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Incident Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Suboptimal Diet in 184 Countries Publisher Pubmed



Ohearn M1, 2 ; Laracastor L1 ; Cudhea F1 ; Miller V1, 3, 4 ; Reedy J1 ; Shi P1 ; Zhang J1 ; Wong JB5, 6 ; Economos CD1 ; Micha R1, 7 ; Mozaffarian D1, 5, 6 ; Bas M8 ; Ali JH9 ; Abumweis S10 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ohearn M1, 2
  2. Laracastor L1
  3. Cudhea F1
  4. Miller V1, 3, 4
  5. Reedy J1
  6. Shi P1
  7. Zhang J1
  8. Wong JB5, 6
  9. Economos CD1
  10. Micha R1, 7
  11. Mozaffarian D1, 5, 6
  12. Bas M8
  13. Ali JH9
  14. Abumweis S10
  15. Krishnan A11
  16. Misra P11
  17. Hwalla NC12
  18. Janakiram C13
  19. Liputo NI14
  20. Musaiger A15
  21. Pourfarzi F16
  22. Alam I17
  23. Deridder K18
  24. Termote C19
  25. Memon A20
  26. Turrini A21
  27. Lupotto E21
  28. Piccinelli R21
  29. Sette S21
  30. Anzid K22
  31. Vossenaar M23
  32. Mazumdar P24
  33. Rached I25
  34. Rovirosa A26
  35. Zapata ME26
  36. Asayehu TT27
  37. Oduor F28
  38. Boedecker J28
  39. Aluso L28
  40. Ortizulloa J29
  41. Meenakshi JV30
  42. Castro M31
  43. Grosso G32
  44. Waskiewicz A33
  45. Khan US34
  46. Thanopoulou A35
  47. Malekzadeh R36
  48. Calleja N37
  49. Ocke M38
  50. Etemad Z38
  51. Nsour MA39
  52. Waswa LM40
  53. Nurk E41
  54. Arsenault J42
  55. Lopezjaramillo P43
  56. Sibai AM44
  57. Damasceno A45
  58. Arambepola C46
  59. Lopes C47
  60. Severo M47
  61. Lunet N47
  62. Torres D48
  63. Tapanainen H49
  64. Lindstrom J49
  65. Virtanen S49
  66. Palacios C50
  67. Roos E51
  68. Agdeppa IA52
  69. Desnacido J52
  70. Capanzana M53
  71. Misra A54
  72. Khouw I55
  73. Ng SA55
  74. Delgado EG56
  75. Caballero M57
  76. Otero J58
  77. Lee HJ59
  78. Koksal E60
  79. Guessous I61
  80. Lachat C62
  81. De Henauw S62
  82. Rahbar AR63
  83. Tedstone A63
  84. Naska A63
  85. Mathee A63
  86. Ling A63
  87. Tedla B63
  88. Hopping B63
  89. Ginnela B63
  90. Leclercq C63
  91. Duante C63
  92. Haerpfer C63
  93. Hotz C63
  94. Pitsavos C63
  95. Rehm C63
  96. Van Oosterhout C63
  97. Cerdena C63
  98. Bradshaw D63
  99. Trichopoulos D63
  100. Gauci D63
  101. Fernando D63
  102. Sygnowska E63
  103. Vartiainen E63
  104. Farzadfar F63
  105. Zajkas G63
  106. Swan G63
  107. Ma G63
  108. Pekcan G63
  109. Ibrahim HM63
  110. Sinkko H63
  111. Barbieri HE63
  112. Sioen I63
  113. Myhre J63
  114. Gaspoz JM63
  115. Odenkirk J63
  116. Bundhamcharoen K63
  117. Nelis K63
  118. Zarina K63
  119. Biro L63
  120. Johansson L63
  121. Steingrimsdottir L63
  122. Riley L63
  123. Yap M63
  124. Inoue M63
  125. Szabo M63
  126. Ovaskainen ML63
  127. Lee MS63
  128. Chan MF63
  129. Cowan M63
  130. Kandiah M63
  131. Kally O63
  132. Jonsdottir O63
  133. Palmer P63
  134. Vollenweider P63
  135. Orfanos P63
  136. Asciak R63
  137. Templeton R63
  138. Don R63
  139. Yaakub R63
  140. Selamat R63
  141. Yusof S63
  142. Alzenki S63
  143. Hung SY63
  144. Beerborst S63
  145. Wu S63
  146. Lukito W63
  147. Hadden W63
  148. Becker W63
  149. Cao X63
  150. Ma Y63
  151. Lai Y63
  152. Hjdaud Z63
  153. Ali J64
  154. Gravel R64
  155. Tao T64
  156. Veerman JL65
  157. Chiplonkar S66
  158. Arici M67
  159. Ngoan LT68
  160. Panagiotakos D69
  161. Li Y70
  162. Trichopoulou A71
  163. Barengo N72
  164. Khadilkar A73
  165. Ekbote V73
  166. Mohammadifard N74
  167. Kovalskys I75
  168. Laxmaiah A76
  169. Rachakulla H76
  170. Rajkumar H76
  171. Meshram I76
  172. Avula L76
  173. Arlappa N76
  174. Hemalatha R76
  175. Lacoviello L77, 78
  176. Bonaccio M77
  177. Costanzo S77
  178. Martinprevel Y79
  179. Castetbon K80
  180. Jitnarin N81
  181. Hsieh YT82
  182. Olivares S83
  183. Tejeda G84
  184. Hadziomeragic A85
  185. De Moura Souza A86
  186. Pan WH82
  187. Huybrechts I87
  188. De Brauw A88
  189. Moursi M88
  190. Maghroun M89
  191. Zeba AN90
  192. Sarrafzadegan N91
  193. Keinanboker L92
  194. Goldsmith R92
  195. Shimony T92
  196. Jordan I93
  197. Mastiholi SC94
  198. Mwangi M95
  199. Kombe Y95
  200. Bukania Z95
  201. Alissa E96
  202. Aldaghri N97
  203. Sabico S97
  204. Gulliford M98
  205. Diba TS99
  206. Oh K100
  207. Kweon S100
  208. Park S100
  209. Cho Y101
  210. Alhooti S102
  211. Luangphaxay C103
  212. Douangvichit D103
  213. Siengsounthone L103
  214. Marquesvidal P104
  215. Rybak C105
  216. Luke A106
  217. Piaseu N107
  218. Rojroongwasinkul N108
  219. Sundram K109
  220. Baykova D110
  221. Abedi P111
  222. Sandjaja S112
  223. Fadzil F113
  224. Bukhary NBI114
  225. Bovet P115, 116
  226. Chen Y117
  227. Sawada N118
  228. Tsugane S118
  229. Rangelova L119
  230. Petrova S119
  231. Duleva V119
  232. Lindroos AK120
  233. Sipinen JP120
  234. Moraeus L120
  235. Bergman P120
  236. Siamusantu W121
  237. Szponar L122
  238. Chang HY123
  239. Sekiyama M124
  240. Le Nguyen Bao K125
  241. Nagalla B126
  242. Polasa K126
  243. Boindala S126
  244. El Ati J127
  245. Silva IR128
  246. Dommarco JR128
  247. Barquera S128
  248. Rodriguezramirez S128
  249. Illescaszarate D129
  250. Sanchezromero LM129
  251. Ikeda N130
  252. Zaghloul S131
  253. Houshiarrad A132
  254. Mohammadinasrabadi F132
  255. Abdollahi M132
  256. Chuah KA133
  257. Mahdy ZA133
  258. Eldridge A134
  259. Ding EL135
  260. Kruger H136
  261. Henjum S137
  262. Fernandez A138
  263. Suarezortegon MF139
  264. Alhamad N140
  265. Janska V141
  266. Tayyem R142
  267. Mirmiran P143
  268. Kelishadi R144
  269. Lemming EW145
  270. Richter A146
  271. Mensink G146
  272. Wieler L146
  273. Hoffman D147
  274. Salanave B148
  275. Kim CI149
  276. Kuriyanraj R150
  277. Swaminathan S150
  278. Garriguet D151
  279. Dastgiri S152
  280. Vaask S153
  281. Karupaiah T154
  282. Zohoori FV155
  283. Esteghamati A156
  284. Hashemian M156, 157
  285. Noshad S156
  286. Mwaniki E158
  287. Yakesjimenez E159
  288. Chileshe J160
  289. Mwanza S160
  290. Marques LL161
  291. Preston AM162
  292. Aguero SD163
  293. Oleas M164
  294. Posada L165
  295. Ochoa A166
  296. Shamsuddin K167
  297. Shariff ZM168
  298. Jan Bin Jan Mohamed H169
  299. Manan W169
  300. Nicolau A170
  301. Tudorie C170
  302. Poh BK171
  303. Abbott P172
  304. Pakseresht M173
  305. Sharma S173
  306. Strand T174
  307. Alexy U175
  308. Nothlings U175
  309. Carmikle J176
  310. Brown K176
  311. Koster J177
  312. Waidyatilaka I178
  313. Lanerolle P178
  314. Jayawardena R178
  315. Long JM179
  316. Hambidge KM179
  317. Krebs NF179
  318. Haque A180
  319. Keding GB181
  320. Korkalo L182
  321. Erkkola M182
  322. Freese R182
  323. Eleraky L183
  324. Stuetz W183
  325. Thorsdottir I184
  326. Gunnarsdottir I184
  327. Serramajem L185
  328. Moy FM186
  329. Anderson S187
  330. Jeewon R188
  331. Zugravu CA189
  332. Adair L190
  333. Ng SW190
  334. Skeaff S191
  335. Marchioni D192
  336. Fisberg R192
  337. Henry C193
  338. Ersino G193
  339. Zello G193
  340. Meyer A194
  341. Elmadfa I194
  342. Mitchell C195
  343. Balfour D195
  344. Geleijnse JM196
  345. Manary M197
  346. Elkour T198
  347. Nikiema L199
  348. Mirzaei M200
  349. Hakeem R201
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  2. 2. Food Systems for the Future Institute, Chicago, IL, United States
  3. 3. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  4. 4. Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  5. 5. Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  8. 8. Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
  9. 9. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  10. 10. Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  11. 11. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  12. 12. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  13. 13. Amrita School of Dentistry, Eranakulum, India
  14. 14. Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
  15. 15. Arab Center for Nutrition, Manama, Bahrain
  16. 16. Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
  17. 17. Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
  18. 18. Belgian Public Health Institute, Brussels, Belgium
  19. 19. Biodiversity International, Maccarese, Italy
  20. 20. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  21. 21. CREA—Alimenti e Nutrizione, Rome, Italy
  22. 22. Cadi Ayyad University, Benguerir, Morocco
  23. 23. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
  24. 24. Centre for Media Studies, New Delhi, India
  25. 25. Centro de Atencion Nutricional Antimano (CANIA), Miami, FL, United States
  26. 26. Centro de Estudios sobre Nutricion Infantil (CESNI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  27. 27. College of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Science and Applied Nutrition, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  28. 28. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Montpellier, France
  29. 29. Cuenca University, Cuenca, Ecuador
  30. 30. Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  31. 31. Departamento de Alimentacao Escolar, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  32. 32. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  33. 33. Department of CVD Epidemiology, Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
  34. 34. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  35. 35. Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens University, Athens, Greece
  36. 36. Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Directorate for Health Information and Research, Tarxien, Malta
  38. 38. Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
  39. 39. Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan
  40. 40. Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
  41. 41. Estonian National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  42. 42. FHI Solutions, Washington, DC, United States
  43. 43. FOSCAL and UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  44. 44. Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  45. 45. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  46. 46. Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka
  47. 47. Faculty of Medicine/Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  48. 48. Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  49. 49. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
  50. 50. Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  51. 51. Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
  52. 52. Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI), Manila, Philippines
  53. 53. Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig City, Philippines
  54. 54. Fortis CDOC Center for Excellence for Diabetes, New Delhi, India
  55. 55. FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands
  56. 56. Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  57. 57. Fundacion INFANT and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  58. 58. Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia
  59. 59. Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
  60. 60. Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  61. 61. Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
  62. 62. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  63. 63. Global Dietary Database Consortium, Boston, MA, United States
  64. 64. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  65. 65. Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  66. 66. HC Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India
  67. 67. Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  68. 68. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  69. 69. Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
  70. 70. Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States
  71. 71. Hellenic Health Foundation and University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  72. 72. Herbert Wetheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
  73. 73. Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India
  74. 74. Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  75. 75. Instituto para la Cooperacion Cientifica en Ambiente y Salud (ICCAS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  76. 76. ICMR—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
  77. 77. IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
  78. 78. University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
  79. 79. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montepellier, France
  80. 80. Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Bobigny, France
  81. 81. Institute for International Investigation, NDRI-USA, New York, NY, United States
  82. 82. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  83. 83. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
  84. 84. Institute of Nutrition in Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
  85. 85. Institute of Public Health of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  86. 86. Institute of Studies in Public Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  87. 87. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
  88. 88. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States
  89. 89. Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  90. 90. Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
  91. 91. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  92. 92. Israel Center for Disease Control, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
  93. 93. Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
  94. 94. Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, India
  95. 95. Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
  96. 96. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  97. 97. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  98. 98. King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  99. 99. Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  100. 100. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Seoul, South Korea
  101. 101. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  102. 102. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
  103. 103. Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Laos
  104. 104. Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  105. 105. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Muncheberg, Germany
  106. 106. Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  107. 107. Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  108. 108. Mahidol University, Pathom, Thailand
  109. 109. Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC), Kelana Jaya, Malaysia
  110. 110. Medical Center Markovs, Sofia, Bulgaria
  111. 111. Menopause Andropause Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  112. 112. Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
  113. 113. Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  114. 114. Ministry of Health, Sungai Besar, Malaysia
  115. 115. Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles
  116. 116. University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Lausanne, Switzerland
  117. 117. NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
  118. 118. National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
  119. 119. National Centre of Public Health and Analyses (NCPHA), Sofia, Bulgaria
  120. 120. National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
  121. 121. National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia
  122. 122. National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw, Poland
  123. 123. National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
  124. 124. Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
  125. 125. National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  126. 126. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
  127. 127. National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology & SURVEN RL, Tunis, Tunisia
  128. 128. National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
  129. 129. National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Mexico City, Mexico
  130. 130. National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
  131. 131. National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt
  132. 132. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI): SBMU, Tehran, Iran
  133. 133. National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  134. 134. Nestle Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
  135. 135. New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
  136. 136. North-West University, Potchefstroom South Africa, Potchefstroom, South Africa
  137. 137. Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
  138. 138. Perdana University and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Puchong, Malaysia
  139. 139. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali, Colombia
  140. 140. Public Authority for Food and Nutrition, Sabah Al Salem, Kuwait
  141. 141. Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
  142. 142. Qatar University and University of Jordan, Doha, Qatar
  143. 143. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  144. 144. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NCD, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  145. 145. Risk and Benefit Assessment Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
  146. 146. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  147. 147. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  148. 148. Sante publique France, the French Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France
  149. 149. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  150. 150. St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  151. 151. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  152. 152. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  153. 153. Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
  154. 154. Taylor’s University, Selangor, Malaysia
  155. 155. Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
  156. 156. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  157. 157. Utica University, Tehran, Iran
  158. 158. The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
  159. 159. The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
  160. 160. Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
  161. 161. Unidad de Nutricion Publica, Macul, Chile
  162. 162. Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
  163. 163. Universidad San Sebastian, Providencia, Chile
  164. 164. Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
  165. 165. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  166. 166. Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
  167. 167. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  168. 168. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
  169. 169. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  170. 170. University Dunarea de Jos, Galati, Romania
  171. 171. University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  172. 172. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  173. 173. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  174. 174. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  175. 175. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
  176. 176. University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
  177. 177. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  178. 178. University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  179. 179. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
  180. 180. University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  181. 181. University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
  182. 182. Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  183. 183. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
  184. 184. University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
  185. 185. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Las Palmas, Spain
  186. 186. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  187. 187. University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  188. 188. University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
  189. 189. University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
  190. 190. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  191. 191. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  192. 192. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  193. 193. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  194. 194. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  195. 195. University of the Southern Caribbean, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
  196. 196. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  197. 197. Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  198. 198. World Health Organization (WHO), Amman, Jordan
  199. 199. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
  200. 200. Yazd Cardiovascular Research Centre, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  201. 201. Ziauddin University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Source: Nature Medicine Published:2023


Abstract

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally. © 2023, The Author(s).
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