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Biology, Pathology, and Targeted Therapy of Exosomal Cargoes in Parkinson’S Disease: Advances and Challenges Publisher



Almasi F1 ; Abbasloo F2 ; Soltani N3 ; Dehbozorgi M4 ; Moghadam Fard A5 ; Kiani A6 ; Ghasemzadeh N7 ; Mesgari H8 ; Zadeh Hosseingholi E9 ; Payandeh Z10 ; Rahmanpour P11
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran
  2. 2. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, 44115, OH, United States
  4. 4. Faculty of Medicine, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen), Aachen City, Germany
  5. 5. Universal Scientific Educational and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  7. 7. School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
  8. 8. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41346, Sweden
  11. 11. Islmic Azad University, Shahr-E-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran

Source: Molecular Neurobiology Published:2025


Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves the loss of dopamine neurons and accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), leading to Lewy bodies. While α-syn-targeting immunotherapies show promise, clinical application is challenging. Emerging strategies include nano-platforms for targeted delivery and imaging, and cell-based therapies with patient-specific dopaminergic neurons, aiming to enhance treatment effectiveness despite challenges. Exosome-based methodologies are emerging as a promising area of research in PD due to their role in the spread of α-syn pathology. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that can carry misfolded α-syn and transfer it between cells, contributing to the progression of PD. They can be isolated from biological fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, making them valuable biomarkers for the disease. Additionally, engineering exosomes to deliver therapeutic agents, including small molecules, RNA, or proteins, offers a novel approach for targeted therapy, capitalizing on their natural ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Ongoing studies are evaluating the safety and efficacy of these engineered exosomes in clinical settings. This review explores the role of exosomes in PD, focusing on their potential for diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of pathology. It highlights advancements and future directions in using exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic tools. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.
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