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Associations Between Insomnia Severity, Perceived Stress, Mental Toughness, Dark Triad Traits, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces Publisher



Senn R1 ; Rigotti V2 ; Sadeghibahmani D3, 4 ; Stanga Z5, 6 ; Ulgur II5 ; Blais RK7 ; Fichter C8 ; Schkade I1 ; Annen H9 ; Brand S1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK), Basel, Switzerland
  2. 2. Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
  3. 3. Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  5. 5. Centre of Competence for Military and Disaster Medicine, Swiss Armed Forces, Bern, Switzerland
  6. 6. Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
  7. 7. Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  8. 8. Department of Psychology, Kalaidos University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
  9. 9. Swiss Military Academy at ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  10. 10. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  11. 11. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  12. 12. Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  13. 13. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK), Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Source: Behavioral Sleep Medicine Published:2025


Abstract

Background: Compared to the general population, military personnel are at increased risk for insomnia and poor psychological well-being. The present study: (1) compared categories of insomnia severity between cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces (SAF) and previously published norms and (2) investigated the associations between insomnia and psychological well-being related to perceived stress, mental toughness, dark triad traits, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Methods: A total of 216 cadets of the SAF (mean age: 20.80 years) completed self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, insomnia, perceived stress, mental toughness, dark triad, and organizational citizenship behavior. Data on insomnia sum scores and categories of historical samples (862 young adults and 533 police and emergency response service officers) were used for comparison. Results: Cadets of the SAF reported higher insomnia sum scores and insomnia severity categories, compared to young adults and police officers. Higher scores for insomnia were associated with higher scores for stress, dark triad traits, and with lower scores for mental toughness and OCB. Categories of low, medium, and high stress moderated the association between insomnia and dark triad traits. Conclusions: Compared to norms of the general population, cadets of the SAF reported a higher insomnia severity. Given that standardized treatment programs for insomnia, mental toughness, and above all for coping with stress are available, such interventions might be promising avenues to improve a cadet’s overall sleep, psychological well-being, and behavior. © 2025 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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