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National and Sub-National Trends of Salt Intake in Iranians From 2000 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis Publisher



Gholami A1, 2 ; Ghanbari A3 ; Rezaei S3 ; Baradaran HR2, 4 ; Khatibzadeh S5 ; Parsaeian M6 ; Hariri M1 ; Zamaninour N7 ; Sheidaei A6 ; Abdollahi M8 ; Mirmiran P9 ; Ghayourmobarhan M10 ; Ostovar A11 ; Mohammadifard N12 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Gholami A1, 2
  2. Ghanbari A3
  3. Rezaei S3
  4. Baradaran HR2, 4
  5. Khatibzadeh S5
  6. Parsaeian M6
  7. Hariri M1
  8. Zamaninour N7
  9. Sheidaei A6
  10. Abdollahi M8
  11. Mirmiran P9
  12. Ghayourmobarhan M10
  13. Ostovar A11
  14. Mohammadifard N12
  15. Khosravi A13
  16. Namayandeh SM14
  17. Farzadfar F3, 15
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  5. 5. The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  11. 11. Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  13. 13. Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  14. 14. Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  15. 15. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Archives of Public Health Published:2022


Abstract

Background: One fifth of the global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in 2017 was attributable to excessive salt intake. As a member of the World Health Organization (WHO), Iran has committed itself to a 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025. Evidence on the amount and trend of salt intake among the Iranian population at national and sub-national levels is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the Iranian population’s salt intake during 2000–2016 at the national and sub-national levels, by sex and age groups. Methods: Data on national and sub-national mean salt intake was obtained through systematically searching the literature and contacting the research studies’ principal investigators. Data collected through various methods were harmonized using the cross-walk method. Bayesian hierarchical and spatio-temporal-age regression models and simulation analysis were used to estimate the mean salt intake and its uncertainty interval across sex, age, year, and province. Results: National age-sex standardized mean salt intake decreased from 10·53 g/day (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 10·2 to 10·9) in 2000 to 9·41 (9·2 to 10·6) in 2016 (percent change: − 9·8% [− 21·1–3·1]). The age-standardized mean salt intake in women had decreased from 9·8 g/day (95% UI: 9·0–10·6) in 2000 to 9·1 g/day (8·6–9·7) in 2016 (percent change: − 6·6% [− 19·0–7·9]). The same measure in men was 11·1 g/day in 2000 (95% UI: 10·3–11·8) and 9·7 g/day (9·1–10·2) in 2016 (percent change: − 12·7% [− 23·0 – -0·9]). Age-sex standardized mean salt intake at the sub-national level in 2016 varied from 8·0 (95% UI: 7·0–9·0) to 10·5 (10·0–11·1). The difference between the provinces with the highest and the lowest levels of salt intake in 2016 was 31·3%. Conclusion: Salt intake decreased in Iran from 2000 to 2016, while persistently exceeding the recommended values. This declining trend was more pronounced between 2010 and 2016, which might be attributed to Iran’s compliance to WHO’s Action Plan for reducing NCDs. © 2022, The Author(s).
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