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Measurement Invariance of the General Health Questionnaire (Ghq-12) Across Gender and Age: Demographic and Medical Correlates of Mental Health in Patients With Covid-19 Publisher



Habibi Asgarabad M1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; Etesam F6, 7 ; Salehi Yegaei P1 ; Vahabi Z6, 8 ; Akbari Saneh N9 ; Fathi F10 ; Ghosi F11 ; Wiium N12
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  3. 3. Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong
  5. 5. Center of Excellence in Cognitive Neuropsychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Psychosomatic Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Cognitive Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
  11. 11. Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Al Zahra, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Source: Frontiers in Psychology Published:2023


Abstract

Introduction: The present cross sectional study aimed to evaluate the construct and criterion validity, reliability, and gender and age differences of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in 2020. The criterion validity was assessed via its link with perceived stress, sleep quality, daily life activities, and demographic and medical characteristics. Methods: A total of 328 COVID-19 patients (55.8% men; Mage = 50.49, SD = 14.96) completed the GHQ-12, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Activities of Daily Life (ADL)-Katz Scale, and the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL). Results: Among 13 factorial models, the three-factor model (successful coping, self-esteem, and stress) was shown to have the best fit. GHQ-12 was positively associated with PSQI, PSS, Hyperlipidemia, psychiatry disorders, hospitalization duration, the change in sleep time, and use of sleeping pills, and negatively correlated with educational level, and the number of family members. The GHQ-12 also had a negative correlation with ADL and IADL in over 60 years of age group. Females scored higher on total GHQ-12 scores, compared to males. Finally, the hospitalization duration was longer for patients over 60 (mean = 8.8 days, SD = 5.9) than patients under 60 (mean = 6.35 days, SD = 5.87). Discussion: Overall, the findings provided evidence that mental distress in patients with COVID-19 is correlated with high perceived stress, low sleep quality, low ADL and IADL, and a range of demographic features and medical conditions. Designing psychological interventions for these patients that target the aforementioned correlates of mental distress is warranted. Copyright © 2023 Habibi Asgarabad, Etesam, Salehi Yegaei, Vahabi, Akbari Saneh, Fathi, Ghosi and Wiium.
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