486. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  487. 487. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  488. 488. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  489. 489. School of Business & Economics, University Putra Maylisia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  490. 490. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  491. 491. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  492. 492. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  493. 493. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  494. 494. MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0–74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0–14 years), working (ages 15–64 years), and post-working (ages 65–74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9–21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9–24·7), working (17·2, 15·2–19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2–17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6–33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4–84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4–89·0), working (33·8–82·8), and post-working (30·4–79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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