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Global, Regional, and National Mortality Among Young People Aged 10–24 Years, 1950–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Ward JL1 ; Azzopardi PS5, 6 ; Francis KL7 ; Santelli JS9, 12 ; Skirbekk V13 ; Sawyer SM14, 15 ; Kassebaum NJ16, 17, 18 ; Mokdad AH17, 18 ; Hay SI17, 18 ; Abdallah F20 ; Abdoli A23 ; Abdollahi M24, 25 ; Abedi A42 ; Abolhassani H26, 44 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ward JL1
  2. Azzopardi PS5, 6
  3. Francis KL7
  4. Santelli JS9, 12
  5. Skirbekk V13
  6. Sawyer SM14, 15
  7. Kassebaum NJ16, 17, 18
  8. Mokdad AH17, 18
  9. Hay SI17, 18
  10. Abdallah F20
  11. Abdoli A23
  12. Abdollahi M24, 25
  13. Abedi A42
  14. Abolhassani H26, 44
  15. Abreu LG45
  16. Abrigo MRM47
  17. Abugharbieh E48
  18. Abushouk AI51, 57
  19. Adebayo OM59
  20. Adekanmbi V62
  21. Adham D63
  22. Advani SM64, 65
  23. Afshari K27, 66
  24. Agrawal A67, 68
  25. Ahmad T69
  26. Ahmadi K70
  27. Ahmed AE71
  28. Aji B72
  29. Akombiinyang B73
  30. Alahdab F77
  31. Alaly Z78, 79
  32. Alam K80
  33. Alanezi FM85
  34. Alanzi TM81
  35. Alcalderabanal JE86
  36. Alemu BW89, 92
  37. Alhajj S93, 94
  38. Alhassan RK95
  39. Ali S96
  40. Alicandro G97
  41. Alijanzadeh M98
  42. Aljunid SM101, 102
  43. Almasihashiani A103
  44. Almasri NA108
  45. Almekhlafi HM109, 110, 111
  46. Alonso J112, 113
  47. Alraddadi RM114
  48. Altirkawi KA115
  49. Alvisguzman N116, 117
  50. Amare AT118, 121
  51. Amini S104
  52. Aminorroaya A28, 29
  53. Amit AML123, 124
  54. Amugsi DA127
  55. Ancuceanu R128
  56. Anderlini D135, 136
  57. Andrei CL129
  58. Androudi S137
  59. Ansari F138, 145
  60. Ansari I146
  61. Antonio CAT125, 147
  62. Anvari D148, 150
  63. Anwer R151
  64. Appiah SCY153, 154
  65. Arabloo J155
  66. Arabzozani M162
  67. Arnlov J164, 169
  68. Asaad M170
  69. Asadialiabadi M156
  70. Asadipooya AA171, 177
  71. Atout MMW178
  72. Ausloos M179, 181
  73. Avenyo EK182, 186
  74. Avilaburgos L86
  75. Quintanilla BPA187
  76. Ayano G190
  77. Aynalem YA192
  78. Azari S155
  79. Azene ZN193
  80. Bakhshaei MH196
  81. Bakkannavar SM197
  82. Banach M202, 203
  83. Banik PC204
  84. Barboza MA205, 206
  85. Barkercollo SL207
  86. Barnighausen TW52, 208
  87. Basu S53, 210
  88. Baune BT214, 216
  89. Bayati M172
  90. Bedi N110, 217
  91. Beghi E218
  92. Bekuma TT220
  93. Bell AW54, 221
  94. Bell ML222, 776
  95. Benjet C223
  96. Bensenor IM224
  97. Berhe AK226
  98. Berhe K227
  99. Berman AE233
  100. Bhagavathula AS234, 235
  101. Bhardwaj N226
  102. Bhardwaj P237, 238
  103. Bhattacharyya K241, 242
  104. Bhattarai S243
  105. Bhutta ZA244, 245, 246
  106. Bijani A247
  107. Bikbov B250
  108. Biondi A251
  109. Birhanu TTM252, 692
  110. Biswas RK74
  111. Bohlouli S253
  112. Bolla SR254
  113. Boloor A255
  114. Borschmann R7, 259
  115. Boufous S74
  116. Bragazzi NL262
  117. Braithwaite D263, 264
  118. Breitborde NJK265, 266
  119. Brenner H268
  120. Britton GB269, 270
  121. Burns RA271
  122. Nagaraja SB272
  123. Butt ZA273, 274
  124. Santos FLCD275
  125. Camera LA276
  126. Camposnonato IR87
  127. Rincon JCC88, 279
  128. Cardenas R280
  129. Carreras G282
  130. Carrero JJ165
  131. Carvalho F283
  132. Castaldellimaia JM225
  133. Castanedaorjuela CA286
  134. Castelpietra G289, 290
  135. Catalalopez F291
  136. Cerin E293, 294
  137. Chandan JS298
  138. Chang HY299
  139. Chang JC300, 301
  140. Charan J239
  141. Chattu VK245, 302
  142. Chaturvedi S303
  143. Choi JYJ304
  144. Chowdhury MAK306
  145. Christopher DJ307
  146. Chu DT310
  147. Chung MT311
  148. Chung SC2, 311, 312
  149. Cicuttini FM313
  150. Constantin TV130
  151. Costa VM283
  152. Dahlawi SMA82
  153. Dai H316, 317
  154. Dai X16
  155. Damiani G318, 320
  156. Dandona L17, 325, 326
  157. Dandona R17, 18, 325
  158. Daneshpajouhnejad P327, 331
  159. Darwesh AM334
  160. Davilacervantes CA335
  161. Davletov K336
  162. Hoz FPDL288, 644
  163. Leo DD337
  164. Dervenis N338, 339
  165. Desai R340
  166. Desalew A341
  167. Deuba K166, 342
  168. Dharmaratne SD17, 18, 343
  169. Dhungana GP344
  170. Dianatinasab M173, 345
  171. Silva DDD283, 284, 708
  172. Diaz D346, 347
  173. Didarloo A348, 629
  174. Djalalinia S349
  175. Dorostkar F157
  176. Doshi CP43
  177. Doshmangir L139, 611
  178. Doyle KE350, 352
  179. Duraes AR353, 354
  180. Kalan ME142, 355
  181. Ebtehaj S356, 599
  182. Edvardsson D188, 357
  183. Tantawi ME358
  184. Elgendy IY55, 359
  185. Eljaafary SI20
  186. Elsharkawy A21
  187. Eshrati B156, 548
  188. Eskandarieh S30, 491
  189. Esmaeilnejad S361, 362, 492
  190. Esmaeilzadeh F365
  191. Esteghamati S31
  192. Faro A367, 489
  193. Farzadfar F28
  194. Fattahi N368
  195. Feigin VL17, 380, 382
  196. Ferede TY383, 461
  197. Fereshtehnejad SM167, 292, 384
  198. Fernandes E285, 463
  199. Ferrara P386
  200. Filip I387, 388
  201. Fischer F389
  202. Fisher JL267, 305, 363
  203. Foigt NA390
  204. Folayan MO391
  205. Fomenkov AA392
  206. Foroutan M393
  207. Fukumoto T394
  208. Gad MM395, 396, 397
  209. Gaidhane AM398
  210. Gallus S219
  211. Gebre T400
  212. Gebremedhin KB401
  213. Gebremeskel GG228, 402
  214. Gebremeskel L229, 403, 596
  215. Gebreslassie AA230
  216. Gesesew HA231, 404
  217. Ghadiri K369, 370
  218. Ghafourifard M140
  219. Ghamari F105, 287
  220. Ghashghaee A155, 158, 277
  221. Gilani SA405, 407
  222. Gnedovskaya EV381
  223. Godinho MA408
  224. Golechha M410
  225. Goli S412, 413
  226. Gona PN415
  227. Gopalani SV416, 417
  228. Gorini G281
  229. Grivna M235, 418
  230. Gubari MIM419
  231. Gugnani HC420, 421
  232. Guimaraes RA422
  233. Guo Y314, 423
  234. Gupta R424, 425
  235. Haagsma JA426
  236. Hafezinejad N32, 328
  237. Haile TG402
  238. Hajmirzaian A329, 427
  239. Hajmirzaian A329, 427
  240. Hall BJ432
  241. Hamadeh RR433
  242. Abdullah KH434
  243. Hamidi S436
  244. Handiso DW437
  245. Hanif A406
  246. Hankey GJ414, 438
  247. Haririan H144
  248. Haro JM439, 440
  249. Hasaballah AI441
  250. Hashi A442
  251. Hassan A20
  252. Hassanipour S443, 444
  253. Hassankhani H141, 445
  254. Hayat K446, 447
  255. Heidarisoureshjani R33
  256. Herteliu C181, 448
  257. Heydarpour F371
  258. Ho HC295
  259. Hole MK449
  260. Holla R198, 236
  261. Hoogar P199
  262. Hosseini M34, 35
  263. Hosseinzadeh M83, 155
  264. Hostiuc M131, 450
  265. Hostiuc S132
  266. Househ M451
  267. Hsairi M452
  268. Huda TM453, 455
  269. Humayun A456
  270. Hussain R457
  271. Hwang BF458
  272. Iavicoli I459
  273. Ibitoye SE460
  274. Ilesanmi OS60, 451
  275. Ilic IM464
  276. Ilic MD466
  277. Inbaraj LR468
  278. Intarut N469
  279. Iqbal U470
  280. Irvani SSN445
  281. Islam MM189
  282. Islam SMS453, 472
  283. Iso H474
  284. Ivers RQ73
  285. Jahani MA247
  286. Jakovljevic M467, 476
  287. Jalali A372, 373
  288. Janodia MD200
  289. Javaheri T477
  290. Jeemon P479
  291. Jenabi E480
  292. Jha RP484, 485
  293. Jha V201, 487
  294. Ji JS488, 490
  295. Jonas JB209, 495
  296. Jones KM380
  297. Joukar F443, 444
  298. Jozwiak JJ493
  299. Juliusson PB494, 495
  300. Jurisson M497
  301. Kabir A159
  302. Kabir Z498
  303. Kalankesh LR142
  304. Kalhor R99, 100
  305. Kamyari N481
  306. Kanchan T240
  307. Karch A215
  308. Karimi SE143
  309. Kaur S499
  310. Kayode GA500, 501
  311. Keiyoro PN502
  312. Khalid N506
  313. Khammarnia M507
  314. Khan M110, 508
  315. Khan MN110, 508
  316. Khatab K509, 510
  317. Khater MM22
  318. Khatib MN399
  319. Khayamzadeh M431, 511
  320. Khazaie H374
  321. Khoja AT152, 330
  322. Kieling C512, 513
  323. Kim YE514, 515
  324. Kim YJ514, 515
  325. Kimokoti RW516
  326. Kisa A517, 518
  327. Kisa S519
  328. Kivimaki M3, 520
  329. Koolivand A106
  330. Kosen S521
  331. Koyanagi A522, 523
  332. Krishan K524
  333. Kugbey N525
  334. Kumar GA325
  335. Kumar M4, 503
  336. Kumar N256
  337. Kurmi OP526, 527
  338. Kusuma D211, 530
  339. Vecchia CL319
  340. Lacey B183, 531
  341. Lal DK325
  342. Lalloo R532
  343. Lan Q535
  344. Landires I536, 538
  345. Lansingh VC539, 540
  346. Larsson AO541, 542
  347. Lasrado S543
  348. Lassi ZS119
  349. Lauriola P544
  350. Lee PH180
  351. Lee SWH545, 546
  352. Leigh J454
  353. Leonardi M547
  354. Leung J549
  355. Levi M550, 551
  356. Lewycka S184, 552
  357. Li B553
  358. Li MC554
  359. Li S555
  360. Lim LL555
  361. Lim SS556
  362. Liu X321, 396
  363. Lorkowski S557, 558
  364. Lotufo PA559
  365. Lunevicius R560, 561
  366. Maddison R472
  367. Mahasha PW563
  368. Mahdavi MM566
  369. Mahmoudi M567
  370. Majeed A212
  371. Maleki A36, 568
  372. Malekzadeh R37, 174
  373. Malta DC46
  374. Mamun AA571
  375. Mansouri B373
  376. Mansournia MA34
  377. Martinez G572
  378. Martinezraga J573, 574
  379. Martinsmelo FR575
  380. Masonjones AJ576
  381. Masoumi SZ482
  382. Mathur MR323, 562
  383. Maulik PK75, 486
  384. Mcgrath JJ533, 577
  385. Mehndiratta MM578, 579
  386. Mehri F580
  387. Memiah PTN581
  388. Mendoza W582
  389. Menezes RG583
  390. Mengesha EW122
  391. Meretoja A260, 583
  392. Meretoja TJ520, 584
  393. Mestrovic T585, 586
  394. Miazgowski B587
  395. Miazgowski T588
  396. Michalek IM590
  397. Miller TR190, 591
  398. Mini GK592, 593
  399. Mirica A181
  400. Mirrakhimov EM594, 595
  401. Mirzaei H396
  402. Mirzaei M375
  403. Moazen B208, 597
  404. Mohammad DK168, 598
  405. Mohammadi S568, 598
  406. Mohammadianhafshejani A600
  407. Mohammadifard N332
  408. Mohammadpourhodki R601
  409. Mohammed S604, 605
  410. Monasta L606
  411. Moradi G569, 570
  412. Moradilakeh M156
  413. Moradzadeh R103
  414. Moraga P607
  415. Morrison SD608
  416. Mosapour A248, 262
  417. Khaneghah AM609
  418. Mueller UO311, 612
  419. Muriithi MK504
  420. Murray CJL17, 18
  421. Muthupandian S232, 613
  422. Naderi M376
  423. Nagarajan AJ614, 615
  424. Naghavi M17, 18
  425. Naimzada MD616, 617
  426. Nangia V618
  427. Nayak VC197
  428. Nazari J107
  429. Ndejjo R619
  430. Negoi I133, 620
  431. Negoi RI134, 621
  432. Netsere HB194, 622
  433. Nguefacktsague G623
  434. Nguyen DN625, 626
  435. Nguyen HLT627
  436. Nie J628
  437. Ningrum DNA429, 471
  438. Nnaji CA565, 630
  439. Nomura S631, 632
  440. Noubiap JJ120
  441. Nowak C633
  442. Nunezsamudio V537, 538
  443. Ogbo FA351
  444. Oghenetega OB462
  445. Oh IH634
  446. Oladnabi M635
  447. Olagunju AT528, 636
  448. Olusanya BO637
  449. Olusanya JO637
  450. Bali AO435
  451. Omer MO442
  452. Onwujekwe OE638
  453. Ortiz A639, 640
  454. Otoiu A181
  455. Otstavnov N616
  456. Otstavnov SS616, 641
  457. Overland S496, 643
  458. Owolabi MO61, 463
  459. Padubidri JR198
  460. Pakshir K175
  461. Palladino R212, 459
  462. Pana A181, 645
  463. Pandajonas S209
  464. Pandey A324
  465. Panelo CIA126
  466. Park EK646
  467. Patten SB647
  468. Peden AE73, 648
  469. Pepito VCF649
  470. Peprah EK650
  471. Pereira J651
  472. Pesudovs K76
  473. Pham HQ627
  474. Phillips MR10, 652
  475. Piradov MA382
  476. Pirsaheb M368
  477. Postma MJ653, 654
  478. Pottoo FH84
  479. Pourjafar H366, 655
  480. Pourshams A37
  481. Prada SI656, 657
  482. Pupillo E658
  483. Syed ZQ218
  484. Rabiee MH659
  485. Rabiee N660
  486. Radfar A661
  487. Rafiee A662
  488. Raggi A547
  489. Rahim F38, 663
  490. Rahimimovaghar V39
  491. Rahman MHU188, 664, 665
  492. Rahman MA665
  493. Ramezanzadeh K427
  494. Ranabhat CL666, 667
  495. Rao SJ668
  496. Rashedi V160
  497. Rastogi P257
  498. Rathi P198
  499. Rawaf DL212, 669
  500. Rawaf S213, 670
  501. Rawal L671
  502. Rawassizadeh R478
  503. Renzaho AMN672, 673
  504. Rezaei N26, 674
  505. Rezaei N26, 674
  506. Rezai MS149
  507. Riahi SM163
  508. Rickard J675, 676
  509. Roever L677
  510. Ronfani L606
  511. Roth GA17, 18, 19
  512. Rubagotti E658, 678
  513. Rumisha SF679, 680
  514. Rwegerera GM681
  515. Sabour S429
  516. Sachdev PS409, 682
  517. Saddik B49
  518. Sadeghi E368
  519. Moghaddam SS28
  520. Sagar R683
  521. Sahebkar A602, 603
  522. Sahraian MA30
  523. Sajadi SM684, 685
  524. Salem MR686
  525. Salimzadeh H37
  526. Samy AM58
  527. Sanabria J322, 687
  528. Santricmilicevic MM464, 465
  529. Saraswathy SYI688, 689
  530. Sarrafzadegan N332, 690
  531. Sarveazad A161
  532. Sathish T529
  533. Sattin D547
  534. Saxena D398, 411
  535. Saxena S210
  536. Schiavolin S547
  537. Schwebel DC691
  538. Schwendicke F693
  539. Senthilkumaran S694
  540. Sepanlou SG37, 174
  541. Sha F695
  542. Shafaat O328, 333
  543. Shahabi S176
  544. Shaheen AA696
  545. Shaikh MA446, 697
  546. Shakiba S40
  547. Shamsi M377
  548. Shannawaz M698
  549. Sharafi K368
  550. Sheikh A56, 699
  551. Sheikhbahaei S328
  552. Shetty BSK257
  553. Shi P700
  554. Shigematsu M701
  555. Shin JI702
  556. Shiri R703
  557. Shuval K704, 705
  558. Siabani S378, 706
  559. Sigfusdottir ID11, 707
  560. Sigurvinsdottir R707
  561. Silva DAS284, 708
  562. Silva JP283
  563. Simonetti B709, 710
  564. Singh JA711
  565. Singh V712
  566. Sinke AH713
  567. Skryabin VY714
  568. Slater H191
  569. Smith EUR716, 717
  570. Sobhiyeh MR379
  571. Sobngwi E624, 718
  572. Soheili A719
  573. Somefun OD720
  574. Sorrie MB90
  575. Soyiri IN721
  576. Sreeramareddy CT722
  577. Stein DJ564
  578. Stokes MA473
  579. Sudaryanto A723
  580. Sultan I724, 725
  581. Tabaresseisdedos R726
  582. Tabuchi T727
  583. Tadakamadla SK728
  584. Taherkhani A483
  585. Tamiru AT195
  586. Tareque MI729
  587. Thankappan KR730
  588. Thapar R256
  589. Thomas N308
  590. Titova MV731, 732
  591. Tonelli M647
  592. Tovanipalone MR733, 734
  593. Tran BX735
  594. Travillian RS17
  595. Tsai AC360, 736
  596. Tsatsakis A737
  597. Car LT738
  598. Uddin R534, 740
  599. Unim B741
  600. Unnikrishnan B258
  601. Upadhyay E742
  602. Vacante M251
  603. Tahbaz SV364, 743
  604. Valdez PR278, 744
  605. Varughese S309
  606. Vasankari TJ745
  607. Venketasubramanian N746, 747
  608. Villeneuve PJ748
  609. Violante FS749, 750
  610. Vlassov V642
  611. Vos T17, 18
  612. Vu GT751
  613. Waheed Y752
  614. Wamai RG505, 753
  615. Wang Y245
  616. Wang Y245
  617. Wang YP757
  618. Westerman R610
  619. Wickramasinghe ND758
  620. Wu AM759
  621. Wu C761
  622. Jabbari SHY743
  623. Yamagishi K475, 760
  624. Yano Y761
  625. Yaya S185, 385
  626. Yazdifeyzabadi V762, 763
  627. Yeshitila YG91
  628. Yip P296, 297
  629. Yonemoto N764, 765
  630. Yoon SJ766
  631. Younis MZ767, 768
  632. Yousefinezhadi T430
  633. Yu C754
  634. Yu Y754, 769
  635. Yuce D770
  636. Zaidi SS771
  637. Zaman SB315, 455
  638. Zamani M249
  639. Zamanian M103
  640. Zarafshan H41
  641. Zarei A772
  642. Zastrozhin MS715, 773
  643. Zhang Y774, 775
  644. Zhang ZJ755
  645. Zhao XJG277
  646. Zhu C277
  647. Patton GC8, 261
  648. Viner RM1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Ucl Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  3. 3. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  4. 4. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  6. 6. Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  7. 7. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  8. 8. Population Health Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  9. 9. Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  10. 10. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  11. 11. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  12. 12. Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  13. 13. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  14. 14. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  15. 15. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  16. 16. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  17. 17. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  18. 18. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  19. 19. Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  20. 20. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  21. 21. Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  22. 22. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  23. 23. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  24. 24. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  43. 43. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  44. 44. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  45. 45. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  46. 46. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  47. 47. Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  48. 48. Department of Clinical Sciences, United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  49. 49. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, United Arab Emirates
  50. 50. University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  51. 51. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  52. 52. Th Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  53. 53. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  54. 54. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  55. 55. Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  56. 56. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  57. 57. Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  58. 58. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  59. 59. College of Medicine, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  60. 60. Department of Community Medicine, Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  61. 61. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  62. 62. Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  63. 63. School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  64. 64. Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  65. 65. School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  66. 66. Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
  67. 67. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
  68. 68. Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  69. 69. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
  70. 70. Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  71. 71. Economics and Rural Development Department, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
  72. 72. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  73. 73. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  74. 74. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  75. 75. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  76. 76. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  77. 77. Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Rochester, MN, United States
  78. 78. John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  79. 79. Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Epidemiology Center, St Louis, MO, United States
  80. 80. Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
  81. 81. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  82. 82. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  83. 83. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  84. 84. Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  85. 85. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  86. 86. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  87. 87. Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  88. 88. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  89. 89. College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  90. 90. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  91. 91. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  92. 92. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  94. 94. British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  95. 95. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  96. 96. Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  97. 97. Social Statistics and Population Census, Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, Italy
  98. 98. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  99. 99. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  100. 100. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  101. 101. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  102. 102. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  103. 103. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  104. 104. Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  105. 105. Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  106. 106. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  107. 107. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  108. 108. Physiotherapy Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  109. 109. Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  110. 110. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  111. 111. Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
  112. 112. Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
  113. 113. Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain
  114. 114. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  115. 115. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  116. 116. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
  117. 117. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  118. 118. School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  119. 119. Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  120. 120. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  121. 121. College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  122. 122. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  123. 123. School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines
  124. 124. College of Medicine, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  125. 125. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  126. 126. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  127. 127. Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  128. 128. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  129. 129. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  130. 130. Urology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  131. 131. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  132. 132. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  133. 133. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  134. 134. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  135. 135. Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  136. 136. Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  137. 137. Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  138. 138. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  139. 139. Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  140. 140. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  141. 141. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  142. 142. School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  143. 143. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  144. 144. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  145. 145. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Education, And Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  146. 146. Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
  147. 147. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  148. 148. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  149. 149. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  150. 150. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  151. 151. Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  152. 152. Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  153. 153. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  154. 154. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  155. 155. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  156. 156. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  157. 157. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  158. 158. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  159. 159. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  160. 160. Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  161. 161. Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  162. 162. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  163. 163. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  164. 164. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  165. 165. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  166. 166. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  167. 167. Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  168. 168. Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  169. 169. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  170. 170. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  171. 171. Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  172. 172. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  173. 173. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  174. 174. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  175. 175. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  176. 176. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  177. 177. Neurology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  178. 178. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  179. 179. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  180. 180. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  181. 181. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  182. 182. Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  183. 183. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  184. 184. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  185. 185. George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  186. 186. DST/NRF South African Research Department in Industrial Development, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
  187. 187. Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  188. 188. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  189. 189. School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  190. 190. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  191. 191. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  192. 192. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  193. 193. Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  194. 194. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  195. 195. Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  196. 196. Department of Anesthesiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  197. 197. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  198. 198. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Manipal, India
  199. 199. Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  200. 200. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  201. 201. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  202. 202. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  203. 203. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  204. 204. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  205. 205. Department of Neurosciences, San Jose, Costa Rica
  206. 206. School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  207. 207. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  208. 208. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  209. 209. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  210. 210. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  211. 211. Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
  212. 212. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  213. 213. Who Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  214. 214. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  215. 215. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  216. 216. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  217. 217. School of Public Health, Dr D y Patil University, Mumbai, India
  218. 218. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
  219. 219. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy
  220. 220. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  221. 221. Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  222. 222. School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  223. 223. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  224. 224. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  225. 225. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  226. 226. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  227. 227. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  228. 228. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  229. 229. Department of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  230. 230. Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  231. 231. Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  232. 232. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  233. 233. Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
  234. 234. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  235. 235. United Arab Emirates University, Institute of Public Health, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  236. 236. Department of Anatomy (Prof N Bhardwaj MD), Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  237. 237. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Bhardwaj MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  238. 238. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Jodhpur, India
  239. 239. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  240. 240. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  241. 241. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  242. 242. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  243. 243. Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  244. 244. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  245. 245. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  246. 246. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  247. 247. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  248. 248. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  249. 249. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  250. 250. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  251. 251. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  252. 252. Planning, Amhara Public Health Institute, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  253. 253. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
  254. 254. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
  255. 255. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  256. 256. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  257. 257. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  258. 258. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  259. 259. Justice Health Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  260. 260. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  261. 261. Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  262. 262. University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  263. 263. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  264. 264. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  265. 265. Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  266. 266. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  267. 267. Ohio State University, James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
  268. 268. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
  269. 269. Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Neuroscience Unit, Panama City, Panama
  270. 270. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  271. 271. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  272. 272. Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore, India
  273. 273. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  274. 274. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  275. 275. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  276. 276. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  277. 277. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
  278. 278. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  279. 279. School of Medicine, University of Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  280. 280. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  281. 281. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  282. 282. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  283. 283. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  284. 284. Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  285. 285. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  286. 286. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  287. 287. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  288. 288. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  289. 289. Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  290. 290. Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italy
  291. 291. Institute of Health Carlos Iii, National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
  292. 292. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  293. 293. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  294. 294. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  295. 295. Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  296. 296. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  297. 297. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  298. 298. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  299. 299. National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
  300. 300. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  301. 301. Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
  302. 302. Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
  303. 303. Research Department, Dr D y Patil University, Pune, India
  304. 304. Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  305. 305. James P Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  306. 306. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  307. 307. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  308. 308. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  309. 309. Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  310. 310. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  311. 311. Department of Otolaryngology (M T Chung MD), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  312. 312. Health Data Research Uk, London, United Kingdom
  313. 313. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  314. 314. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  315. 315. School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  316. 316. Department of Cardiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
  317. 317. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  318. 318. Irccs Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  319. 319. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  320. 320. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  321. 321. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  322. 322. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  323. 323. Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  324. 324. Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  325. 325. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  326. 326. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  327. 327. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  328. 328. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  329. 329. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  330. 330. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  331. 331. Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  332. 332. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  333. 333. Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  334. 334. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  335. 335. Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  336. 336. Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  337. 337. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
  338. 338. St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  339. 339. Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  340. 340. Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  341. 341. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  342. 342. National Centre for Aids and Std Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
  343. 343. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  344. 344. Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
  345. 345. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  346. 346. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  347. 347. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD), Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, n Rosales, Culiac, Mexico
  348. 348. Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  349. 349. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  350. 350. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  351. 351. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  352. 352. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  353. 353. School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  354. 354. Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
  355. 355. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  356. 356. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  357. 357. Department of Nursing, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  358. 358. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department (Prof M El Tantawi PhD), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  359. 359. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  360. 360. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  361. 361. Department of Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  362. 362. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  363. 363. Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  364. 364. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  365. 365. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  366. 366. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  367. 367. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, S o Crist v o, Brazil
  368. 368. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  369. 369. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  370. 370. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  371. 371. Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  372. 372. Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  373. 373. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  374. 374. Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  375. 375. Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  376. 376. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  377. 377. Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  378. 378. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  379. 379. Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  380. 380. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  381. 381. Research Center of Neurology, Third Department of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  382. 382. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  383. 383. School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  384. 384. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  385. 385. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  386. 386. Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  387. 387. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  388. 388. School of Health Sciences, At Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  389. 389. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  390. 390. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  391. 391. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  392. 392. Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Ka Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  393. 393. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  394. 394. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  395. 395. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  396. 396. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  397. 397. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  398. 398. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  399. 399. Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Wardha, India
  400. 400. International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  401. 401. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  402. 402. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  403. 403. School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  404. 404. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  405. 405. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  406. 406. University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  407. 407. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  408. 408. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  409. 409. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  410. 410. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  411. 411. Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  412. 412. Australia India Institute New Generation Network, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  413. 413. Uwa Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  414. 414. Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  415. 415. Department of Exercise and Health Sciences (P N Gona PhD), University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  416. 416. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Hudson College of Public Health, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  417. 417. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  418. 418. Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  419. 419. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  420. 420. Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  421. 421. Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  422. 422. Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
  423. 423. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  424. 424. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Department of Preventive Cardiology, Jaipur, India
  425. 425. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  426. 426. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  427. 427. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
  428. 428. Obesity Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  429. 429. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  430. 430. Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  431. 431. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  432. 432. Nyu Shanghai, Shanghai, China
  433. 433. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  434. 434. College of Law and Political Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  435. 435. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  436. 436. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  437. 437. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  438. 438. Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  439. 439. Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
  440. 440. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain
  441. 441. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  442. 442. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  443. 443. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  444. 444. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  445. 445. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  446. 446. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  447. 447. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  448. 448. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  449. 449. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  450. 450. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  451. 451. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  452. 452. Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
  453. 453. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  454. 454. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  455. 455. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Maternal and Child Health Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  456. 456. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  457. 457. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  458. 458. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  459. 459. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico Ii, Naples, Italy
  460. 460. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  461. 461. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  462. 462. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  463. 463. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  464. 464. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  465. 465. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  466. 466. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  467. 467. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  468. 468. Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  469. 469. Department of Health Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
  470. 470. College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  471. 471. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  472. 472. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  473. 473. Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  474. 474. Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  475. 475. Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  476. 476. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  477. 477. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  478. 478. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  479. 479. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  480. 480. Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  481. 481. Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  482. 482. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  483. 483. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  484. 484. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  485. 485. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  486. 486. Research Division, George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  487. 487. George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  488. 488. Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  489. 489. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  490. 490. Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  491. 491. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  492. 492. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  493. 493. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  494. 494. Department of Health Register Research and Development, National Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  495. 495. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  496. 496. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  497. 497. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  498. 498. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  499. 499. University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
  500. 500. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  501. 501. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  502. 502. Distance and ELearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  503. 503. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  504. 504. School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  505. 505. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  506. 506. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  507. 507. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  508. 508. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  509. 509. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  510. 510. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  511. 511. Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  512. 512. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  513. 513. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  514. 514. Big Data Department, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, South Korea
  515. 515. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  516. 516. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  517. 517. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  518. 518. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  519. 519. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  520. 520. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  521. 521. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  522. 522. San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Cibersam, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  523. 523. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  524. 524. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  525. 525. University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
  526. 526. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  527. 527. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  528. 528. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  529. 529. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  530. 530. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  531. 531. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  532. 532. School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  533. 533. Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  534. 534. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  535. 535. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  536. 536. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  537. 537. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  538. 538. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  539. 539. HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  540. 540. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  541. 541. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  542. 542. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  543. 543. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  544. 544. National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
  545. 545. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  546. 546. School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  547. 547. Uo Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilit, Milan, Italy
  548. 548. Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
  549. 549. Center for Youth Substance Abuse Research (J Leung PhD), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
  550. 550. Department of Prevention, Usl Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy
  551. 551. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  552. 552. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  553. 553. Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
  554. 554. Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
  555. 555. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  556. 556. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
  557. 557. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  558. 558. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  559. 559. Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  560. 560. Department of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  561. 561. Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  562. 562. Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  563. 563. Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
  564. 564. South African Medical Research Council, Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
  565. 565. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  566. 566. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  567. 567. Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
  568. 568. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  569. 569. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  570. 570. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  571. 571. Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  572. 572. Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  573. 573. Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  574. 574. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  575. 575. Federal Institute of Education, Campus Caucaia, Science and Technology of Cear, Caucaia, Brazil
  576. 576. Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
  577. 577. National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  578. 578. Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  579. 579. Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, Department of Neurology, New Delhi, India
  580. 580. Nutrition Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  581. 581. Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  582. 582. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  583. 583. Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  584. 584. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  585. 585. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  586. 586. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  587. 587. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  588. 588. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  589. 589. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  590. 590. Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  591. 591. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  592. 592. Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Global Institute of Public Health, Trivandrum, India
  593. 593. Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
  594. 594. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  595. 595. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  596. 596. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  597. 597. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  598. 598. Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  599. 599. Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj City, Iran
  600. 600. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  601. 601. Department of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  602. 602. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  603. 603. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  604. 604. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  605. 605. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  606. 606. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  607. 607. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  608. 608. Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  609. 609. Department of Food Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
  610. 610. Federal Institute for Population Research, Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of German National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany
  611. 611. Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  612. 612. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  613. 613. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India
  614. 614. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  615. 615. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  616. 616. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  617. 617. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  618. 618. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  619. 619. Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  620. 620. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  621. 621. Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  622. 622. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
  623. 623. Department of Public Health, University of Yaounde i, Yaound, Cameroon
  624. 624. Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaounde i, Yaound, Cameroon
  625. 625. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  626. 626. Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  627. 627. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  628. 628. Department of Sociology and Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
  629. 629. Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  630. 630. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  631. 631. Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
  632. 632. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  633. 633. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
  634. 634. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  635. 635. Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  636. 636. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  637. 637. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  638. 638. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  639. 639. Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  640. 640. Institute for Health Research Foundation Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Madrid, Spain
  641. 641. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Project Management, Moscow, Russian Federation
  642. 642. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  643. 643. Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  644. 644. Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mysore, India
  645. 645. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  646. 646. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  647. 647. Community Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  648. 648. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, NSW, Australia
  649. 649. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  650. 650. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  651. 651. Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  652. 652. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  653. 653. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  654. 654. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  655. 655. Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  656. 656. Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundacion Valle Del Lili (Valle Del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia
  657. 657. Centro Proesa (PROESA Center), Cali, Colombia
  658. 658. Ctro. de Invest. en Anomalias Congenitas y Enferm. Raras (Ctr. for Res. in Congenital Anomalies and Rare Dis.), Universidad Icesi (ICESI University), Cali, Colombia
  659. 659. Department of Epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  660. 660. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  661. 661. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  662. 662. Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  663. 663. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  664. 664. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India
  665. 665. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  666. 666. Research Department, Kathmandu, Nepal
  667. 667. Global Center for Research and Development, Health and Public Policy Department, Kathmandu, Nepal
  668. 668. Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  669. 669. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  670. 670. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  671. 671. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Cq University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  672. 672. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  673. 673. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  674. 674. Network of Immunity in Infection, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  675. 675. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  676. 676. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  677. 677. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberl ndia, Brazil
  678. 678. African Genome Center, Mohammed Vi Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
  679. 679. Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
  680. 680. National Institute for Medical Research, Department of Health Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  681. 681. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  682. 682. Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  683. 683. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  684. 684. Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  685. 685. Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  686. 686. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  687. 687. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  688. 688. Psg Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Department of Community Medicine, Coimbatore, India
  689. 689. PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India
  690. 690. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  691. 691. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  692. 692. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  693. 693. Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charit University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  694. 694. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  695. 695. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  696. 696. Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  697. 697. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  698. 698. Department of Community Medicine, Blde University, Vijayapur, India
  699. 699. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  700. 700. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  701. 701. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  702. 702. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  703. 703. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  704. 704. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  705. 705. Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
  706. 706. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  707. 707. Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  708. 708. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian polis, Brazil
  709. 709. Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
  710. 710. Wsb University in Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
  711. 711. Medicine Service, Us Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  712. 712. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  713. 713. Program Services Unit, Pathfinder International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  714. 714. Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Department No16, Moscow, Russian Federation
  715. 715. Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  716. 716. Institute of Bone and Joint Research (IBJR), University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
  717. 717. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  718. 718. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaound, Cameroon
  719. 719. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  720. 720. Demography and Population Studies Department, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  721. 721. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  722. 722. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  723. 723. Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  724. 724. Pediatric Services, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  725. 725. Pediatrics, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  726. 726. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Carlos Iii Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
  727. 727. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  728. 728. School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  729. 729. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  730. 730. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  731. 731. Ka Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  732. 732. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  733. 733. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeir o Preto, Brazil
  734. 734. Modestum Ltd, London, United Kingdom
  735. 735. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  736. 736. Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  737. 737. Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  738. 738. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  739. 739. Singapore
  740. 740. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  741. 741. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine Metabolic Diseases and Agin, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  742. 742. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  743. 743. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  744. 744. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  745. 745. Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland
  746. 746. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  747. 747. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  748. 748. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  749. 749. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  750. 750. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  751. 751. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  752. 752. Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
  753. 753. Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, & Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  754. 754. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  755. 755. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  756. 756. School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  757. 757. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  758. 758. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  759. 759. Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
  760. 760. Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  761. 761. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, IL, United States
  762. 762. Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  763. 763. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  764. 764. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  765. 765. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  766. 766. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  767. 767. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  768. 768. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  769. 769. School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  770. 770. Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  771. 771. Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  772. 772. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  773. 773. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  774. 774. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  775. 775. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  776. 776. School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2021


Abstract

Background: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings: In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation: Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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