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Quantifying Health-Related Risk Factors Associated With Breast and Prostate Cancer Burden: The Role of Trends and Disparities in Obesity and Cholesterol Publisher



Shafagh SG ; Soltaninejad M ; Dehghan P ; Babahaji M ; Seyedhasani SN ; Rezaei M ; Poursadeghiyan M ; Ahangarzadeh M ; Karimi E ; Rahimi S
Authors

Source: Iranian Journal of Public Health Published:2025


Abstract

Background: We aimed to identify and quantify trends and disparities in the burden of breast and prostate cancer associated with health-related risk factors. Methods: Cancer outcomes data, such as age-standardized rate of incidence, prevalence, and mortality were retrieved by year and country. The sociodemographic index (SDI) and human development index (HDI) was extracted from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study and the Human Development Report. Univariate and linear regression analyses were uded to explore mean differences and correlation between cancer outcomes and independent variables. Results: During their decades, there was an upward trend in age-standardized rate of incidence and prevalence for breast cancer (EAPC=0.15 and 0.09, respectively) and prostate cancer (EAPC=0.12 and 0.27, respectively), but a downward trend in age-standardized rate of mortality for breast (EAPC=−0.14) and prostate cancer (EAPC=−0.17). Over time, the prevalence of obesity and overweight increased by 54% and 34%, respectively. An upward trend in the non-HDL level was observed among middle-SDI (+3.76%), lower-middle-SDI (+6.92%), and low-SDI (+14.14%) countries, whereas the opposite trend was observed for high-middle-SDI (-10.12%) and high-SDI (-25.07%) regions. Multivariable regression revealed that the HDI was the main factors affecting cancer outcomes, especially for the prevalence (beta=0.73, P<0.001) and incidence of prostate cancer (beta=0.59, P<0.001). Conclusion: Disparities in risk factors of cancer outcomes across different regions highlight the need for indispensable actions and policies on the implementation and evaluation of prevention programs among countries to address this problem. Copyright © 2025 Shafagh et al.
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