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The Relationship Between Sex Steroids (E2, Progesterone, and Amh) Levels and Severity and Fatality of Covid-19: A Systematic Review Publisher



Qaderi K1 ; Hosseinirad H2 ; Kalhor M3 ; Zangeneh S4 ; Pournaghi M5 ; Khodavirdilou R5 ; Keshavarz M6 ; Eghdampour F7 ; Mirmolaei ST8 ; Jesmani Y9 ; Barjasteh S10 ; Mallah MA11 ; Shamsabadi A12
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. PhD in Reproductive Health, Midwifery Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  2. 2. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. PhD in Reproductive Health, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  6. 6. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  10. 10. Reproductive Health Researcher Center, Clinical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  11. 11. College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Ave, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
  12. 12. Department of Health Information Technology, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Science, Esfarayen, Iran

Source: Heliyon Published:2023


Abstract

Sex steroids are powerful modulators of the immune system and they may affect the immune response and inflammatory consequences of COVID-19. This systematic review aims to explore the impact of sex steroids on COVID-19 mortality and complications. We looked up the keywords of the study in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. All related original articles published in English, as of October 16, 2021, were reviewed to be included in our research. Concerns regarding the effect of sex hormones on COVID-19, eight full texts have been identified for the conclusion. In these studies, the relationship between estradiol and COVID-19 mortality has been mentioned. The most significant findings were the higher COVID-19 mortality rate in men, compared to women; also, in menopausal women compared to younger women and who received estradiol. In two studies, oral contraceptive pills had a protective effect on the morbidity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a randomized controlled trial, subcutaneous injection of progesterone in hospitalized men significantly reduced their symptoms and need for oxygen therapy. Hormone replacement therapy was positively associated with reducing COVID-19 symptoms. Although the results were insufficient for a conclusion, this study represents estrogen as an appropriate pharmacological method for preventing and diminishing the inflammation related to COVID-19 disease. However, future prospective studies and clinical trials are needed to clarify and approve this protective effect. © 2023
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