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Opium Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Multi-Centre Case-Referent Study in Iran Publisher Pubmed



Hadji M1, 2 ; Rashidian H2 ; Marzban M3, 4 ; Naghibzadehtahami A5, 6 ; Gholipour M7 ; Mohebbi E2, 8 ; Safarifaramani R9 ; Seyyedsalehi MS2 ; Hosseini B2, 10 ; Bakhshi M11 ; Alizadehnavaei R12 ; Ahmadi L13 ; Rezaianzadeh A13 ; Moradi A14 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Hadji M1, 2
  2. Rashidian H2
  3. Marzban M3, 4
  4. Naghibzadehtahami A5, 6
  5. Gholipour M7
  6. Mohebbi E2, 8
  7. Safarifaramani R9
  8. Seyyedsalehi MS2
  9. Hosseini B2, 10
  10. Bakhshi M11
  11. Alizadehnavaei R12
  12. Ahmadi L13
  13. Rezaianzadeh A13
  14. Moradi A14
  15. Ansarimoghaddam A11
  16. Nejatizadeh A15
  17. Shahidsales S16
  18. Zohrabi F17
  19. Mohammadi R18, 19
  20. Nowroozi MR20
  21. Poustchi H21
  22. Nasrollahzadeh D10
  23. Najafi F9, 22
  24. Haghdoost AA6, 23
  25. Rahimimovaghar A24
  26. Etemadi A25, 26
  27. Mohagheghi MA2
  28. Malekzadeh R21, 25
  29. Brennan P10
  30. Schuz J10
  31. Boffetta P27, 28
  32. Weiderpass E10
  33. Kamangar F29
  34. Zendehdel K2
  35. Pukkala E1, 30
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  2. 2. Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran
  4. 4. Clinical Research Development Center, Persian Gulf Martyrs, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran
  5. 5. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  7. 7. Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  8. 8. Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  9. 9. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah Medical Sciences University, Kermanshah, Iran
  10. 10. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
  11. 11. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  12. 12. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  13. 13. Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  14. 14. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  15. 15. Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  16. 16. Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Busher University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran
  18. 18. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Urology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  20. 20. Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  23. 23. Regional Knowledge HUB for HIV/AIDS Surveillance, Research Centre for Modelling in Health, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman, Iran
  24. 24. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  27. 27. Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
  28. 28. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  29. 29. Department of Biology, School of Computer, Natural Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
  30. 30. Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland

Source: International Journal of Epidemiology Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common type of cancer worldwide and the fourth most common type of cancer in Iran. Opium use is considered as one of the risk factors for BC. We aim to assess the association between various parameters of opium use, which in Iran is mainly ingested or smoked in various forms, and the risk of BC. Method: In this multi-centre case-referent study in Iran, 717 BC cases and 3477 referents were recruited to the study from May 2017 until July 2020. Detailed histories of opium use (duration, amount, frequency) and potential confounders were collected by trained interviewers. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were used to measure adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The ORs were adjusted for age, gender, place of residence and pack-years of cigarette smoking. Results: Regular opium consumption was associated with an increased risk of BC (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 2.8, 4.3) compared with subjects who never used opium. Compared with continuous users, the risk decreased to one-Third for those who stopped opium more than 10 years ago. The adjusted OR for those who used both crude opium (teriak) and opium juice was 7.4 (95% CI: 4.1, 13.3). There was a joint effect of opium and tobacco (OR for users of both opium and tobacco 7.7, 95% CI: 6.0, 9.7). Conclusions: Regular opium use is associated with an approximately 4-fold risk for BC. The OR decreases along with the increasing time since stopping opium use. © 2022 The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.
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