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The Iranian Study of Opium and Cancer (Iropican): Rationale, Design, and Initial Findings Publisher Pubmed



Hadji M1, 2 ; Rashidian H2 ; Marzban M3, 4 ; Gholipour M5 ; Naghibzadehtahami A6 ; Mohebbi E2, 7 ; Ebrahimi E2 ; Hosseini B2, 8 ; Haghdoost AA9, 10 ; Rezaianzadeh A11 ; Rahimimovaghar A12 ; Moradi A5 ; Seyyedsalehi MS2 ; Shirkoohi R2 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Hadji M1, 2
  2. Rashidian H2
  3. Marzban M3, 4
  4. Gholipour M5
  5. Naghibzadehtahami A6
  6. Mohebbi E2, 7
  7. Ebrahimi E2
  8. Hosseini B2, 8
  9. Haghdoost AA9, 10
  10. Rezaianzadeh A11
  11. Rahimimovaghar A12
  12. Moradi A5
  13. Seyyedsalehi MS2
  14. Shirkoohi R2
  15. Poustchi H13
  16. Eghtesad S13
  17. Najafi F14, 15
  18. Safarifaramani R16
  19. Alizadehnavaei R17
  20. Moghadam ARA18
  21. Bakhshi M18
  22. Nejatizadeh A19
  23. Mahmudi M19
  24. Shahidsales S20
  25. Ahmadisimab S20
  26. Nabavian O21
  27. Boffetta P22, 23
  28. Pukkala E1, 24
  29. Weiderpass E8
  30. Kamangar F25
  31. Zendehdel K2, 26, 27
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  2. 2. Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Clinical Research Development Center, The Persian Gulf Martyrs, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr, Iran
  5. 5. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  6. 6. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  7. 7. Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  8. 8. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
  9. 9. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  10. 10. Regional Knowledge HUB for HIV/AIDS Surveillance, Research Centre for Modelling in Health, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  11. 11. Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  12. 12. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Institute of Health, Kermanshah Medical Sciences University, Kermanshah, Iran
  15. 15. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  16. 16. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah Medical Sciences University, Kermanshah, Iran
  17. 17. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  18. 18. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  19. 19. Bandar-e-Abbas University of Medical Sciences, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran
  20. 20. Mashhahd University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Hospital Complex, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
  23. 23. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
  24. 24. Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
  25. 25. Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  26. 26. Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Breast Disease Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine Published:2021


Abstract

Background: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently classified opium use as a Group 1 carcinogen. However, much remains to be studied on the relation between opium and cancer. We designed the Iranian Opium and Cancer (IROPICAN) study to further investigate the association of opium use and cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and colon and rectum. In this paper, we describe the rationale, design, and some initial results of the IROPICAN Study. Methods: The IROPICAN is a multi-center case-control study conducted in 10 provinces of Iran. The cases were all histologically confirmed and the controls were selected from hospital visitors who were free of cancer, were not family members or friends of the cancer patients, and were visiting the hospital for reasons other than their own ailment. The questionnaires included detailed questions on opium use (including age at initiation, duration, frequency, typical amount, and route), and potential confounders, such as tobacco use (e.g., cigarettes, nass and water-pipe), and dietary factors. Biological samples, including blood and saliva, were also collected. Results: The validation and pilot phases showed reasonably good validity, with sensitivities of 70% and 69% for the cases and controls, respectively, in reporting opium use. The results also showed excellent reliability, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.96 for ever opium use and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.92) for regular opium use. In the main phase, we recruited 3299 cancer cases (99% response rate) and 3477 hospital visitor controls (89% response rate). The proportion of ever-use of opium was 40% among cases and 18% among controls. Conclusion: The IROPICAN study will serve as a major resource in studies addressing the effect of opium on risk of cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and colon and rectum. © 2021 The Author(s).
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