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Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the Gbd 2019 Study Publisher Pubmed



Roth GA1, 2, 3 ; Mensah GA4, 5 ; Johnson CO2 ; Addolorato G6 ; Ammirati E7 ; Baddour LM8 ; Barengo NC9 ; Beaton A10 ; Benjamin EJ11 ; Benziger CP12 ; Bonny A13, 14 ; Brauer M2, 15 ; Brodmann M16 ; Cahill TJ17 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Roth GA1, 2, 3
  2. Mensah GA4, 5
  3. Johnson CO2
  4. Addolorato G6
  5. Ammirati E7
  6. Baddour LM8
  7. Barengo NC9
  8. Beaton A10
  9. Benjamin EJ11
  10. Benziger CP12
  11. Bonny A13, 14
  12. Brauer M2, 15
  13. Brodmann M16
  14. Cahill TJ17
  15. Carapetis JR18, 19
  16. Catapano AL20, 21
  17. Chugh S22
  18. Cooper LT23
  19. Coresh J24
  20. Criqui MH25
  21. Decleene NK2
  22. Eagle KA26
  23. Emmonsbell S2
  24. Feigin VL2, 27, 28
  25. Fernandezsola J29, 30
  26. Fowkes FGR31
  27. Gakidou E2, 3
  28. Grundy SM32
  29. He FJ33
  30. Howard G34
  31. Hu F35
  32. Inker L36
  33. Karthikeyan G37
  34. Kassebaum NJ2, 38
  35. Koroshetz WJ39
  36. Lavie C40
  37. Lloydjones D41
  38. Lu HS42
  39. Mirijello A43
  40. Misganaw AT3, 44
  41. Mokdad AH2, 3
  42. Moran AE45, 46
  43. Muntner P47
  44. Narula J48
  45. Neal B49, 50
  46. Ntsekhe M51, 52
  47. Oliveira GMM53
  48. Otto CM1
  49. Owolabi MO54, 55
  50. Pratt M56
  51. Rajagopalan S57
  52. Reitsma MB2
  53. Ribeiro ALP58, 59
  54. Rigotti NA60, 61
  55. Rodgers A62
  56. Sable CA63
  57. Shakil SS1, 2
  58. Sliwa K64
  59. Stark BA2
  60. Sundstrom J65, 66
  61. Timpel P67
  62. Tleyjeh II68, 69
  63. Valgimigli M70, 71
  64. Vos T2, 3
  65. Whelton PK72
  66. Yacoub M73
  67. Zuhlke LJ5, 74
  68. Abbasikangevari M75
  69. Abdi A76
  70. Abedi A77
  71. Aboyans V78, 79
  72. Abrha WA80
  73. Abugharbieh E81
  74. Abushouk AI82, 83
  75. Acharya D84, 85
  76. Adair T86
  77. Adebayo OM87
  78. Ademi Z88
  79. Advani SM89, 90
  80. Afshari K91, 92
  81. Afshin A2, 3
  82. Agarwal G93
  83. Agasthi P94
  84. Ahmad S95
  85. Ahmadi S96
  86. Ahmed MB97, 98
  87. Aji B99
  88. Akalu Y100
  89. Akandesholabi W101
  90. Aklilu A102
  91. Akunna CJ103, 104
  92. Alahdab F105
  93. Aleyadhy A106
  94. Alhabib KF107
  95. Alif SM108
  96. Alipour V109, 110
  97. Aljunid SM111, 112
  98. Alla F113
  99. Almasihashiani A114
  100. Almustanyir S115, 116
  101. Alraddadi RM117
  102. Amegah AK118
  103. Amini S119
  104. Aminorroaya A120, 121
  105. Amu H122
  106. Amugsi DA123
  107. Ancuceanu R124
  108. Anderlini D125, 126
  109. Andrei T127
  110. Andrei CL128
  111. Ansarimoghaddam A129
  112. Anteneh ZA130
  113. Antonazzo IC131
  114. Antony B132
  115. Anwer R133
  116. Appiah LT134, 135
  117. Arabloo J109
  118. Arnlov J136, 137
  119. Artanti KD138
  120. Ataro Z139
  121. Ausloos M127, 140
  122. Avilaburgos L141
  123. Awan AT142, 143
  124. Awoke MA144
  125. Ayele HT145, 146
  126. Ayza MA147
  127. Azari S109
  128. Darshan BB148
  129. Baheiraei N149
  130. Baig AA150
  131. Bakhtiari A151
  132. Banach M152, 153
  133. Banik PC154
  134. Baptista EA155
  135. Barboza MA156, 157
  136. Barua L154
  137. Basu S158, 159
  138. Bedi N160, 161
  139. Bejot Y162, 163
  140. Bennett DA164
  141. Bensenor IM165
  142. Berman AE166
  143. Bezabih YM167, 168
  144. Bhagavathula AS169, 170
  145. Bhaskar S171, 172
  146. Bhattacharyya K173, 174
  147. Bijani A175
  148. Bikbov B176
  149. Birhanu MM177, 178
  150. Boloor A179
  151. Brant LC58
  152. Brenner H180
  153. Briko NI181
  154. Butt ZA182, 183
  155. Dos Santos FLC184
  156. Cahill LE185, 186
  157. Cahuanahurtado L187
  158. Camera LA188, 189, 645
  159. Camposnonato IR190
  160. Cantubrito C191
  161. Car J192, 193
  162. Carrero JJ194
  163. Carvalho F195
  164. Castanedaorjuela CA196, 197
  165. Catalalopez F198, 199
  166. Cerin E200, 201
  167. Charan J202
  168. Chattu VK203, 204
  169. Chen S205
  170. Chin KL108, 206
  171. Choi JYJ207
  172. Chu DT208
  173. Chung SC209, 210
  174. Cirillo M211
  175. Coffey S212
  176. Conti S213
  177. Costa VM195
  178. Cundiff DK214
  179. Dadras O215
  180. Dagnew B216
  181. Dai X2
  182. Damasceno AAM217
  183. Dandona L2, 218, 219
  184. Dandona R2, 3, 218
  185. Davletov K220
  186. De La Cruzgongora V221
  187. De La Hoz FP222
  188. De Neve JW205
  189. Denovagutierrez E190
  190. Molla MD223
  191. Derseh BT224
  192. Desai R225
  193. Deuschl G226, 227
  194. Dharmaratne SD2, 3, 228
  195. Dhimal M229
  196. Dhungana RR230
  197. Dianatinasab M231, 232
  198. Diaz D233, 234
  199. Djalalinia S235
  200. Dokova K236
  201. Douiri A237
  202. Duncan BB238
  203. Duraes AR239, 240
  204. Eagan AW241, 242
  205. Ebtehaj S243
  206. Eftekhari A244, 245
  207. Eftekharzadeh S246
  208. Ekholuenetale M247, 248
  209. El Nahas N249
  210. Elgendy IY250, 251
  211. Elhadi M252
  212. Eljaafary SI253
  213. Esteghamati S254
  214. Etisso AE255
  215. Eyawo O256
  216. Fadhil I257
  217. Faraon EJA258
  218. Faris PS259, 260
  219. Farwati M243, 261
  220. Farzadfar F120
  221. Fernandes E262
  222. Prendes CF263, 264
  223. Ferrara P131
  224. Filip I265, 266
  225. Fischer F267
  226. Flood D26, 268
  227. Fukumoto T269
  228. Gad MM270, 271
  229. Gaidhane S272
  230. Ganji M254
  231. Garg J273
  232. Gebre AK274, 275
  233. Gebregiorgis BG276
  234. Gebregzabiher KZ80
  235. Gebremeskel GG277, 278
  236. Getacher L224
  237. Obsa AG279
  238. Ghajar A280
  239. Ghashghaee A109, 281
  240. Ghith N282
  241. Giampaoli S283
  242. Gilani SA284, 285
  243. Gill PS286
  244. Gillum RF287, 288
  245. Glushkova EV181
  246. Gnedovskaya EV289
  247. Golechha M290
  248. Gonfa KB291
  249. Goudarzian AH292
  250. Goulart AC165, 293, 580
  251. Guadamuz JS294
  252. Guha A295, 296
  253. Guo Y108, 297
  254. Gupta R298, 299
  255. Hachinski V300, 301
  256. Hafezinejad N302, 303
  257. Haile TG277
  258. Hamadeh RR304
  259. Hamidi S305
  260. Hankey GJ306, 307
  261. Hargono A308
  262. Hartono RK309
  263. Hashemian M310, 311
  264. Hashi A312
  265. Hassan S313, 314
  266. Hassen HY315, 316
  267. Havmoeller RJ317
  268. Hay SI2, 3
  269. Hayat K318, 319
  270. Heidari G320
  271. Herteliu C127, 321
  272. Holla R148
  273. Hosseini M322, 323
  274. Hosseinzadeh M324, 325
  275. Hostiuc M326
  276. Hostiuc S327, 328
  277. Househ M329
  278. Huang J330
  279. Humayun A331
  280. Iavicoli I211
  281. Ibeneme CU332, 333
  282. Ibitoye SE334
  283. Ilesanmi OS335, 336
  284. Ilic IM337
  285. Ilic MD338
  286. Iqbal U339
  287. Irvani SSN340
  288. Islam SMS341, 342
  289. Islam RM108
  290. Iso H343
  291. Iwagami M344, 345
  292. Jain V261
  293. Javaheri T346
  294. Jayapal SK347
  295. Jayaram S348
  296. Jayawardena R349, 350
  297. Jeemon P351
  298. Jha RP352, 353
  299. Jonas JB354, 355
  300. Jonnagaddala J356, 357
  301. Joukar F358, 359
  302. Jozwiak JJ360
  303. Jurisson M361
  304. Kabir A362
  305. Kahlon T363, 364
  306. Kalani R365
  307. Kalhor R366, 367
  308. Kamath A368
  309. Kamel I369, 370
  310. Kandel H371, 372
  311. Kandel A373
  312. Karch A374
  313. Kasa AS375
  314. Katoto PDMC376, 377
  315. Kayode GA378, 379
  316. Khader YS380
  317. Khammarnia M381
  318. Khan MS382, 383
  319. Khan MDN384
  320. Khan M385
  321. Khan EA386
  322. Khatab K387, 388
  323. Kibria GMA389, 390
  324. Kim YJ391
  325. Kim GR392
  326. Kimokoti RW393
  327. Kisa S394
  328. Kisa A395, 396
  329. Kivimaki M397, 398
  330. Kolte D60, 250
  331. Koolivand A399
  332. Korshunov VA181
  333. Laxminarayana SLK400
  334. Koyanagi A401, 402
  335. Krishan K403
  336. Krishnamoorthy V404, 405
  337. Defo BK406, 407
  338. Bicer BK408
  339. Kulkarni V409
  340. Kumar GA218
  341. Kumar N409
  342. Kurmi OP410, 411
  343. Kusuma D412, 413
  344. Kwan GF11, 414
  345. La Vecchia C415
  346. Lacey B164, 416
  347. Lallukka T398
  348. Lan Q417
  349. Lasrado S418
  350. Lassi ZS419
  351. Lauriola P420
  352. Lawrence WR421, 422
  353. Laxmaiah A423
  354. Legrand KE2
  355. Li MC424
  356. Li B425
  357. Li S88
  358. Lim SS2, 3
  359. Lim LL426, 427
  360. Lin H428
  361. Lin Z429
  362. Lin RT430, 431
  363. Liu X432
  364. Lopez AD2, 3, 86
  365. Lorkowski S433, 434
  366. Lotufo PA435
  367. Lugo A436
  368. Nirmal KM437
  369. Madotto F438
  370. Mahmoudi M439
  371. Majeed A193
  372. Malekzadeh R311, 440
  373. Malik AA441, 442
  374. Mamun AA443
  375. Manafi N444, 445
  376. Mansournia MA322
  377. Mantovani LG213, 438
  378. Martini S446, 447
  379. Mathur MR448, 449
  380. Mazzaglia G450
  381. Mehata S451
  382. Mehndiratta MM452, 453
  383. Meier T454, 455
  384. Menezes RG456
  385. Meretoja A457, 458
  386. Mestrovic T459, 460
  387. Miazgowski B461
  388. Miazgowski T463
  389. Michalek IM464
  390. Miller TR465, 466
  391. Mirrakhimov EM467, 468
  392. Mirzaei H469
  393. Moazen B205, 470
  394. Moghadaszadeh M471, 472
  395. Mohammad Y473
  396. Mohammad DK474, 475
  397. Mohammed S205, 476
  398. Mohammed MA477
  399. Mokhayeri Y478
  400. Molokhia M479
  401. Montasir AA480, 481
  402. Moradi G482, 483
  403. Moradzadeh R114
  404. Moraga P484
  405. Morawska L485
  406. Velasquez IM486
  407. Morze J487
  408. Mubarik S488
  409. Muruet W237
  410. Musa KI489
  411. Nagarajan AJ490, 491
  412. Nalini M492
  413. Nangia V494
  414. Naqvi AA495, 496
  415. Swamy SN497
  416. Nascimento BR498, 499
  417. Nayak VC500
  418. Nazari J501
  419. Nazarzadeh M502
  420. Negoi RI503, 504
  421. Kandel SN505
  422. Nguyen HLT506
  423. Nixon MR2
  424. Norrving B507
  425. Noubiap JJ508
  426. Nouthe BE509
  427. Nowak C510
  428. Odukoya OO511, 512
  429. Ogbo FA513
  430. Olagunju AT514, 515
  431. Orru H361, 516
  432. Ortiz A517, 518
  433. Ostroff SM2, 519
  434. Padubidri JR520
  435. Palladino R193, 211
  436. Pana A127, 521
  437. Pandajonas S354
  438. Parekh U522
  439. Park EC392, 523
  440. Parvizi M524
  441. Kan FP525
  442. Patel UK526
  443. Pathak M527
  444. Paudel R528
  445. Pepito VCF529
  446. Perianayagam A530
  447. Perico N531
  448. Pham HQ506
  449. Pilgrim T532
  450. Piradov MA28
  451. Pishgar F120, 533
  452. Podder V534, 535
  453. Polibin RV181
  454. Pourshams A311
  455. Pribadi DRA536
  456. Rabiee N537
  457. Rabiee M538
  458. Radfar A539
  459. Rafiei A540, 541
  460. Rahim F542, 543
  461. Rahimimovaghar V544
  462. Rahman MHU545
  463. Rahman MA546, 547
  464. Rahmani AM324, 548
  465. Rakovac I549
  466. Ram P550
  467. Ramalingam S551
  468. Rana J552, 553
  469. Ranasinghe P554
  470. Rao SJ555
  471. Rathi P148
  472. Rawal L556
  473. Rawasia WF557
  474. Rawassizadeh R558
  475. Remuzzi G531
  476. Renzaho AMN559, 560
  477. Rezapour A109
  478. Riahi SM561
  479. Robertsthomson RL562
  480. Roever L563
  481. Rohloff P564, 565
  482. Romoli M566, 567
  483. Roshandel G568
  484. Rwegerera GM569
  485. Saadatagah S243
  486. Saberayad MM81, 570
  487. Sabour S571
  488. Sacco S572
  489. Sadeghi M573
  490. Moghaddam SS120
  491. Safari S574
  492. Sahebkar A575, 576
  493. Salehi S577
  494. Salimzadeh H311
  495. Samaei M578
  496. Samy AM579
  497. Santos IS165, 293, 580
  498. Santricmilicevic MM337, 581
  499. Sarrafzadegan N15, 582
  500. Sarveazad A583
  501. Sathish T584
  502. Sawhney M585
  503. Saylan M586
  504. Schmidt MI238
  505. Schutte AE66, 587
  506. Senthilkumaran S588
  507. Sepanlou SG311, 440
  508. Sha F589
  509. Shahabi S590
  510. Shahid I591
  511. Shaikh MA592
  512. Shamali M593
  513. Shamsizadeh M594
  514. Shawon MDSR595
  515. Sheikh A596, 597
  516. Shigematsu M598
  517. Shin MJ599
  518. Shin JI600
  519. Shiri R601
  520. Shiue I602
  521. Shuval K603, 604
  522. Siabani S605, 606
  523. Siddiqi TJ607
  524. Silva DAS608
  525. Singh JA609, 610
  526. Singh A132
  527. Skryabin VY611
  528. Skryabina AA612
  529. Soheili A613
  530. Spurlock EE2
  531. Stockfelt L614
  532. Stortecky S532
  533. Stranges S615, 616
  534. Abdulkader RS617, 618
  535. Tadbiri H619
  536. Tadesse EG620
  537. Tadesse DB277
  538. Tajdini M121
  539. Tariqujjaman MD621
  540. Teklehaimanot BF622
  541. Temsah MH106
  542. Tesema AK623
  543. Thakur B624, 625
  544. Thankappan KR626
  545. Thapar R409
  546. Thrift AG627
  547. Timalsina B628
  548. Tonelli M629
  549. Touvier M630, 631
  550. Tovanipalone MR632, 633
  551. Tripathi A363
  552. Tripathy JP634
  553. Truelsen TC635
  554. Tsegay GM277
  555. Tsegaye GW636
  556. Tsilimparis N637
  557. Tusa BS638
  558. Tyrovolas S639, 640
  559. Umapathi KK641
  560. Unim B642
  561. Unnikrishnan B643
  562. Usman MS383
  563. Vaduganathan M644
  564. Valdez PR189, 645, 646
  565. Vasankari TJ647
  566. Velazquez DZ234
  567. Venketasubramanian N648, 649
  568. Vu GT650
  569. Vujcic IS337
  570. Waheed Y651
  571. Wang Y237
  572. Wang F652
  573. Wei J653
  574. Weintraub RG654, 655
  575. Weldemariam AH80
  576. Westerman R656
  577. Winkler AS657, 658
  578. Wiysonge CS659, 660
  579. Wolfe CDA237, 661
  580. Wubishet BL274, 662
  581. Xu G663
  582. Yadollahpour A664
  583. Yamagishi K665, 666
  584. Yan LL667, 668
  585. Yandrapalli S669, 670
  586. Yano Y671
  587. Yatsuya H672, 673
  588. Yeheyis TY674
  589. Yeshaw Y675
  590. Yilgwan CS676, 677
  591. Yonemoto N678, 679
  592. Yu C488
  593. Yusefzadeh H680
  594. Zachariah G681
  595. Zaman SB682, 683
  596. Zaman MS684
  597. Zamanian M114
  598. Zand R685, 686
  599. Zandifar A687
  600. Zarghi A688
  601. Zastrozhin MS689, 690
  602. Zastrozhina A691
  603. Zhang ZJ692
  604. Zhang Y693, 694
  605. Zhang W695
  606. Zhong C330
  607. Zou Z696
  608. Zuniga YMH697, 698
  609. Murray CJL2, 3
  610. Fuster V699, 700
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  5. 5. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  6. 6. Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  7. 7. De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milano, Italy
  8. 8. School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
  9. 9. Department of Translational Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  10. 10. Cardiology Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  11. 11. School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  12. 12. Heart and Vascular Center, Essentia Health, Duluth, MN, United States
  13. 13. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
  14. 14. Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil, Montfermeil, France
  15. 15. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  16. 16. Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  17. 17. Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
  18. 18. Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  19. 19. Centre for Child Health Research (CCHR), University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
  20. 20. Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  21. 21. IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  22. 22. Heart Rhythm Center of Excellence, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  23. 23. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  24. 24. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  25. 25. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  26. 26. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  27. 27. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  28. 28. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  29. 29. Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  30. 30. Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
  31. 31. Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  32. 32. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
  33. 33. Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  34. 34. Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  35. 35. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  36. 36. Kidney and Blood Pressure Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  37. 37. Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  38. 38. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  39. 39. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  40. 40. Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
  41. 41. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern, Chicago, IL, United States
  42. 42. Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  43. 43. Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Home for the Relief of Suffering General Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
  44. 44. National Data Management Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  45. 45. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
  46. 46. Global Hypertension Control, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY, United States
  47. 47. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  48. 48. Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
  49. 49. Cardio-Metabolic Group, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia
  50. 50. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
  51. 51. Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  52. 52. The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
  53. 53. Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
  54. 54. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  55. 55. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  56. 56. Institute for Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  57. 57. Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  58. 58. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  59. 59. Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  60. 60. Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  61. 61. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  62. 62. Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  63. 63. Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
  64. 64. Hatter Institute Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  65. 65. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  66. 66. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  67. 67. Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
  68. 68. Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  69. 69. Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  70. 70. Cardiology Department, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
  71. 71. University Clinic for Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  72. 72. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
  73. 73. Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  74. 74. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  75. 75. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  76. 76. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  77. 77. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  78. 78. Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  79. 79. University of Limoges, Limoges, France
  80. 80. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  81. 81. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  82. 82. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  83. 83. Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  84. 84. Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  85. 85. Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal
  86. 86. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  87. 87. College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  88. 88. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  89. 89. Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  90. 90. Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  91. 91. Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  92. 92. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93. Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  94. 94. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
  95. 95. Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  96. 96. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  98. 98. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  99. 99. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  100. 100. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  101. 101. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  102. 102. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  104. 104. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  105. 105. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  106. 106. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  107. 107. Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  108. 108. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  109. 109. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  110. 110. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  111. 111. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  112. 112. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  113. 113. Bordeaux School of Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
  114. 114. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  115. 115. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  116. 116. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  117. 117. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  118. 118. Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  119. 119. Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  120. 120. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  121. 121. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  122. 122. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  123. 123. Maternal and Child Wellbeing Center, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  124. 124. Department of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  125. 125. Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  126. 126. Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  127. 127. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  128. 128. Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  129. 129. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  130. 130. Department of Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  131. 131. Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  132. 132. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  133. 133. Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  134. 134. Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Adum, Ghana
  135. 135. School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  136. 136. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  137. 137. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
  138. 138. Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  139. 139. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  140. 140. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  141. 141. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  142. 142. School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  143. 143. Continuing Education- Grant Writing Academy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  144. 144. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  145. 145. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  146. 146. Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  147. 147. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  148. 148. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  149. 149. Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  150. 150. Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  151. 151. Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  152. 152. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  153. 153. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  154. 154. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  155. 155. Asian Demographic Research Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
  156. 156. Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica
  157. 157. School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  158. 158. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  159. 159. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  160. 160. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  161. 161. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  162. 162. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
  163. 163. Dijon Stroke Registry - UFR Sciences Sante, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
  164. 164. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  165. 165. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  166. 166. Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
  167. 167. Department of Internal Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  168. 168. One Health, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
  169. 169. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  170. 170. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  171. 171. Neurovascular Imaging, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  172. 172. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  173. 173. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  174. 174. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  175. 175. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  176. 176. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  177. 177. Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  178. 178. Department of Nursing, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  179. 179. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  180. 180. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  181. 181. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  182. 182. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  183. 183. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  184. 184. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  185. 185. Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  186. 186. Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  187. 187. School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  188. 188. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  189. 189. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  190. 190. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  191. 191. Department of Neurology, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
  192. 192. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  193. 193. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  194. 194. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  195. 195. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  196. 196. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  197. 197. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  198. 198. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  199. 199. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  200. 200. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  201. 201. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  202. 202. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  203. 203. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  204. 204. Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
  205. 205. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  206. 206. Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  207. 207. Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  208. 208. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  209. 209. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  210. 210. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  211. 211. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  212. 212. Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  213. 213. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  214. 214. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  215. 215. Department of Global Health and Socioepidemiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  216. 216. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  217. 217. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  218. 218. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  219. 219. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  220. 220. Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  221. 221. Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  222. 222. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  223. 223. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  224. 224. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  225. 225. Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  226. 226. Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
  227. 227. Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus (Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel Campus), Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
  228. 228. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  229. 229. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  230. 230. Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
  231. 231. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  232. 232. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  233. 233. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  234. 234. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  235. 235. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  236. 236. Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  237. 237. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  238. 238. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  239. 239. School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  240. 240. Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica (BAHIANA School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil
  241. 241. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  242. 242. Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  243. 243. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  244. 244. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  245. 245. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  246. 246. Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  247. 247. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  248. 248. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  249. 249. Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  250. 250. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  251. 251. Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  252. 252. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  253. 253. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  254. 254. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  255. 255. Unit of Medical Physiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  256. 256. Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, BC, Canada
  257. 257. Division of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  258. 258. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  259. 259. Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  260. 260. Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  261. 261. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  262. 262. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  263. 263. Deparment of Vascular Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  264. 264. Department of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  265. 265. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  266. 266. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  267. 267. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  268. 268. Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
  269. 269. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  270. 270. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  271. 271. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  272. 272. Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science, Wardha, India
  273. 273. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
  274. 274. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  275. 275. School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
  276. 276. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  277. 277. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  278. 278. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  279. 279. Department of Psychology, Ambo University, Oromia, Ethiopia
  280. 280. Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
  281. 281. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  282. 282. Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
  283. 283. Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  284. 284. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  285. 285. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  286. 286. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  287. 287. Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  288. 288. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  289. 289. Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  290. 290. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
  291. 291. Department of Surgery, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  292. 292. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  293. 293. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  294. 294. Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes, and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  295. 295. Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  296. 296. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  297. 297. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  298. 298. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre, Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  299. 299. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  300. 300. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  301. 301. Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
  302. 302. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  303. 303. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  304. 304. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  305. 305. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  306. 306. Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  307. 307. Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  308. 308. Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  309. 309. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju (Indonesian Advanced College of Health Sciences), Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
  310. 310. Biology Department, Utica College, Utica, NY, United States
  311. 311. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  312. 312. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  313. 313. Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  314. 314. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  315. 315. Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
  316. 316. Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  317. 317. Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmoe, Sweden
  318. 318. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  319. 319. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  320. 320. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
  321. 321. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  322. 322. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  323. 323. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  324. 324. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  325. 325. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  326. 326. Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  327. 327. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  328. 328. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  329. 329. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  330. 330. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  331. 331. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  332. 332. Department of Public Health and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Umuahia, Nigeria
  333. 333. Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
  334. 334. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  335. 335. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  336. 336. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  337. 337. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  338. 338. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  339. 339. College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  340. 340. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  341. 341. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  342. 342. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  343. 343. Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  344. 344. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  345. 345. Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  346. 346. Health Informatics Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  347. 347. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  348. 348. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  349. 349. Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  350. 350. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  351. 351. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  352. 352. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  353. 353. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  354. 354. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  355. 355. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  356. 356. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  357. 357. New South Wales Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  358. 358. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  359. 359. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  360. 360. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  361. 361. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  362. 362. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  363. 363. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  364. 364. Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  365. 365. Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  366. 366. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  367. 367. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  368. 368. Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  369. 369. University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
  370. 370. Department of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
  371. 371. Ophthalmology Department, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  372. 372. Ophthalmology Department, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  373. 373. Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
  374. 374. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  375. 375. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  376. 376. Internal Medicine and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  377. 377. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  378. 378. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  379. 379. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  380. 380. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  381. 381. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  382. 382. Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States
  383. 383. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  384. 384. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  385. 385. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  386. 386. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  387. 387. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  388. 388. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  389. 389. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  390. 390. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  391. 391. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  392. 392. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  393. 393. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  394. 394. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  395. 395. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  396. 396. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  397. 397. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  398. 398. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  399. 399. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  400. 400. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  401. 401. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  402. 402. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  403. 403. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  404. 404. Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  405. 405. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  406. 406. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  407. 407. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  408. 408. Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  409. 409. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  410. 410. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  411. 411. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  412. 412. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  413. 413. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  414. 414. Partners In Health, Boston, MA, United States
  415. 415. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  416. 416. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  417. 417. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  418. 418. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  419. 419. Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  420. 420. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  421. 421. Division of Cancer Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  422. 422. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  423. 423. National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
  424. 424. Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  425. 425. Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
  426. 426. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  427. 427. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
  428. 428. School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
  429. 429. Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  430. 430. College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  431. 431. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
  432. 432. Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  433. 433. Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  434. 434. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  435. 435. Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  436. 436. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  437. 437. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  438. 438. Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  439. 439. Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
  440. 440. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  441. 441. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  442. 442. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  443. 443. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  444. 444. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  445. 445. School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  446. 446. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  447. 447. Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
  448. 448. Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  449. 449. Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  450. 450. Department of Medicine, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  451. 451. Ministry of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
  452. 452. Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  453. 453. Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
  454. 454. Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  455. 455. Office of Innovation, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle, Germany
  456. 456. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  457. 457. Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  458. 458. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  459. 459. Clinical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  460. 460. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  461. 461. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  462. 462. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  463. 463. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  464. 464. Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  465. 465. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  466. 466. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  467. 467. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  468. 468. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  469. 469. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  470. 470. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  471. 471. Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  472. 472. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  473. 473. Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  474. 474. Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  475. 475. Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  476. 476. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  477. 477. Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  478. 478. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  479. 479. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  480. 480. Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
  481. 481. Department of Medicine, Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh
  482. 482. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  483. 483. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  484. 484. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  485. 485. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  486. 486. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  487. 487. Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
  488. 488. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  489. 489. School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  490. 490. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  491. 491. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  492. 492. Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  493. 493. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  494. 494. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  495. 495. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  496. 496. Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Science, Penang, Malaysia
  497. 497. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  498. 498. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  499. 499. Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  500. 500. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  501. 501. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  502. 502. The Oxford Martin Programme on Deep Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  503. 503. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  504. 504. Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  505. 505. Bupa Clemton Park, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  506. 506. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  507. 507. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  508. 508. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  509. 509. Division of Community Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  510. 510. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
  511. 511. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  512. 512. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  513. 513. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  514. 514. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  515. 515. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  516. 516. Section of Sustainable Health, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  517. 517. Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  518. 518. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
  519. 519. Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  520. 520. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  521. 521. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  522. 522. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, India
  523. 523. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  524. 524. Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  525. 525. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  526. 526. Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  527. 527. Research and Development Department, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  528. 528. Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  529. 529. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  530. 530. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  531. 531. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  532. 532. Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  533. 533. Uro-oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  534. 534. Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  535. 535. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  536. 536. Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
  537. 537. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  538. 538. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  539. 539. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  540. 540. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  541. 541. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  542. 542. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  543. 543. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  544. 544. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  545. 545. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India
  546. 546. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  547. 547. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  548. 548. Department of Computer Science, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  549. 549. European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russian Federation
  550. 550. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  551. 551. Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
  552. 552. Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  553. 553. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
  554. 554. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  555. 555. Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  556. 556. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  557. 557. River Region Cardiology Associates, Montgomery, WV, United States
  558. 558. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  559. 559. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  560. 560. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  561. 561. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  562. 562. Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  563. 563. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  564. 564. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  565. 565. Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
  566. 566. Department of Neuroscience, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  567. 567. Department of Neurology, Rimini Infermi Hospital - AUSL Romagna, Rimini, Italy
  568. 568. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  569. 569. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  570. 570. Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  571. 571. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  572. 572. Department of Neurology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
  573. 573. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  574. 574. Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  575. 575. Halal Research Center, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
  576. 576. Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  577. 577. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  578. 578. Emergency Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  579. 579. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  580. 580. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  581. 581. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  582. 582. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  583. 583. Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  584. 584. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  585. 585. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  586. 586. Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
  587. 587. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  588. 588. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  589. 589. Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
  590. 590. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  591. 591. Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
  592. 592. Karachi, Pakistan
  593. 593. Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  594. 594. Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, University of Boras, Boras, Sweden
  595. 595. Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  596. 596. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  597. 597. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  598. 598. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  599. 599. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  600. 600. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  601. 601. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  602. 602. Research Executive Agency, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
  603. 603. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  604. 604. The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
  605. 605. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  606. 606. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  607. 607. Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  608. 608. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  609. 609. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  610. 610. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  611. 611. Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  612. 612. Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  613. 613. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  614. 614. Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  615. 615. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  616. 616. Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  617. 617. Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
  618. 618. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  619. 619. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  620. 620. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  621. 621. Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  622. 622. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  623. 623. Health Education and Behavioral Science Unit, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  624. 624. Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, United States
  625. 625. Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), CSP Coordinating Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  626. 626. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  627. 627. Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  628. 628. Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  629. 629. Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  630. 630. Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
  631. 631. Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
  632. 632. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  633. 633. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  634. 634. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  635. 635. Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  636. 636. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  637. 637. Department of Vascular Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  638. 638. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  639. 639. St. John of God Health Park, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  640. 640. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  641. 641. Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
  642. 642. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  643. 643. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  644. 644. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  645. 645. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  646. 646. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  647. 647. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  648. 648. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  649. 649. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  650. 650. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  651. 651. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  652. 652. School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  653. 653. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  654. 654. Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  655. 655. Critical Care and Neurosciences Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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  657. 657. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  658. 658. Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  659. 659. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  660. 660. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  661. 661. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St.Thomas' Hospital, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
  662. 662. Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  663. 663. School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
  664. 664. Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  665. 665. Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  666. 666. Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  667. 667. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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  670. 670. Division of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
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  679. 679. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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  684. 684. School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  685. 685. Department of Neuroscience, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States
  686. 686. Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
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  689. 689. Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  690. 690. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  691. 691. Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  692. 692. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  693. 693. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  694. 694. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  695. 695. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  696. 696. Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  697. 697. Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
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  700. 700. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, United States

Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology Published:2020


Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases. © 2020 The Authors
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