Epidemiology and Economic Burden of End-Stage Kidney Disease by Age, Gender, and Province Among Iranian Hajj Pilgrims in 2012-22: A Retrospective Study of 469,581 Participants Publisher Pubmed



P Kolivand PIRHOSSEIN ; S Azari SAMAD ; H Saffari HOSSEIN ; T Doroudi TAHER ; A Marashi ALI ; M Behzadifar MASOUD ; F Karimi FERESHTEH ; S Rajaie SOHEILA ; B Raei BEHZAD ; Sj Ehsanzadeh Seyed JAFAR
Source: BMC Nephrology Published:2025

Abstract

Introduction: Annually, over 3.5 million Hajj pilgrims from approximately 180 countries worldwide travel to Mecca for Hajj rituals. End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a high-morbidity condition that necessitates high-cost and time-intensive care, the present study aims to investigate the prevalence and economic burden of ESKD among Iranian Hajj pilgrims during the last decade. Methods: All demographic information, risk factors, prevalence and Hospital costs of ESKD were extracted from the database and medical records of the Hajj Pilgrimage Medical Centre, Iranian Red Crescent Society through file reading. Also, the multiple logistic regression model was used. Results: In total, the study encompassed data on 469,581 Hajj pilgrims. According to the findings, the highest prevalence of ESKD was observed in pilgrims aged 70 years and above. Results show that for the gender variable, the odds of having ESKD among women is 0.523 times that of men, for the creatinine (Cr), for each unit increase in the level of blood creatinine, the odds of having ESKD will be 1.383 times, Additionally, in pilgrims with diabetes (1) and hypertension (HTN), the odds of ESKD are 2.33 and 3.345 times, respectively. Results show that the mean total hospital costs are $4178.4. Conclusion: The present study shows a significant difference in the prevalence of ESKD in age, gender, and distribution in different provinces. To reduce the mortality and morbidity of ESKD patients, appropriate medication prescriptions, on-time dialysis, lifestyle modifications, and the reduction of disease complications through consultation with a nephrologist are essential during Hajj. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.