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Epiretinal Membrane, Macular Hole and Vitreomacular Traction (Vmt) Syndrome Publisher



Iyer SSR1 ; Roohipourmoallai R2 ; Bazvand F3 ; Hajizadeh F4
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
  2. 2. Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  3. 3. Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, No. 96, Esfandiar Blvd., Vali’asr Ave, Tehran, Iran

Source: Atlas of Ocular Optical Coherence Tomograph# Second Edition Published:2023


Abstract

An epiretinal membrane (ERM), one of the vitreoretinal interface disorders, is characterized by a wide clinical spectrum from a fine avascular fibrocellular membrane in the vitreo-retinal interface with mild superficial wrinkling to a thick contractile multilayered membrane with structural distortion of the fovea. This chapter describes the pathologies that originate from the diseased vitreous. It is divided into the following sections. (1) Epiretinal membrane, which illustrates various changes of the epiretinal membrane on the macula that can be detected by OCT, staging, OCT findings and the evolution to severe tractional maculopathy and its complications such as a lamellar macular hole. (2) Macular holes, which illustrate different stages of a macular hole (from 1 to 4), the natural course of a macular hole, changes, photoreceptor health evaluations before and after vitrectomy surgery, hole closure, lamellar macular hole features and evolution. (3) This section allocates to the posterior vitreous detachment and vitreomacular traction syndrome, vitreous aging and OCT features of the changes and effects of posterior vitreous detachment on the macula with various and different examples the changes that could be created by separation (complete or incomplete) of the vitreous face from the macula and optic disc area. On the other hand, posterior vitreous detachment sequelae are discussed and illustrated extensively using interesting cases with longstanding follow-ups. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.