Green Engineered Biomaterials for Bone Repair and Regeneration: Printing Technologies and Fracture Analysis Publisher



Makuratkasprolewicz B^{1, 2} ; Ipakchi H³ ; Rajaee P⁴ ; Ossowska A¹ ; Hejna A⁵ ; Farokhi M⁶ ; Mottaghitalab F⁷ ; Pawlak M⁸ ; Rabiee N⁹ ; Belka M¹⁰ ; Baczek T¹⁰ ; Saeb MR¹⁰
Source: Chemical Engineering Journal Published:2024

Abstract

Despite exceptional self-regeneration properties of bone, severe injuries often require additional surgical intervention such as using artificial bone constructs. These structures need to meet structural and performance requirements. Moreover, when implanted, the rate and the mechanism of erosion and fracture of bone constructs should be optimized for stimulating the regeneration of defected bone and, more critically, providing support in the interim. Technological development in the fields of imaging and additive manufacturing revolutionized manufacturing personalized implants with characteristics matching the requirements of target injuries. From biomaterials point of view, greener and more sustainable biomaterials from renewable resources are on demand for bone regeneration; moreover, bone repair should meed engineering features like mechanical and load-bearing properties. Currently, potential processing methods are not limited to 3D printing, but include 4D and 5D printers by changing the time, dimension, and rotational degrees of freedom of printing machines. Several innovative processes and techniques enabled the application of metals, their alloys, ceramics, and polymers, providing an extremely wide spectrum of possibilities for designing bone implant. Herein, the critical aspects of biomaterials applied in bone tissue engineering, their application in bone repair and regeneration are summarized, and novel directions in bone tissue engineering based on green biomaterials are proposed for future developments. Eventually, the latest advances in the application of green biomaterials in clinics are outlined. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.