Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Healthcare Access and Quality Index Based on Mortality From Causes Amenable to Personal Health Care in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2015: A Novel Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 Publisher Pubmed



Barber RM1 ; Fullman N1 ; Sorensen RJD1 ; Bollyky T6 ; Mckee M9 ; Nolte E7 ; Abajobir AA10 ; Abate KH14 ; Abbafati C15 ; Abbas KM16 ; Abdallah F17 ; Abdulle AM18 ; Abdurahman AA29 ; Abera SF30, 34 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Barber RM1
  2. Fullman N1
  3. Sorensen RJD1
  4. Bollyky T6
  5. Mckee M9
  6. Nolte E7
  7. Abajobir AA10
  8. Abate KH14
  9. Abbafati C15
  10. Abbas KM16
  11. Abdallah F17
  12. Abdulle AM18
  13. Abdurahman AA29
  14. Abera SF30, 34
  15. Abraham B35
  16. Abreha GF30
  17. Adane K32
  18. Adelekan AL36, 37
  19. Adetifa IMO9, 38
  20. Afshin A1
  21. Agarwal A41, 42
  22. Agarwal SK43
  23. Agarwal S44
  24. Agrawal A45, 46
  25. Ahmad Kiadaliri A47
  26. Ahmadi A50
  27. Ahmed KY51
  28. Ahmed MB13
  29. Akinyemi RO37, 52
  30. Akinyemiju TF53
  31. Akseer N39, 55
  32. Alaly Z56
  33. Alam K57, 58, 118
  34. Alam N59
  35. Alam SS60
  36. Alemu ZA51
  37. Alene KA61
  38. Alexander L1
  39. Ali R65
  40. Ali SD66, 67, 68
  41. Alizadehnavaei R69
  42. Alkerwi A71
  43. Alla F72
  44. Allebeck P73
  45. Allen C1
  46. Alraddadi R80
  47. Alsharif U82
  48. Altirkawi KA83
  49. Alvarez Martin E84
  50. Alvisguzman N85
  51. Amare AT86, 88, 200
  52. Amini E19, 20, 623
  53. Ammar W90
  54. Amoadjei J91, 92
  55. Amoako YA93
  56. Anderson BO5
  57. Androudi S95
  58. Ansari H96
  59. Ansha MG97
  60. Antonio CAT98
  61. Arnlov J74, 100
  62. Artaman A101
  63. Asayesh H102
  64. Assadi R103
  65. Astatkie A104
  66. Atey TM33
  67. Atique S105
  68. Atnafu NT107, 108
  69. Atre SR109
  70. Avilaburgos L110
  71. Avokpaho EFGA111, 112
  72. Ayala Quintanilla BP113, 114
  73. Awasthi A115
  74. Ayele NN116
  75. Azzopardi P117, 118, 122, 123
  76. Ba Saleem HO124
  77. Barnighausen T125, 130, 131
  78. Bacha U132
  79. Badawi A40, 133
  80. Banerjee A134
  81. Barac A137
  82. Barboza MA140, 141
  83. Barkercollo SL142
  84. Barrero LH144
  85. Basu S145
  86. Baune BT86, 200
  87. Baye K147
  88. Bayou YT148
  89. Bazarganhejazi S149, 150
  90. Bedi N151
  91. Beghi E152
  92. Bejot Y153
  93. Bello AK154
  94. Bennett DA65
  95. Bensenor IM156
  96. Berhane A157
  97. Bernabe E160
  98. Bernal OA161
  99. Beyene AS162, 295
  100. Beyene TJ147, 165
  101. Bhutta ZA55, 166
  102. Biadgilign S167
  103. Bikbov B168
  104. Birlik SM169
  105. Birungi C136
  106. Biryukov S1
  107. Bisanzio D63
  108. Bizuayehu HM170
  109. Bose D171
  110. Brainin M172
  111. Brauer M1, 173
  112. Brazinova A174, 175
  113. Breitborde NJK177
  114. Brenner H179
  115. Butt ZA180
  116. Cardenas R181
  117. Cahuanahurtado L110
  118. Camposnonato IR110, 128
  119. Car J182
  120. Carrero JJ75
  121. Casey D1
  122. Caso V183
  123. Castanedaorjuela CA184, 185
  124. Castillo Rivas J186, 187
  125. Catalalopez F188, 189
  126. Cecilio P190
  127. Cercy K1
  128. Charlson FJ1, 10, 191
  129. Chen AZ1
  130. Chew A1
  131. Chibalabala M192
  132. Chibueze CE193
  133. Chisumpa VH194, 195
  134. Chitheer AA196
  135. Chowdhury R197
  136. Christensen H198
  137. Christopher DJ199
  138. Ciobanu LG87
  139. Cirillo M201
  140. Coggeshall MS1
  141. Cooper LT202
  142. Cortinovis M168
  143. Crump JA203
  144. Dalal K204
  145. Danawi H205
  146. Dandona L1, 207
  147. Dandona R1, 207
  148. Dargan PI208
  149. Das Neves J209, 210
  150. Davey G212
  151. Davitoiu DV213
  152. Davletov K214, 215
  153. De Leo D216
  154. Del Gobbo LC145
  155. Del Pozocruz B143
  156. Dellavalle RP217
  157. Deribe K146, 218
  158. Deribew A38, 63
  159. Des Jarlais DC219, 220
  160. Dey S221
  161. Dharmaratne SD222
  162. Dicker D1
  163. Ding EL128
  164. Dokova K223
  165. Dorsey ER224
  166. Doyle KE225, 226
  167. Dubey M227
  168. Ehrenkranz R1
  169. Ellingsen CL229
  170. Elyazar I230
  171. Enayati A231
  172. Ermakov SP232, 233
  173. Eshrati B234, 235
  174. Esteghamati A20, 624
  175. Estep K1
  176. Furst T8, 237, 239
  177. Faghmous IDA9
  178. Fanuel FBB104, 240
  179. Faraon EJA99, 241
  180. Farid TA242
  181. Farinha CSES243, 244
  182. Faro A245
  183. Farvid MS127, 246
  184. Farzadfar F21, 625
  185. Feigin VL247
  186. Feigl AB125
  187. Fereshtehnejad SM76
  188. Fernandes JG248
  189. Fernandes JC249
  190. Feyissa TR250
  191. Fischer F251
  192. Fitzmaurice C1, 2, 252
  193. Fleming TD1
  194. Foigt N253
  195. Foreman KJ1, 236
  196. Forouzanfar MH254
  197. Franklin RC255
  198. Frostad J1
  199. Ghiwot TT14
  200. Gakidou E1
  201. Gambashidze K256
  202. Gamkrelidze A256
  203. Gao W258
  204. Garciabasteiro AL259, 260
  205. Gebre T261
  206. Gebremedhin AT14, 262
  207. Gebremichael MW33
  208. Gebru AA33, 263
  209. Gelaye AA264
  210. Geleijnse JM164
  211. Genovamaleras R265, 266
  212. Gibney KB267
  213. Giref AZ147
  214. Gishu MD163, 268
  215. Giussani G152
  216. Godwin WW1
  217. Gold A1
  218. Goldberg EM1
  219. Gona PN269
  220. Goodridge A270
  221. Gopalani SV271
  222. Goto A272
  223. Graetz N1
  224. Greaves F236, 273
  225. Griswold M1
  226. Guban PI274
  227. Gugnani HC275
  228. Gupta PC276
  229. Gupta R277
  230. Gupta R277
  231. Gupta T279
  232. Gupta V280
  233. Habtewold TD158, 282
  234. Hafezinejad N20, 626
  235. Haile D147
  236. Hailu AD146, 284
  237. Hailu GB33, 263
  238. Hakuzimana A286, 287
  239. Hamadeh RR288
  240. Hambisa MT162
  241. Hamidi S289
  242. Hammami M290
  243. Hankey GJ291, 292, 293
  244. Hao Y294
  245. Harb HL90
  246. Hareri HA147
  247. Haro JM361
  248. Hassanvand MS23, 627
  249. Havmoeller R79
  250. Hay RJ160, 297
  251. Hay SI1, 64
  252. Hendrie D298
  253. Herediapi IB110
  254. Hoek HW281, 299
  255. Horino M301
  256. Horita N302
  257. Hosgood HD303
  258. Htet AS304, 305
  259. Hu G306
  260. Huang H307
  261. Huang JJ308
  262. Huntley BM1
  263. Huynh C1
  264. Iburg KM309
  265. Ileanu BV310
  266. Innos K311
  267. Irenso AA163, 296
  268. Jahanmehr N312
  269. Jakovljevic MB314
  270. James P126
  271. James SL315
  272. Javanbakht M316
  273. Jayaraman SP317
  274. Jayatilleke AU318, 319
  275. Jeemon P206, 320, 321, 372
  276. Jha V65, 323
  277. John D324
  278. Johnson C1
  279. Johnson SC1
  280. Jonas JB325
  281. Juel K326
  282. Kabir Z327
  283. Kalkonde Y328
  284. Kamal R329
  285. Kan H331
  286. Karch A332, 333
  287. Karema CK238, 334
  288. Karimi SM335
  289. Kasaeian A20, 25, 628
  290. Kassebaum NJ1, 336
  291. Kastor A227
  292. Katikireddi SV337
  293. Kazanjan K256
  294. Keiyoro PN338, 339
  295. Kemmer L1
  296. Kemp AH341, 343
  297. Kengne AP286, 344
  298. Kerbo AA240
  299. Kereselidze M256
  300. Kesavachandran CN329
  301. Khader YS345
  302. Khalil I1
  303. Khan AR242
  304. Khan EA346
  305. Khan G347
  306. Khang YH348
  307. Khoja ATA350
  308. Khonelidze I256
  309. Khubchandani J351
  310. Kibret GD51
  311. Kim D352
  312. Kim P1
  313. Kim YJ353
  314. Kimokoti RW354
  315. Kinfu Y355
  316. Kissoon N173
  317. Kivipelto M77
  318. Kokubo Y356
  319. Kolk A357
  320. Kolte D358
  321. Kopec JA173
  322. Kosen S359
  323. Koul PA360
  324. Koyanagi A361
  325. Kravchenko M362
  326. Krishnaswami S363
  327. Krohn KJ1
  328. Kuate Defo B364, 365
  329. Kucuk Bicer B366
  330. Kuipers EJ368
  331. Kulkarni VS369
  332. Kumar GA322
  333. Kumsa FA163, 296
  334. Kutz M1
  335. Kyu HH1
  336. Lager ACJ370
  337. Lal A371
  338. Lal DK373
  339. Lalloo R11
  340. Lallukka T374
  341. Lan Q376
  342. Langan SM9
  343. Lansingh VC377, 378
  344. Larson HJ1, 8
  345. Larsson A379
  346. Laryea DO94
  347. Latif AA380
  348. Lawrynowicz AEB381
  349. Leasher JL382
  350. Leigh J58
  351. Leinsalu M311, 384
  352. Leshargie CT51
  353. Leung J5, 10
  354. Leung R385
  355. Levi M386
  356. Liang X387
  357. Lim SS1
  358. Lind M1
  359. Linn S388
  360. Lipshultz SE389, 390
  361. Liu P1
  362. Liu Y391
  363. Lo LT392, 393
  364. Logroscino G394
  365. Lopez AD119
  366. Lorch SA395
  367. Lotufo PA156
  368. Lozano R110
  369. Lunevicius R396, 397
  370. Lyons RA340
  371. Macarayan ERK308
  372. Mackay MT398
  373. Magdy Abd El Razek H399
  374. Magdy Abd El Razek M400
  375. Mahdavi M401, 402
  376. Majeed A236
  377. Malekzadeh R26, 629
  378. Malta DC404
  379. Mantovani LG405
  380. Manyazewal T406
  381. Mapoma CC194
  382. Marcenes W407
  383. Marks GB342, 383
  384. Marquez N1
  385. Martinezraga J408, 409
  386. Marzan MB410
  387. Massano J211, 411
  388. Mathur MR373
  389. Maulik PK412
  390. Mazidi M413
  391. Mcalinden C414, 415
  392. Mcgrath JJ12
  393. Mcnellan C1
  394. Meaney PA416, 417
  395. Mehari A418
  396. Mehndiratta MM419
  397. Meier T420
  398. Mekonnen AB58, 62
  399. Meles KG30
  400. Memish ZA421, 422
  401. Mengesha MM162
  402. Mengiste DT31
  403. Mengistie MA14
  404. Menota BG147
  405. Mensah GA423
  406. Mereta ST14
  407. Meretoja A120, 424
  408. Meretoja TJ375, 425
  409. Mezgebe HB33
  410. Micha R426
  411. Millear A1
  412. Mills EJ428
  413. Minnig S1
  414. Mirarefin M1, 429
  415. Mirrakhimov EM430, 431
  416. Mock CN3
  417. Mohammad KA432
  418. Mohammed S131, 433
  419. Mohanty SK227
  420. Mokdad AH1
  421. Mola GLD434
  422. Molokhia M160
  423. Monasta L435
  424. Montico M435
  425. Moradilakeh M1, 436
  426. Moraga P439, 441, 442
  427. Morawska L438, 439, 441, 442
  428. Mori R443
  429. Moses M1
  430. Mueller UO445
  431. Murthy S173
  432. Musa KI446
  433. Nachega JB447, 448, 449
  434. Nagata C450
  435. Nagel G452
  436. Naghavi M1
  437. Naheed A60
  438. Naldi L453
  439. Nangia V454
  440. Nascimento BR455, 456
  441. Negoi I457
  442. Neupane SP305
  443. Newton CR458
  444. Ng M1
  445. Ngalesoni FN459
  446. Ngunjiri JW460
  447. Nguyen G1
  448. Ningrum DNA106, 461
  449. Nolte S81, 462, 478
  450. Nomura M464
  451. Norheim OF284
  452. Norrving B48
  453. Noubiap JJN286, 465
  454. Obermeyer CM466
  455. Ogbo FA467
  456. Oh IH469
  457. Okoro A470
  458. Oladimeji O471, 472
  459. Olagunju AT87
  460. Olivares PR473
  461. Olsen HE1
  462. Olusanya BO474
  463. Olusanya JO474
  464. Opio JN475
  465. Oren E476
  466. Ortiz A477
  467. Osborne RH479
  468. Osman M129, 480
  469. Owolabi MO481, 482
  470. Mahesh PA483
  471. Pain AW1
  472. Pakhale S484
  473. Palomares Castillo E485, 486
  474. Pana A310
  475. Papachristou C82
  476. Parsaeian M21, 22, 625
  477. Patel T487
  478. Patton GC118
  479. Paudel D488
  480. Paul VK43
  481. Pearce N9
  482. Pereira DM489
  483. Perezpadilla R490
  484. Perezruiz F491, 492
  485. Pesudovs K493
  486. Petzold M494, 495
  487. Phillips MR391, 496
  488. Pigott DM1
  489. Pillay JD497
  490. Pinho C1
  491. Polinder S367
  492. Pond CD498
  493. Prakash V499
  494. Purwar M500
  495. Qorbani M501
  496. Quistberg DA3, 4
  497. Radfar A502
  498. Rafay A503, 504
  499. Rahimi K65
  500. Rahimimovaghar V27, 630
  501. Rahman M505
  502. Rahman MHU227
  503. Rai RK506
  504. Ram U227
  505. Rana SM503, 504
  506. Rankin Z1
  507. Rao PV507, 508
  508. Rao PC1
  509. Rawaf S236
  510. Rego MAS403
  511. Reitsma M1
  512. Remuzzi G168, 509, 510
  513. Renzaho AMNN468
  514. Resnikoff S511, 512
  515. Rezaei S49
  516. Rezai MS70
  517. Ribeiro AL455
  518. Roba HS162
  519. Rokni MB29
  520. Ronfani L435
  521. Roshandel G26, 514, 629
  522. Roth GA1
  523. Rothenbacher D451
  524. Roy NK515, 516
  525. Sachdev PS513, 517
  526. Sackey BB518
  527. Saeedi MY519
  528. Safiri S520
  529. Sagar R43
  530. Sahraian MA28, 631
  531. Saleh MM521
  532. Salomon JA125
  533. Samy AM522
  534. Sanabria JR523, 524
  535. Sancheznino MD525
  536. Sandar L1
  537. Santos IS155
  538. Santos JV211
  539. Santric Milicevic MM138, 139
  540. Sarmientosuarez R526
  541. Sartorius B527, 529
  542. Satpathy M43
  543. Savic M229
  544. Sawhney M530
  545. Saylan MI531
  546. Schottker B178, 532
  547. Schutte AE533, 534
  548. Schwebel DC54
  549. Seedat S448
  550. Seid AM162
  551. Seifu CN240
  552. Sepanlou SG26, 629
  553. Serdar B535
  554. Servanmori EE110
  555. Setegn T89
  556. Shackelford KA1
  557. Shaheen A536
  558. Shahraz S537
  559. Shaikh MA538
  560. Shakhnazarova M256
  561. Shamsipour M24, 632
  562. Shariful Islam SM60
  563. Sharma J539
  564. Sharma R540
  565. She J330
  566. Sheikhbahaei S20, 624
  567. Shen J176, 541
  568. Shi P427
  569. Shigematsu M542, 543
  570. Shin MJ544
  571. Shiri R374
  572. Shoman H546
  573. Shrime MG129
  574. Sibamo ELS240
  575. Sigfusdottir ID547
  576. Silva DAS548
  577. Silveira DGA549
  578. Sindi S79
  579. Singh A227
  580. Singh JA550
  581. Singh OP551
  582. Singh PK552
  583. Singh V553
  584. Sinke AH554
  585. Sinshaw AE555
  586. Skirbekk V229, 300
  587. Sliwa K285
  588. Smith A1
  589. Sobngwi E556, 557
  590. Soneji S558
  591. Soriano JB559
  592. Sousa TCM560
  593. Sposato LA561
  594. Sreeramareddy CT562
  595. Stathopoulou V563
  596. Steel N273, 564
  597. Steiner C1
  598. Steinke S565
  599. Stokes MA463
  600. Stranges S71
  601. Strong M566
  602. Stroumpoulis K567, 568
  603. Sturua L256
  604. Sufiyan MB569
  605. Suliankatchi RA570
  606. Sun J439, 440, 441, 442, 571
  607. Sur P1
  608. Swaminathan S572
  609. Sykes BL573
  610. Tabaresseisdedos R188
  611. Tabb KM574
  612. Taffere GR30
  613. Talongwa RT575
  614. Tarajia M576
  615. Tavakkoli M577
  616. Taveira N578, 579
  617. Teeple S1
  618. Tegegne TK51
  619. Tehranibanihashemi A437
  620. Tekelab T250, 580
  621. Tekle DY33
  622. Temam Shifa G147, 581
  623. Terkawi AS582, 583, 584
  624. Tesema AG33
  625. Thakur JS585
  626. Thomson AJ586
  627. Tillmann T135
  628. Tiruye TY51
  629. Tobegai R587
  630. Tonelli M588
  631. Topormadry R589, 590
  632. Tortajada M591
  633. Troeger C1
  634. Truelsen T592
  635. Tura AK163, 282
  636. Uchendu US593
  637. Ukwaja KN594
  638. Undurraga EA595
  639. Uneke CJ596
  640. Uthman OA597
  641. Van Boven JFM282
  642. Van Dingenen R598
  643. Varughese S199
  644. Vasankari T599
  645. Venketasubramanian N600
  646. Violante FS601
  647. Vladimirov SK602
  648. Vlassov VV603
  649. Vollset SE1, 228, 283
  650. Vos T1
  651. Wagner JA1
  652. Wakayo T14
  653. Waller SG604
  654. Walson JL5, 605
  655. Wang H1
  656. Wang YP606
  657. Watkins DA5, 286
  658. Weiderpass E78, 607, 608, 609
  659. Weintraub RG118, 398
  660. Wen CP257
  661. Werdecker A444
  662. Wesana J610, 611
  663. Westerman R445, 612
  664. Whiteford HA1, 10, 191
  665. Wilkinson JD389, 390
  666. Wiysonge CS448, 613
  667. Woldeyes BG147
  668. Wolfe CDA159, 614
  669. Won S349
  670. Workicho A14, 615
  671. Workie SB240
  672. Wubshet M616, 617
  673. Xavier D618
  674. Xu G619
  675. Yadav AK227
  676. Yaghoubi M620
  677. Yakob B528
  678. Yan LL621
  679. Yano Y622
  680. Yaseri M313, 633
  681. Yimam HH107
  682. Yip P634, 635
  683. Yonemoto N636
  684. Yoon SJ545
  685. Younis MZ637
  686. Yu C638, 639
  687. Zaidi Z640
  688. El Sayed Zaki M641
  689. Zambranatorrelio C642, 643
  690. Zapata T644
  691. Zenebe ZM33
  692. Zodpey S221
  693. Zoeckler L1
  694. Zuhlke LJ645
  695. Murray CJL1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue, Suite 600, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC, United States
  7. 7. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom
  9. 9. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  10. 10. School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  11. 11. School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  12. 12. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  13. 13. College of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, ICT and e-Learning Coordinator, Jimma, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  15. 15. La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  16. 16. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  17. 17. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  18. 18. New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  19. 19. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Center for Air Pollution Research, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  31. 31. College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  32. 32. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  33. 33. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  34. 34. Food Security and Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  35. 35. NMSM Governement College Kalpetta, Kerala, India
  36. 36. Public Health Promotion Alliance, Osogbo, Nigeria
  37. 37. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  38. 38. KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
  39. 39. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  40. 40. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
  41. 41. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  42. 42. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  43. 43. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  44. 44. National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Ahmedabad, India
  45. 45. CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  46. 46. Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  47. 47. Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  48. 48. Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  49. 49. School of Public Health, Kermanshah, Iran
  50. 50. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  51. 51. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  52. 52. Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  53. 53. Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL, United States
  54. 54. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  55. 55. Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  56. 56. Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  57. 57. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  58. 58. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  59. 59. Department of Health, Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  60. 60. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  61. 61. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia
  62. 62. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  63. 63. Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
  64. 64. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
  65. 65. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  66. 66. University of London, London, United Kingdom
  67. 67. SIR Management Consultants, Oxford, United Kingdom
  68. 68. Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, Oxford, United Kingdom
  69. 69. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Sari, Iran
  70. 70. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  71. 71. Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
  72. 72. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  73. 73. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  74. 74. Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Stockholm, Sweden
  75. 75. Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
  76. 76. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden
  77. 77. Aging Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
  78. 78. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
  79. 79. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  80. 80. Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  81. 81. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin, Germany
  82. 82. Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  83. 83. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  84. 84. Spanish Observatory on Drugs, Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, Madrid, Spain
  85. 85. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  86. 86. School of Medicine, Adealaide, SA, Australia
  87. 87. University of Adelaide, Adealaide, SA, Australia
  88. 88. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  89. 89. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  90. 90. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  91. 91. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  92. 92. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  93. 93. Department of Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
  94. 94. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  95. 95. University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  96. 96. Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  97. 97. West Hararghe Zonal Health Department, Chiro, Ethiopia
  98. 98. Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  99. 99. College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  100. 100. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  101. 101. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  102. 102. Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  103. 103. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  104. 104. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  105. 105. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  106. 106. College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  107. 107. Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  108. 108. PMA 2020, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  109. 109. Clinical Trials Unit, BJ Medical College, Johns Hopkins University, Pune, India
  110. 110. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  111. 111. Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin
  112. 112. Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Sante (LERAS Afrique), Parakou, Benin
  113. 113. Judith Lumley Centre for Mother, Infant and Family Health Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  114. 114. Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  115. 115. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  116. 116. Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  117. 117. Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  118. 118. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  119. 119. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  120. 120. Department of Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  121. 121. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  122. 122. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  123. 123. Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  124. 124. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
  125. 125. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  126. 126. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  127. 127. Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  128. 128. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  129. 129. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  130. 130. Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa
  131. 131. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  132. 132. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  133. 133. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  134. 134. Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, London, United Kingdom
  135. 135. Institute of Epidemiology and Health, London, United Kingdom
  136. 136. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  137. 137. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  138. 138. Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  139. 139. Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  140. 140. Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderon Guardia, CCSS, San Jose, Costa Rica
  141. 141. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  142. 142. School of Psychology, Auckland, New Zealand
  143. 143. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  144. 144. Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  145. 145. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  146. 146. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  147. 147. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  148. 148. Jhpiego-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  149. 149. College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  150. 150. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  151. 151. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  152. 152. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
  153. 153. University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  154. 154. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  155. 155. Internal Medicine Department, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  156. 156. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  157. 157. College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  158. 158. Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  159. 159. Division of Health and Social Care Research, London, United Kingdom
  160. 160. King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  161. 161. University Andes, Bogota, Colombia
  162. 162. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  163. 163. Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  164. 164. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
  165. 165. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  166. 166. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  167. 167. Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  168. 168. IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  169. 169. GBS-CIDP International Foundation, Menemen, Turkey
  170. 170. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos Town, Ethiopia
  171. 171. World Bank, Washington DC, DC, United States
  172. 172. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  173. 173. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  174. 174. Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  175. 175. International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Vienna, Austria
  176. 176. College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
  177. 177. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  178. 178. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, Heidelberg, Germany
  179. 179. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  180. 180. Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  181. 181. Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  182. 182. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  183. 183. Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  184. 184. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  185. 185. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  186. 186. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  187. 187. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
  188. 188. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
  189. 189. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  190. 190. Porto, Portugal
  191. 191. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  192. 192. Crowd Watch Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
  193. 193. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya ku, Japan
  194. 194. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  195. 195. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  196. 196. Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
  197. 197. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  198. 198. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  199. 199. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  200. 200. School of Medicine, Baronissi, Italy
  201. 201. University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  202. 202. Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  203. 203. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  204. 204. Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
  205. 205. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  206. 206. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, New Delhi, India
  207. 207. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  208. 208. Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  209. 209. I3S - Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  210. 210. INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  211. 211. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  212. 212. Wellcome Trust Brighton, Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
  213. 213. University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  214. 214. Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  215. 215. School of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  216. 216. Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  217. 217. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
  218. 218. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  219. 219. Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States
  220. 220. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
  221. 221. Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  222. 222. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  223. 223. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  224. 224. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  225. 225. RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
  226. 226. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  227. 227. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  228. 228. Center for Disease Burden, Oslo, Norway
  229. 229. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  230. 230. Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
  231. 231. School of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Sari, Iran
  232. 232. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  233. 233. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
  234. 234. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  235. 235. Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  236. 236. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  237. 237. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland
  238. 238. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  239. 239. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  240. 240. Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  241. 241. Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
  242. 242. University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  243. 243. DGS Direct. General of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
  244. 244. Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal
  245. 245. Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
  246. 246. Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  247. 247. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  248. 248. Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  249. 249. CBQF - Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry - Assoc. Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  250. 250. Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  251. 251. School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  252. 252. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  253. 253. Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kyiv, Ukraine
  254. 254. Seattle Genetics, Seattle, WA, United States
  255. 255. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  256. 256. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  257. 257. Health Policy, Taipei, Taiwan
  258. 258. National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
  259. 259. Manhica Health Research Center, Manhica, Mozambique
  260. 260. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
  261. 261. Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  262. 262. Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  263. 263. Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  264. 264. Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
  265. 265. Direct. General for Public Health, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain
  266. 266. National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
  267. 267. Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  268. 268. Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
  269. 269. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  270. 270. Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia - INDICASATAIP, Cuidad del Saber, Panama
  271. 271. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  272. 272. Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  273. 273. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  274. 274. Stockholm County Council, Surveillance and Analysis Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Solna, Sweden
  275. 275. Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter, Anguilla
  276. 276. Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India
  277. 277. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  278. 278. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  279. 279. Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  280. 280. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  281. 281. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
  282. 282. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  283. 283. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway
  284. 284. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  285. 285. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  286. 286. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  287. 287. Euclid University, Banjul, Gambia
  288. 288. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  289. 289. Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  290. 290. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  291. 291. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  292. 292. Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  293. 293. Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  294. 294. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
  295. 295. College of Health and Medical Science, Harar, Ethiopia
  296. 296. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  297. 297. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  298. 298. Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
  299. 299. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
  300. 300. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  301. 301. Department of Health and Human Services, Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, United States
  302. 302. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
  303. 303. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  304. 304. International Relations Division, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  305. 305. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  306. 306. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
  307. 307. Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
  308. 308. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  309. 309. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  310. 310. Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  311. 311. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  312. 312. School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  313. 313. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  314. 314. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  315. 315. Denver Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
  316. 316. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  317. 317. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  318. 318. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka
  319. 319. Institute of Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
  320. 320. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  321. 321. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Guragon, India
  322. 322. Public Health Foundation of India, Guragon, India
  323. 323. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  324. 324. International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
  325. 325. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  326. 326. National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
  327. 327. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  328. 328. Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India
  329. 329. CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
  330. 330. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
  331. 331. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  332. 332. Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  333. 333. Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  334. 334. Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda
  335. 335. University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
  336. 336. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  337. 337. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  338. 338. Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
  339. 339. School of Continuing and Distance Education, Nairobi, Kenya
  340. 340. Farr Institute, Swansea, United Kingdom
  341. 341. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  342. 342. Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  343. 343. University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  344. 344. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  345. 345. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  346. 346. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  347. 347. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  348. 348. College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  349. 349. Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  350. 350. Mohammed Ibn Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  351. 351. Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  352. 352. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  353. 353. Southern University College, Skudai, Malaysia
  354. 354. Simmons College, Boston, MA, United States
  355. 355. Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  356. 356. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  357. 357. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  358. 358. Division of Cardiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  359. 359. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
  360. 360. Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  361. 361. Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  362. 362. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  363. 363. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  364. 364. Department of Demography, Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  365. 365. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  366. 366. Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  367. 367. Department of Public Health, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  368. 368. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  369. 369. Arkansas State University, State University, AR, United States
  370. 370. Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Solna, Sweden
  371. 371. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  372. 372. Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Gurgaon, India
  373. 373. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India
  374. 374. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Organizations, Work Disability Program, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
  375. 375. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  376. 376. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  377. 377. Help Me See, Inc., New York, NY, United States
  378. 378. Instituo Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico
  379. 379. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  380. 380. Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  381. 381. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia Dr. Juan H. Jara, Mar del Plata, Argentina
  382. 382. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  383. 383. Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  384. 384. Stockholm Centre for Health and Social Change, Sodertorn University, Stockholm, Sweden
  385. 385. State University of New York, Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  386. 386. Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases, Florence, Italy
  387. 387. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  388. 388. University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  389. 389. School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  390. 390. Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States
  391. 391. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  392. 392. UnionHealth Assoc, LLC, St. Louis, MO, United States
  393. 393. Alton Mental Health Center, Alton, IL, United States
  394. 394. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  395. 395. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  396. 396. Aintree University Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  397. 397. School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  398. 398. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  399. 399. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
  400. 400. Aswan University Hospital, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
  401. 401. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  402. 402. Social Security Organization Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  403. 403. Faculdade de Medicna, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  404. 404. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  405. 405. University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  406. 406. Ethiopian Public Health Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  407. 407. Division of Population and Patient Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
  408. 408. Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  409. 409. CEU Cardinal Herrera University, Moncada, Spain
  410. 410. University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
  411. 411. Hospital Pedro Hispano, ULS Matosinhos, Matosinhos, Portugal
  412. 412. George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi, India
  413. 413. Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  414. 414. University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
  415. 415. Public Health Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
  416. 416. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  417. 417. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  418. 418. College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  419. 419. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
  420. 420. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
  421. 421. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  422. 422. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  423. 423. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  424. 424. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  425. 425. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  426. 426. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, United States
  427. 427. Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  428. 428. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  429. 429. Hunger Action Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  430. 430. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  431. 431. National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  432. 432. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  433. 433. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  434. 434. Reproductive Health and ObGyn School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
  435. 435. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  436. 436. Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Preventative Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  437. 437. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  438. 438. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  439. 439. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  440. 440. School of Public Health and Social Work, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  441. 441. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  442. 442. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  443. 443. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  444. 444. Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany
  445. 445. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  446. 446. School of Medical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  447. 447. Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  448. 448. Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  449. 449. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
  450. 450. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Japan
  451. 451. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm, Germany
  452. 452. Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  453. 453. Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  454. 454. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  455. 455. Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  456. 456. Hospital Universitario Ciencias Medicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  457. 457. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  458. 458. KEMRI Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya
  459. 459. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  460. 460. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  461. 461. Department of Public Health, Semarang State University, Semarang City, Indonesia
  462. 462. Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  463. 463. Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  464. 464. National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
  465. 465. Medical Diagnostic Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
  466. 466. Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  467. 467. Centre for Health Research, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  468. 468. Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  469. 469. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  470. 470. Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  471. 471. Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Durban, South Africa
  472. 472. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  473. 473. Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
  474. 474. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  475. 475. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  476. 476. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  477. 477. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
  478. 478. Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  479. 479. Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  480. 480. YBank, Cambridge, MA, United States
  481. 481. Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
  482. 482. Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria
  483. 483. JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
  484. 484. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  485. 485. Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  486. 486. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
  487. 487. Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States
  488. 488. UK Department for International Development, Lalitpur, Nepal
  489. 489. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  490. 490. National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
  491. 491. Hopsital Universitario Cruces, OSI EE-Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
  492. 492. Biocruces Health Research Institute, Baracaldo, Spain
  493. 493. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  494. 494. Health Metrics Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  495. 495. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  496. 496. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  497. 497. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
  498. 498. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
  499. 499. Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India
  500. 500. Intergrowth 21st Study Research Centre, Nagpur, India
  501. 501. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  502. 502. A T Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
  503. 503. Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
  504. 504. Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  505. 505. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  506. 506. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  507. 507. Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India
  508. 508. Diabetes Research Center, Hyderabad, India
  509. 509. Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale, Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  510. 510. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  511. 511. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  512. 512. School of Optometry and Vision Science, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  513. 513. University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  514. 514. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  515. 515. Holmusk, Singapore, Singapore
  516. 516. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
  517. 517. Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  518. 518. World Health Organization, Accra, Ghana
  519. 519. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  520. 520. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  521. 521. Development Research and Projects Center, Abuja, Nigeria
  522. 522. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  523. 523. J Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall Univeristy, Huntington, WV, United States
  524. 524. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  525. 525. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  526. 526. Universidad Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogota, Colombia
  527. 527. Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  528. 528. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  529. 529. UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
  530. 530. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  531. 531. Bayer Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
  532. 532. Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
  533. 533. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  534. 534. South African Medical Research Council, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  535. 535. University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  536. 536. Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  537. 537. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  538. 538. Karachi, Pakistan
  539. 539. Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
  540. 540. Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
  541. 541. Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  542. 542. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  543. 543. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  544. 544. Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  545. 545. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  546. 546. Imperial College London, United Kingdom
  547. 547. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  548. 548. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  549. 549. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  550. 550. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
  551. 551. Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  552. 552. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India
  553. 553. Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  554. 554. Ethiopian Medical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  555. 555. University of Gondar, Ethiopia, Gondar, Ethiopia
  556. 556. University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
  557. 557. Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
  558. 558. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
  559. 559. Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  560. 560. National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  561. 561. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  562. 562. Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  563. 563. Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
  564. 564. University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  565. 565. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
  566. 566. School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  567. 567. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  568. 568. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
  569. 569. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
  570. 570. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  571. 571. University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Resilient Regions, Springfield, QLD, Australia
  572. 572. Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  573. 573. Departments of Criminology, Law and Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  574. 574. School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
  575. 575. Ministry of Health, MINSANTE, Yaounde, Cameroon
  576. 576. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
  577. 577. New York Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  578. 578. Instituto Superior de Ciencias da Saude Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
  579. 579. Faulty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  580. 580. University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  581. 581. Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  582. 582. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  583. 583. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  584. 584. Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  585. 585. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  586. 586. Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  587. 587. National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
  588. 588. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  589. 589. Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  590. 590. Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  591. 591. Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
  592. 592. Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  593. 593. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC, DC, United States
  594. 594. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  595. 595. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  596. 596. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  597. 597. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  598. 598. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
  599. 599. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  600. 600. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  601. 601. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  602. 602. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  603. 603. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  604. 604. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  605. 605. Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
  606. 606. University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  607. 607. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  608. 608. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  609. 609. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  610. 610. Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
  611. 611. Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda
  612. 612. German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
  613. 613. South African Medical Research Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  614. 614. National Institute for Health, Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  615. 615. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  616. 616. St Paul's Hospital Millenium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  617. 617. Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  618. 618. St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  619. 619. Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
  620. 620. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  621. 621. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  622. 622. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  623. 623. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Institute for Environmental Research, Terhan, Iran
  624. 624. Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Institute for Environmental Research, Terhan, Iran
  625. 625. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Institute for Environmental Research, Terhan, Iran
  626. 626. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute for Environmental Research, Terhan, Iran
  627. 627. Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Terhan, Iran
  628. 628. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Terhan, Iran
  629. 629. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Terhan, Iran
  630. 630. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Terhan, Iran
  631. 631. MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Terhan, Iran
  632. 632. Institute for Environmental Research, Terhan, Iran
  633. 633. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Terhan, Iran
  634. 634. Social Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  635. 635. Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  636. 636. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  637. 637. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  638. 638. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  639. 639. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  640. 640. University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
  641. 641. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  642. 642. EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
  643. 643. Instituto de Ecologia-Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
  644. 644. World Health Organization, Windhoek, Namibia
  645. 645. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Source: The Lancet Published:2017


Abstract

Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0-42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2-55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Experts (# of related papers)
Other Related Docs
34. National and Subnational Mortality of Urological Cancers in Iran, 1990–2015, Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019)